Ukwazisa: Isiseko Sobulungisa

Inkqubo yokugweba ime njengelinye lamasebe orhulumente alinganayo kwimimandla emininzi yedemokhrasi, abekwe umsebenzi onzima wokutolika imithetho, ukucombulula iimbambano, nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Iinkundla ziindawo zokoqobo nezolwazi apho lo msebenzi uyenzeka. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo kunye namacandelo eenkundla aqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa nakumntu ngamnye ofuna ukuqonda indlela okusesikweni okusetyenziswa ngayo. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olubanzi lweenkundla, iindidi zazo ezahlukeneyo, imisebenzi yazo engundoqo, imisebenzi yemibhiyo, izakhiwo ze-archistraries, kunye neenkqubo zezomthetho eziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokufanelekileyo nangokungaguqukiyo.

Iintlobo Zeenkundla Nezityholo Zazo

Iinkqubo zenkundla ehlabathini lonke ziyavumelana kwimibandela engombandela eziwuvayo. Nangona amagama neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo zingafani ngokwamagunya, ezi zilandelayo zezona zikhoyo ehlabathini lonke.

Iinkundla Zezaphuli - mthetho

Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zisingatha amatyala apho umntu okanye iqumrhu lityholwa ngokwaphula umthetho olwalela ihambo ethile lize lisikelele isohlwayo. Ezi nkundla zigqiba ukuba zinetyala okanye zimsulwa, kwaye, ukuba kuvela ityala, zimisela izigwebo ezisusela kutyala nokugwetywa de kuse entolongweni. Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zidla ngokwahlulwa zibe ziimpazamo kunye nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezimandundu, kunye netyala elinzulu eliviweyo kwiinkundla eziphezulu. Uxanduva lokungqinelwa komthetho, nto leyo emele ibangele ukuba kubekho ukudidelwa okungenakuphikiswa.

Inkundla

Iinkundla zamakhaya zicombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu abangoowe-ofisi, amashishini, okanye imibutho . Ityala eliqhelekileyo elibandakanya ii-projekthi zolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla zomgunyathi ziquka iimpikiswano zesivumelwano, ii-propati zomntu ngamnye, iimbambano zempahla, kunye nemicimbi yomthetho weentsapho. Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ummangali-mthetho ufuna unyango olufana nelahleko yemali okanye umsebenzi othile okhethekileyo. Umlinganiselo wobungqina ngukuqwalaselwa kobungqina, ithetha ukuba ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba ufanele agwetyelwe.

Iinkundla Zentsapho

Iinkundla zentsapho eziphambili kumatyala abandakanya ulwalamano lwasekhaya, kuquka uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhaswa kwabantwana, ukukhuliswa kwabantwana, kunye nemiyalelo yokukhuselwa kogonyamelo lwasekhaya. Ezi nkomfa zisoloko zisebenza ngendlela engacwangciswanga neyingxaki engakumbi xa zithelekiswa neenkundla zelizwe okanye ezolwaphulo-mthetho jikelele, zizimisele ukufikelela iziphumo ezinceda abantwana neentsapho ezilunge ngakumbi. Imithetho emininzi iye yanikezela abagwebi benkundla okanye amacandelo entsapho.

Iinkundla zolawulo

Iinkundla zolawulo ziva iimpikiswano ezibandakanya imiqathango nemibutho karhulumente. Xa umntu okanye ishishini licela ukupheliswa kwemvume, ukuvavanywa kwerhafu, okanye ukungenelwa kokhuseleko lwentlalo kusenokuthethwa kwinkundla yolawulo. Ezi ntwathi zinobuchule obukhethekileyo zize zisebenzise imimiselo nemimiselo. Izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zezolawulo zingabhenela kwinkundla eqhelekileyo.

Inkundla

Iinkundla eziphandayo zihlolisisa izigqibo zenkundla ephantsi ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nokuba kugcinwe ubulungisa obusesikweni. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zamatyala, iinkundla ezilawulayo azibuva ubungqina obutsha okanye ubungqina obungqinelayo. Endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo evela kwinkundla yamatyala, zifunde iingxelo ezibhaliweyo macala omabini, zize zive iimpikiswano zomlomo. Isigqibo sazo sinokuqinisekisa, ukujika, okanye ukuphinda ityala. Inkundla ephakamileyo yenkundla elawulayo idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo.

Comment

Indima yeenkundla ayipheleli nje ekugqibeni ukuba ngubani ophumeleleyo okanye ophulukana netyala. Iinkundla zenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo exhasa umthetho nokugcina ucwangco lwentlalo.

