Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Wonke Ummi Afanele Alikhathalele Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe lezahlulelo likarhulumente wase-United States lidla ngokuba lincinane kubemi abaqhelekileyo, kodwa izigqibo zalo zibumba iinkalo ezisisiseko zobomi bemihla ngemihla . Ukusuka kumalungelo esiwasebenzisayo kwizivumelwano esiwatyobelayo. Ukuqonda nokuhlonela eli sebe asingomsebenzi nje wesizwe kuphela kodwa yimfuneko eluncedo kuye nabani na ofuna ukulawula ibutho elilawulwa ngumthetho. Eli nqaku lichaza ngokufutshane imisebenzi yesebe eligweba, iindlela ezisebenzisekayo zokuzifundisa ngeenkundla, kunye nemigaqo esemva kokuhlonela igunya lenkundla kwanaxa ungavumi.

Ekugqibeleni, uya kuba nesiseko esicacileyo sokuba ngummi onolwazi notshatiweyo oxabisa indima yejaji ekulondolozeni inkululeko nokusesikweni.

Ukuqonda Indima Yesebe Eligwebayo

Isiseko: Ukutolika imithetho nomGaqo-siseko

Isebe lejaji, elikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye lixhaswa ziinkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente, lenzelwe ukutolika imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga kunye nezenzo ezithatyathwa lisebe eliphetheyo. Esona sixhobo salo sinamandla singu uhlolo lobucukubhede .

Ngaphandle kohlolo lomthetho, amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namagunya aphetheyo angasebenza ngaphandle kokuhlola umGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe ligqitha igunya lalo, likhusela amalungelo amancinane kwaye lithintele ubundlobongela babaninzi. Umzekelo, xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha icandelo lobuhlanga kwi- Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] [ii-Promp], yasebenzisa uhlolo olugwebo lokuqinisekisa ukunyanzelisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kweSiphendulo se-14.

Ukulungisa Iingxabano: Ityala Lamakhaya, Lezaphuli - mthetho Nelabaphathi

Ngaphandle kwemibandela engokomGaqo-siseko, iinkundla zelifa lemveli zisingatha iimbambano ezininzi: amatyala angokwaphula isivumelwano, amathoba, namalungelo empahla; amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho achaza ukwaphulwa komthetho karhulumente; kunye neengxaki zolawulo kwimithetho yamaqumrhu. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha amatyala amakhulu, kuquka umthetho wentsapho, ukwaphulwa kweminye imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, nemininzi yezaphuli-mthetho.

Imbambano nganye ilandela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo: ukuvala isikhalazo, ukufumanisa, ukuvavanywa okanye ukuhlaliswa kwetyala, kunye nesibheno esinokwenzeka. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunceda abemi balapho baqonde ukuba izigqibo zenkundla azinyanzeli kodwa zivela kwiinkqubo ezingqongqo ezilawulwa yimithetho yobungqina kunye nokusesikweni. I-Ofisi yoLawulo ye-U.[FLT:] inika oovimba bamanyathelo ngamanye. ukufundisa ngakumbi ngeentlobo zetyala ze-outhounts.[FLT]

INkundla: Ukusuka kwiiNkundla zeSithili ukuya kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo yesaveyinti ilungelelaniswe kwithala leenkundla zesithili ezi-94 [umyinge wovavanyo], 13] iinkundla zesiphaluka zezibheno (ii-mediate applate), kunye neNkundla yephondo ephakathi ye-Suprememente [] Suprememe [. Amatyala amaninzi aqala aze aphele kwiinkundla zesithili. Izibheno ziya kwiinkundla zesiphaluka, kwaye kuphela intwana encinane yezibongozo ezinikezelwayo ezinikezelwayo ezinikezelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, iimeko ezibandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo yezomgaqo-mthetho-siseko okanye eyohlulwayo phakathi kweenkundla zesiphathi.

Eli qela lezahlulelo liqinisekisa ukuba kukho imida emininzi yohlolo, inciphisa ubungozi beempazamo. Kwakhona kuthetha ukuba isigqibo esivela kwinkundla yesithili kwelinye iphondo singapheliswa yinkundla yesiphaluka, kodwa isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sibopha zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kwilizwe lonke.

