Inkqubo esemthethweni yenza isiseko somthetho webutho labantu elinobulungisa, ilungiselela isiseko apho iingxabano ziconjululwa khona, amalungelo akhuselwayo, kwaye kunyanzeleka ukuba kubekwe ityala. Nentliziyo yale nkqubo ziinkundla `izikhululo ezibekwa ityala ngokuchaza imithetho, isalatha iimbambano, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kusetyenziswa kwaye kujongwa njengokusetyenziswa. Kubafundi nabafundisi kwimbali, izezentlalo, ukuqonda indlela iinkundla esebenza ngayo nenkqubo esesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlola isakhiwo nomsebenzi wenkundla, amacandelo asemthethweni, imigaqo esisiseko yeetyala kunye nenkqubo esesikweni elungele imfuneko, kunye nendaleko yembali eye yabumba iinkqubo zale mihla.

Indima Yeenkundla Ebutholweni

Iinkundla zisebenza njengeenkundla ezingoondilele apho iimpikiswano zomthetho zilungiswa ngokwemithetho emiselweyo kunye neenkqubo.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuqulunqwa nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho: amatyala afumana intsingiselo yemimiselo, imimiselo, kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezithile, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uphunyezwe ngokuthe rhoqo nangokungaguquguqukiyo.
  • Ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye: ngohlolo lokugweba, iinkundla zikhusela inkululeko esisiseko `njengenkululeko yokuthetha'', ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokusesikweni, kunye nokukhusela ekuvalweni ngokungekho mthethweni/ngokubetha imithetho okanye izenzo zikarhulumente ezichasene nomgaqo-siseko.
  • Ukugweba okusesikweni kuyanikezelwa: Iinkundla zinika amaxhoba indawo yokufuna iintambo, abamangalelwa ukuphakamisa ingqwalaselo, kwaye ibutho labantu ligcine abenzi bobubi benetyala ngemvume yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ngemiqathango yamakhaya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukugcina ucwangco lwentlalo: ngokucombulula iimpikiswano ngoxolo nangogunya, iinkundla zinciphisa amathuba okulumka kokusesikweni kwaye ziqinisa intembelo yoluntu kumthetho.

Uzimele-mthetho lisiseko sale misebenzi. Abagwebi kufuneka bakwazi ukugqiba amatyala asekelwe kumthetho kuphela nakwiimeko, ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo okanye impembelelo evela kumasebe aphetheyo okanye owiso-mthetho. Amazwe aneejaji ezomeleleyo, ezizimeleyo atyekele ekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho, ukonakala okusezantsi, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wozinziso lwezobupolitika.

Iintlobo zeenkundla

Iinkqubo zale mihla zomthetho zilungelelaniswe ngokwemibandela ephambili. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkundla kucacisa indlela amatyala acaciswa ngayo kwaye yiyiphi inkundla enegunya, kwaye yiyiphi inkundla enegunya elinegunya elilelokulawula/ukuva impikiswano ethile.

Iinkundla zoMgaqo-nkqubo jikelele

Iinkundla zelifa lemveli ziva iintelekiso ezininzi, ezingokwabantu kunye nezaphuli-mthetho. EUnited States, iinkundla zetyala (ezisoloko zibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla eziphakamileyo okanye iinkundla zesithili) zisingatha yonke into ukususela kwiimbambano zesivumelwano ukuya kumatyala ahlawulisiweyo. Iinkundla zesithili zeFederal zisebenza indima efanayo kumatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, ukwahluka-hluka kwabemi, okanye iUnited States njengeqela.

Iinkundla Zezaphuli - mthetho

Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zigweba amatyala apho urhulumente egweba umntu okanye iqumrhu lokwaphula umthetho. Uxanduva lobungqina luxhomekeke kumatyala, amele aqinisekise ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zisingatha amatyala aquka amatyala amancinane (ukuphula umthetho) ukuya kumatyala anzulu (umrder, umqhatha). Ezi nkundla zikwalawula ukupheliswa, ukuvingxwa kwetyala, ukuvavanywa, ukugwetywa kwetyala, nokugwetywa.