Isisombululo seNkqutyana yeNkcaso

Ngezona zizathu zisisiseko, iinkundla zinikela imvume yokucombulula iingxabano. Ngaphandle kweenkundla, amaqela ebengayi kuba nenkqubo yoxolo yokulungisa ukungavisisani, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimijikelezo yokuziphindezela kobuqu nogonyamelo. Iinkundla zinikela inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo apho omabini amacala anokunikela ubungqina neempikiswano phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli-tyala abangakhethi tyala. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile kumsebenzi wezoqoqosho, njengoko amashishini exhomekeke kwiinkundla ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano nokucombulula iimbambano zezorhwebo ngendlela elungileyo.

Ukutolika Okusemthethweni

Iinkundla zitolika imimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nemimiselo yemithetho esemthethweni, inika intsingiselo ecacileyo kwimithetho engekho ngqiqweni. Xa inkundla igqiba ngembambano entsha yomthetho, ingqiqo yayo iba ngumzekelo osisigxina kumatyala exesha elizayo angaphakathi kolawulo lwayo. Le mfundiso ye stares decis[ (ungamekwa) (uwiso sigqibo siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki, ukuqikelelwa, nokuzinziswa komthetho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukucaciswa kwemithetho kubumba indaleko yemfundiso esemthethweni kwaye kunakho ukuphembelela inyathelo lomthetho.

Impinda yezeejaji

Kwinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko, iinkundla zinamandla okuhlola isigwebo, `igunya lokuhlola imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo nokugqiba ukuba ziyavumelana na nomgaqo-siseko. Xa inkundla ifumana umthetho ongekho sigqeba somthetho, ingawubetha phantsi, iwuphelise ngokunempumelelo. Eli gunya lisebenza njengovavanyo kumasebe emithetho kunye negunya elilawulayo, ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko nokuthintela ukuphamba kukarhulumente. Izigqibo ezifana ne- [[FLT]] burybry v.Madison [183]) eUnited States yaseka le mfundiso, kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi aye amkela imigaqo efanayo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Iinkundla zingoovimba abaphambili bamalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko. Xa ummi ekholelwa ukuba isenzo sikarhulumente siphule amalungelo abo . njengokungathetheki, inkqubo efanelekileyo, okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo, zinokuzisa ityala phambi kwenkundla. Iinkundla ziva izibongozo zokucela ukuvalelwa kwe-habeas corpus, ezicel ’ umngeni ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni, kwaye zinokukhupha imimiselo yokuphelisa amalungelo omntu owahlukanisayo. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu kwidemokhrasi apho amalungelo abekwe kwisivumelwano samalungelo abantu okanye kwisivumelwano somgaqo-siseko.

Isakhiwo Senkundla

Inkoliso yeenkqubo zenkundla zilungelelaniswe njengeqela lezabelo, zivumela ukufikelela kwintsalela elungelelanisiweyo kwisigwebo kunye nezibheno. Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo siquka imigangatho emithathu: iinkundla zokuvavanya, iinkundla eziphakathi, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo.

Iinkundla Zokuchophela Ityala

Iinkundla zetyala zingowona mbandela uphambili kumatyala amaninzi. Zilapho kunikelwa khona ubungqina okokuqala, amangqina, kunye namatyala (ukuba ayasetyenziswa) anikela izigwebo. Ezi nkundla ziinkundla zolawulo lokuqala, ithetha ukuba zinegunya lokuphulaphula ityala okokuqala. Abagwebi benkundla yetyala banembopheleleko yokulawula imicimbi, ukulawula iimpikiswano ezicacileyo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ityala lilungile.

IiNkundla eziBandakanyekileyo

Asiyondawo yonke enomthetho ophakathi, kodwa kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zomthetho okanye ezinabemi abaninzi zisebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Ezi nkundla zikhulula inkundla ephakamileyo yoxanduva lokuhlola isibheno ngasinye. Zisiva isibheno esivela kwiinkundla zamatyala njengomcimbi wamalungelo, ithetha ukuba iinkundla eziququzelelayo zinelungelo lokubhenela ubuncinane kwityala elinye. Inkundla ephakathi ihlolisisa ingxelo yokuchophela iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni kwaye isenokukhupha izimvo ezibhaliweyo ezinika ukhokelo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi.