Indlela Abami Abanokuzifundisa Ngayo Ngenkqubo Yezeejaji

IiWebhsayithi zikaRhulumente neenkqubo zemfundo

Owona mthombo uthembekileyo nobanzi wolwazi yi- U.S. i-website yeNkundla (ii-ustarts.gov), enika iingcaciso ezicacileyo zesiNgesi zemisebenzi yenkundla, ityala lengqikelelo, iimfihlelo, kunye nezinto zokufundisa zonyaka wonke. SUPmeme] Inxuwa leNkundla [ii-'i-[FLT]] [incourt.3] [iiiincopho zom.gov] inika izimvo, iintetho ezidluliselweyo, kunye nokurekhomba ixesha lokubhalwa kwesandi emva kwamashumi eminyaka. Iinkundla ezininzi zinika ukhetho olucacileyo kunye nokuhlala koluvo lwama kwengxoxo.

Kwisifundo esinzulu, imibutho efana yesizwe kunye noMthetho we-Street [ inikezela ngezifundo zemfundo zemfundo yamatyala, izinto zovavanyo, kunye nezifundo ezibandakanyayo. Ukuba ungumfundisi okanye umfundi ohlala ixesha elide, cinga ukubhalisa kwinkqubo yemfundo yenkundla okanye kwisifundo sezemfundo soluntu. [[FLT:]]

Ukuya kwiZicwangciso zeNkundla kaRhulumente

Enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokuliqonda ityala kukuliqwalasela lisebenza. Iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente nezorhulumente zivulekele uwonke-wonke. Kulula nje ukungena kwinkundla yenkundla (emva kokuphumelela ukhuseleko) uze ufumane inkundla enetyala elikhutheleyo. Ukuqwalasela iingxoxo zokwenene, ubungqina, kunye nesigwebo sabagwebi kuzisa ingcamango engaqondakaliyo yokusesikweni ebomini.

KwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, iimpikiswano zomlomo zivulelwe uwonke-wonke ngengeniso yokuqala, isiseko esibekwe kwisiseko sokuqala (isigxina esisigxina). Ukuba awukwazi ukuya eWashington, D.C., isandi esivakalayo siyasasazwa kwi-webhsayithi yeNkundla ngeentsuku zengxoxo. Iinkundla ezininzi zesiphaluka kunye neenkundla zesithili zikwanika ividiyo okanye isandi esiphilayo. Ukuya kwintlanganiso kunceda ukuphelisa iinkqubo zokuhlala nokuguqula abantu abagwebi namagqwetha ababandakanyekileyo.

Ukufunda Ityala Lophawu Lwasezweni Nohlalutyo Olusemthethweni

Ukuqonda amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo kunamandla okubona indlela utoliko lwezomthetho oluguquka ngayo. Ityala elifana ne imanda v. Arizona (kunene ukuhlala buthule), Roe v. [amalungelo omntu], [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [iiiiSinyuko], [iiSinyuko] esimanyeneyo [i-United'v.FEC [imali ephambili], [i-[FLT:] kunye [ii-"3] v. . Hogte. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [5] [iiiiphepha] [iindawo engaphezulu-edesexed] [i] [iiii] [iiiii, [iiiiiiiiiiiii, iNkalm]

Xa ufunda ityala, nikela ingqalelo kuluvo oluninzi, uluvo oluqukuqelayo, kunye neembono ezingqubanayo. Iimbono ezingavumelaniyo zibaluleke kakhulu kuba zicacisa ezinye iingqiqo zomthetho kwaye ngokufuthi ziphembelela ulawulo lwexesha elizayo. Ii-website ezinjenge [ Oyez. org zinikela izishwankatho zesiNgesi ezicacileyo zalo lonke icala leNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye noshicilelo lwesandi. Mamela iimpikiswano zomlomo uze ufunde imishwankathelo yetyala e-Oyez.

Ukusebenzisa Iindaba Nenkcazelo

Iindawo zokuthengisa eendaba ezinamaphepha abhaliweyo anikezelwayo ngokomthetho − njenge SCOTUSblog, Law 360, kunye neThe National Law Journal ``ibhokisi yohlalutyo lwemeko zangoku kunye neemeko. Kuphepheni ukuthembela kuphela kwimixholo yezonxibelelwano; endaweni yoko, funda amanqaku apheleleyo avela kwimithombo ehloniphekileyo enxulumene neembono zenkundla yokwenene. Ukulandela ityala lokucela isigqibo ngezi zikhuphiso zomthetho kuya kukwandisa ukuqonda kwakho icebo nezikhongo ezibandakanyekileyo.

Ukuba ufuna ukuvavanya ulwazi lwakho, cinga ngokudibanisa iqela lencoko yasekuhlaleni okanye “udweliso lwenkqubo yenkundla”. Iindawo ezininzi ezincedisa ibhari kunye neenkampani ezixhasa ingeniso ezingekho semthethweni apho amatsha - ntliziyo agcina iimvavanyo aze anikele ingxelo kuluntu. Le ndlela yezandla iguqula ukulesa incoko ibe ngummiselo ophambili webutho labantu.