IiNkundla Eziphezulu

Inkundla ephakamileyo (okanye inkundla ephakamileyo, inkundla ephakamileyo yezolawulo lokugqibela) ligunya lokugqibela kwimibandela yomthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo linegunya elilawulayo, elithetha ukuba likhetha amatyala okuwafumana. Inkundla ikhetha amatyala abandakanya imigaqo esemthethweni ebalulekileyo, izigqibo ezingqubanayo zenkundla esezantsi, okanye imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokomGaqo-siseko. Imithetho yayo imisele imizekelo enyanzelisayo kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi ekulawuleni. Izigqibo zenkundla ephakamileyo zigqibelela yaye azinakubhexelelwa ngokubhekele phaya (kunye kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente apho kusenokubakho indlela ezimbini (umz.g., inkundla ephakamileyo kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yeNkulawulayo). Ukuqululo nokukhethwa kwenkundla ephakamileyo kuyahluka ngokubanziwa, kunye nezinye ezinyuliweyo.

INkqubo yezeeJaji: Isikhokelo ngeNdlela

Inkqubo yokugweba ilandela imigangatho elungelelanisiweyo, nganye yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba isesikweni, icace yaye iyagqibela. Ukuqonda la maqondo kunceda abafundi, abafundi nabemi ngokufanayo bahambe ngendlela efanayo.

Ukwenziwa kwetyala

Ityala liqala xa inkundla ibhala isikhalazo esibhaliweyo ngokusemthethweni enkundleni efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo siveza izibakala, isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, kwanokukhululeka kufunwa. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, uqaliswe ngurhulumente, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokumangalelwa okanye ngenkcazelo yezaphuli-mthetho. Inkundla ikhupha isaziso, kwaye ummangalelwa usetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni ngesikhalazo kunye nokumangalelwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba inyanzeleka ukuba aphendule. Eli nyathelo libizwa ngokuba yinkonzo yenkqubo kwaye liyavavanywa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa unesilumkiso kunye nethuba lokuviwa.

Iinkqubo ezijoliswe phambili

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqumrhu abandakanyeka ekufumaneni oku------aspectal ulwazi olufanelekileyo, amaxwebhu, kunye nobungqina. Izixhobo zokufumana ziquka ukudityaniswa (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), ukubuza ngemibuzo, izicelo zokuvelisa amaxwebhu, kunye nezicelo zokuvunywa. Injongo kukuphelisa ukumangaliswa nokuvumela icala ngalinye ukuba livavanye amandla nobuthathaka bemeko yalo. Iimeko ezininzi zinokucombulula imibandela ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, ukushunqunyuzwa kokucelw'iselwa kwetyala okusemthethweni, ngelixa ukuqhutyelwa kwetyala kucela ukulawulwa kwenkundla ngokufutshane ukuze kuvunywe elinye iqela elisekelwe kwizibakala ezingenakuphikwa.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

If the case proceeds to trial, the parties present their evidence and arguments before a judge (bench trial) or a judge and jury (jury trial). In a criminal trial, the jury determines guilt or innocence; the judge decides the sentence. In a civil trial, the jury may determine liability and sometimes damages, though in some jurisdictions the judge decides all issues. The trial follows a standard order: opening statements, presentation of evidence by the plaintiff, cross-examination by the defendant, presentation of evidence by the defendant, closing arguments, jury instructions (if applicable), and deliberation. The standard of proof varies: beyond a reasonable doubt for criminal convictions, and preponderance of the evidence for most civil claims.

Intshukumo yeposi

Emva kwesigqibo okanye umgwebo, iqela eliphulukana nento lisenokuyifakela ifayile yentshukumo yasemva kovavanyo. Intshukumo eqhelekileyo iquka intshukumo yokulingwa okutsha (esekelwe kwiimpazamo ngexesha lokuvavanywa okanye kubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa) okanye intshukumo yomgwebo phezu kwayo nje isigqibo (ebonisa ukuba isigqibo sichasene nobunzima bobungqina). Ezi ntshukumo zijoliswe kumgwebi ogwetyiweyo kwaye kufuneka zigcinwe ngexesha elifutshane emva komgwebo. Ukuba liyakhanyelwa, iqela eliphulukana nomthetho lingabhenela.