Ukuhlonela Isebe Lejaji: Imigaqo Nezenzo

Ukwamkela Izigqibo Zenkundla, Kwanaxa Ungavumelani

Intlonelo ngesebe eligwebayo iqala ngokuvuma ukuba iinkundla zinegunya lokugqibela lokuchaza imithetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uluvo lomntu okanye ukhetho lwezobupolitika. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa njengobukhulu bobuhlanga, lisiseko solawulo lwamaMelika. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhupha umthetho, ubophelelekile ```nakuba uninzi lwabemi okanye amagosa anyuliweyo ayawuchasa.

Ukuhlonela isigqibo akuthethi ukuba umele uvumelane naso. Ukhululekile ukugxeka ukuqiqa, ukuxhasa ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, okanye ukusebenzela ukuguqula umthetho ngomthetho. Kodwa, ukugatya umyalelo wenkundla okanye ukugatya igunya lenkundla kululaza umthetho kwaye kunokubangela isiphithiphithi. Imbali ibonisa ukuba ukwamkela ngoxolo imithetho engathandwayo, njengesigqibo sobuhlanga lwee-1950 nee-1960, ekugqibeleni kwaluqinisa uhlanga.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko YesiVumi

Abagwebi bamiselwa okanye banyulwe ukuba babe ngabalawuli abangakhethi buso. Abagwebi boManyano banobomi obunempembelelo kwaye bafumana umvuzo wokuzikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Le nkululeko iqinisekisa ukuba banokulawula ngokusekelwe kumthetho nakwiinyaniso, kungekhona kwiimbono eziqhelekileyo okanye kwimfuno zobugqeba. Ukuhlonela inkululeko yezomthetho kuthetha ukungahlaseli abagwebi okanye izisongelo zabo.

Abemi bangaxhasa ukuzimela ngokwamatyala ngokukhuthaza ukuxhaswa kwemali efanelekileyo enkundleni, amaqhinga okuphikisa inkundla, nokukhuthaza abantu abafanelekayo abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ukuba bakhonze kwibhedi. Xa ijaji ibonwa njengengumxhasi wobundilele, ukuthemba uluntu kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni kuyachuma.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi Nokuba Nenxaxheba Kwiingxubusho Zomcimbi

Ummi onolwazi ungumkhuseli ongcono wejaji elizimeleyo. Funda malunga namatyala azayo, ukuya kumatyala kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuvota kunyulo lwamatyala ukuba urhulumente wakho uyawabamba. Yiba nenxaxheba kuluntu apho kuxoxwa khona imicimbi engokwasemthethweni. Ngokunolwazi ngezibakala neempikiswano, ungalungisa iingxelo eziphosakeleyo kunye nokuhlaselwa kweenkundla.

Xa uxubusha nabanye ngemicimbi yetyala, qwalasela ingqiqo engokwasemthethweni kunokuba usebenzise iziphumo zobupolitika. Sebenzisa ulwimi oluhlonela isiko: umzekelo, “Ndikholelwa ukuba iNkundla iphambukile kwinkcazelo yayo esesikweni” kunokuba ithi“ INkundla yonakele.” Le ntetho ikhuthaza incoko kwaye ifundisa abanye.

Umphumo Osebenzisekayo Wesebe Eligwebayo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Amalungelo Akho Nenkululeko Yakho

Ngaso sonke ixesha uthetha ngokukhululekileyo, uqhelisela unqulo lwakho, okanye uhlanganisana nabanye ekuvukeleni, uqhelisela amalungelo akhuselwe yijaji. Ukukhuselwa koMphengululo wesine nxamnye nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula kunyanzeliswa ziinkundla ezithintela ubungqina obungekho mthethweni. Amalungelo ommangalelwa (/ukulingwa okukhawulezileyo, igqwetha, ukuthulisa, ukuval' intetho ) ngokucaciswa kweBhili lamaLungelo.

Xa uthenga indlu, usayina isivumelwano, okanye umangalela umntu othile ukuba wonakaliswe, uxhomekeke kwinkqubo yenkundla ukuze inyanzelise ezo zivumelwano okanye iimpikiswano ezingeyonto. Ngaphandle kwemithetho elawulayo, amalungelo empahla aba aqinisekile, yaye ukhuseleko lobuqu luyekwa lungakulumkisa ukusesikweni.

Ukumanyana kwezoqoqosho nemisebenzi yezoshishino

Iinkampani zixhomekeke kwiinkundla ukuze zinyanzelise izivumelwano, zicombulule iingxabano zempahla, zicombulule nokusingatha iimali ezingekho mthethweni. Ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kwemithetho yezomthetho kwenza iinkampani zikwazi ukuhlawula imali, ukuqesha, nokuvula kwakhona. Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni yase-United States, eyaziwa ngokubonakala kwayo nangenkqubo yokulawula, itsala ingeniso yangaphandle ngokungqalileyo ngenxa yokuba abanikeli-mali bakholose ukuba iinkundla ziya kuwusebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo umthetho.

Kwanabathengi abaqhelekileyo bayangenelwa: ukumangalelwa ngokwecandelo ngeemveliso ezinesiphene, izenzo ezichasene nokuthembeka ngokuchasene nee-ofisi ezizimeleyo, kunye nokucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi, konke oku kuxhomekeke ekujongeni koorhulumente. Iinkundla zisebenza njengomnatha wokhuseleko kubantu bonke, kubantu ngabanye nakumaziko amazwe ngamazwe.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nesebe Eligwebayo Nendlela Abemi Abanokunceda Ngayo

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokusetyenziswa Kwabantu Bonke

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ityala liye lazimela kakhulu. Amadabi okuqinisekisa amatyala aPhakamileyo athanda ukuphikisana kakhulu, kwaye ukuvunywa kweNkundla kutshintshile. Abanye abemi bajonga iNkundla njengomcukubhedeleli wezopolitiko kunokuba bajonge inkundla njengomthathi-nxaxheba wezopolitiko. Le mbono, ukuba ishiywe ingathintelwa, iphelisa intlonelo nokuvuma ukuhambisana nemithetho.

Ukulwa noku, abemi kufuneka baxhathise isilingo sokubiza abagwebi ngokuthi “inkululeko” okanye“imvume” esekelwe kuphela ekumiselweni kwabo umongameli. Izigqibo ezininzi ziyavumelana okanye ziphantse zivele kunye, kwanaxa kuvela iingcinga ezisemthethweni, iingcinga ezingokwasemthethweni zinqamleza imigca ephikisanayo. Ukufunda iimbono zokwenene, kunokuba kuxhomekeke kwinkcazo ye-arhente, kutyhila oko kulahlekileyo ekuqweqweni kwezandiso.

Ukufikelela Kwizigwebo Nezigwebo ZeNkundla

Asingabo bonke abemi abanokukwazi ukufikelela kwigqwetha, kodwa ukuntsonkotha kwemithetho yale mihla kudla ngokufuna ukumelelwa ngokusemthethweni. Iinkqubo zoncedo lwasemthethweni ziphantsi, zishiya abantu abaninzi abahlawulwayo bengenazo iinkundla ezisebenzayo. Ngaphezu koko, iinkundla zelifa lesizwe nelaserhulumente zijongene nemithetho ephambili, ezilibazisayo ukugwetywa kangangeminyaka emininzi kwezinye iimeko.

Abami bangaxhasa imibutho efana ne- I-Umanyano lweeNkonzo ze-Legal (LSC) exhasa uncedo olusemthethweni lwabahlwempu. Ukusebenza ngokuzithandela njengegqwetha le-probono (ukuba uligqwetha) okanye ukunikela kwii-ogcora ezingezizo ingeniso ezinika umelo olusikelwe umda lunganceda ibrorho engenasithuba. Ukubonelela ngokwandisa oovimba bezomthetho kunye nezinye iindlela zokulungisa impikiswano kukwanciphisa iziphumo.

Isiphelo: Ukwakha Isithethe Sokuhlonelana Kwezigwebo

Ukuqonda nokuhlonela isebe lenkundla asinto ithatha ixesha elide. Kufuna ukuba abantu baqhubeke befunda, beqwalasela, yaye becinga ngezinto ezithethwa yinkundla. Ngokufunda indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo, ngokuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke wonke, ngokufunda iimbono, nangokukhusela inkululeko yokugweba, abemi banokuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kuhlala kulungile yaye kunamandla.

Xa uwuhlonela umthetho, uyawakhusela amalungelo akho kunye nawabanye. Ijaji lisikhuselo ekuchaseni amandla obuqu nesiseko senkululeko yedemokhrasi. Njengabemi abanolwazi, sonke sinendima ekulondolozeni esi sicwangciso sezizukulwana ezizayo. Thabatha inyathelo lokuqala namhlanje: tyelela inkundla yasekuhlaleni, hlolisisa uluvo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo, okanye dibanisa iqela lencoko yezentlalo. Inxaxheba yakho iqinisa inkqubo yonke.

[[UMTL_BO:0] ngokuphinda-phinda ukufunda kunye nezibonelelo:[[UMTL_1]