Inkqubo Yezibheno

Isibheno asilotyala lokwenza uphando lwamacala omabini; kukuhlola iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Inkundla ejongene netyala (umbutho onomtsalane) kufuneka ibonise ukuba inkundla yamatyala yenza impazamo engenakuguqulwa. Inkundla elawulayo ihlolisisa ingxelo yamatyala(iirekhodi, iirekhodi, kwaye ifunda iimpewu ezifutshane ukusuka kumacala amabini amabini. Kwinkundla ezininzi, iimpikiswano zomlomo zicwangciswe kakuhle. Iingxoxo zenkundla ngoko zikhupha uluvo olubhaliweyo. Iindlela zokufaka isiqinisekiso sesigqibo senkundla esezantsi, ukusivala, okanye ukuphinda iphinde ivume ityala ukwenzela ityala eliqhubekeke noluvo. Kwezinye iinkqubo, esinye isibheno kwinkundla ephezulu sinokwenziwa kuphela ngemvume (isibongozosicelo setyala). Le nkqubo yokufaka isingxubo somthetho nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza komthetho nokulungisa ngokungekho sisesikweni.

Ukubaluleka Kweenkundla Ebutholweni

Iinkundla azipheleli nje ekucombululeni iimbambano zabantu; zifeza imisebenzi exhasa ulawulo - melo, inkululeko, nokukholosa ngorhulumente.

Ukuqinisekisa Okusesikweni Nobulungisa

Iinkundla zinikela inkundla engakhethi buso apho iingxabano zithe zabekwa ngokusisigxina zisekelwe kumthetho nakubungqina, hayi kumandla okanye kwimpembelelo. Oku kulingana kubalulekile kwibutho labantu apho abantu ngabanye namaqela abo benezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngokunamathela kwimithetho yesithethe nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, iinkundla zakha intembelo yoluntu yokuba okusesikweni kuya kusetyenziswa ngokungenamdla.

Ukubambelela Kumthetho

Umthetho uthetha ukuba akukho mntu ungaphezulu kumthetho, yaye zonke izenzo zikarhulumente kufuneka zigunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni. Iinkundla ziqinisekisa lo mgaqo ngokubeka amagosa karhulumente etyala ngehambo engekho mthethweni nangokuwisa ityala lezenzo ezingaphaya kwemida yomgaqo-siseko. Imithetho eyomeleleyo, ezimeleyo yeyona ibala lebutho labantu elilawulwa ngumthetho kunokuba lilawulwa ngengcinga.

Ukuhlangabezana Neenguqu Zentlalo

Iinkundla ziye zabangela inkqubela engokwembali. Izigqibo zophawu kumalungelo abantu, ukuhlahlelana, ukulingana komtshato, kunye nokukhusela indalo ziye zaguqula ibutho labantu. Ngokutolika iziqinisekiso nemimiselo yomgaqo-siseko, iinkundla zinokunikezela imigaqo yokukhusela amaqela agqwethekileyo kunye nemigaqo egqwethekileyo yentlalo. Ngoxa iinkundla zingeyoyona injini ephambili yotshintsho. //Izigwebo zejaji zikhokela ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye zinika umva obalulekileyo xa amanye amasebe engaphumeleli.

Ukukhusela Ulawulo - melo

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, iinkundla zikhusela ingqibelelo yonyulo, ukunyanzelisa amalungelo okuvota, kunye nokucombulula iimbambano ngokwahlukana kwamagunya. Zihlola ubugqeba bemithetho ethintela ukuthethwa kwezobupolitika okanye ingqungquthela. Ukuzimele kwezomthetho kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kubalulekile kulo msebenzi; ngaphandle kwayo, iinkundla ziba zizixhobo zeqela elilawulayo. An judicary ezimeleyo asiyonto yolonwabo kodwa yimfuneko yokuba idemokhrasi iqhubeke.[

Isiphelo

Iinkundla zingunobangela obalulekileyo wenkqubo esemthethweni efuna okusesikweni, okusesikweni, kunye nomthetho owiswe kumatyala ovavanyo oluva ubungqina nezigqibo, kwinkundla ezilungisa iimpazamo zize zimisele imizekelo, oomatshini bezomthetho benza uludwe olunzima lwemisebenzi. Ukuqonda iindidi zeenkundla, imisebenzi yazo, imo ye-horitarical, kunye nemigangatho yelifastiastical , ixhobisa abemi ukuba babandakanye nenkqubo, nokuba ngabasebenzi be-maligrosa, okanye abaqwali abanolwazi. Njengoko iingingi zikhula, indima yeenkundla ziya kubaluleka kakhulu. Ukuqhubeka kukufunda kwiinkqubo ezithile zenkundla, nokuhlola izinto ezigunyaziweyo. [flFoct: 0]. [5].[2]