Inkundla

Iinkundla zamakhaya zicombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo ngezantsi, amashishini, okanye imibutho, okanye ii-"oodential , kunye namatyala. Iinkundla zoluntu zibandakanya izivumelwano, iimbambano zempahla, iingxelo zokonzakalisa umntu ngamnye, kunye nemicimbi yomthetho weentsapho. Umthwalo wobungqina kumatyala asekuhlaleni uphantsi kunakwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho: ummangalelwa kufuneka angqine ngetyala ngobungqina obungaphambili (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunangenjalo). Iinkundla zenkundla zamakhaya zisoloko ziquka ilahleko okanye imimiselo yemali.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Amazwe amaninzi amisela iinkundla ezinegunya elilinganiselweyo lokusingatha imimandla ethile engokwasemthethweni ngokunempumelelo:

  • IiNkundla zoNtlango zoNtlalo: zisingatha uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhasa umntwana, ukukhuliselwa komntwana, kunye nemiyalelo yokhuseleko lwasekhaya. Ezi ntendelezo zisoloko zithatha indlela yonyango engakumbi, zibhekisa kwizinto ezintle kubantwana.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkundla yeJuvenile: Ityala lomntwana otyholwa ngokungathobeli okanye oxhomekeke (ongakhathalelwanga okanye oxhatshazwanga). Ugxininiso lugxininiso ekubuyiselweni kwakhona kunokusohlwaywa.
  • Iprojekthi: ngaphaya kolawulo lwezakhono, izakhiwo, iinqanawa zokukhusela, kunye neenqanawa zokulungiselela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] IiNkundla zeTax: Ukusombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwababuthi berhafu nabaphathi berhafu.
  • [ IiNkundla zeBankipruct: Ziphathe izibongozo zabantu okanye amashishini afuna isiqabu kwityala phantsi komthetho wolawulo owiselwyo.
  • IiNkundla zoBuphathi: Impikiswano ezibandakanya abameli bakarhulumente, njengeengenelo zokhuseleko loluntu, ukufuduka, okanye ukuthunyelwa kwemali yezobugcisa. Ezi zisoloko ziyinxalenye yesebe eliphetheyo kodwa kufuneka zinikezele ngokusesikweni ngokwengqiqo.

Ubukho beenkundla ezikhethekileyo bubonisa ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo komthetho wanamhlanje nemfuneko yabagwebi abanobuchule kwimibandela ethile.

Inkqubo Esemthethweni: Imimiselo Yomthetho

Inkqubo esemthethweni----- nokuba yeyomzi okanye yesaphuli-mthetho — ilandela ulandelelwano olulungelelanisiweyo olulungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa, ukubonakala, kunye nokugqibela. Ukuqonda la maqondo kunceda abemi bamazwe baqonde indlela amatyala aqhubekeka ngayo ukusuka ekuqalisweni ukuya ekucombululeni.

Ukukhalaza Okanye Ukusityand ’ igila

Kwityala loluntu, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalazo kwinkundla, echaza izibakala, isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, kwanokukhululeka kwafunwa. Inkundla ikhupha izicelo, ezithi kunye nesikhalazo zinikezelwe kummangalelwa. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo iqala ngokubanjwa, ukubekwa izityholo ngumtshutshisi, okanye ukugwetywa kwetyala eliphezulu. Uxwebhu oluchophayo kufuneka luchaze ulwaphulo-mthetho olutyholiweyo luze lunike ummangalelwa iinkcukacha ezaneleyo ukuze alungiselele ingxengxelo.

2. Ukuphendula nokukhokela

Ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule kwisikhalazo ngeentsuku ezibekiweyo, eziqhelekileyo ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-30. Impendulo ingavuma okanye iphikise izityholo kwaye iphakamise ukhuseleko okanye iphikise. Ukuba ummangalelwa akasaphenduli, inkundla ingangena kumgwebo ongagqibekanga. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa ungena kwisibongozo (enotyala, kungekhona onecala, okanye kungekho mphicotho) kwityala.

3. Ukufumanisa

Ukufunyaniswa kwemeko yangaphambi kovavanyo apho abathathi-nxaxheba bobabini betshintshisana ngolwazi nobungqina. Eli qonga libalulekile ekuthinteleni izinto ezingalindelekanga ekulingweni nasekukhuthazeni ukuhlaliswa. Izixhobo zokufumana iziphumo ziquka:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwakhiwa: ubungqina bomlomo obuthatyathwe phantsi kwesifungo phambi kokuvavanywa, bubhalelwe ukusetyenziswa kamva.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, iirekhodi zezamayeza, okanye obunye ubungqina obuphathekayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo omnye acela omnye ukuba avume okanye akhanye ukuba acuthe imbambano.

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ityala linomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko (ngaphantsi Brady v. Maryland)) ukubhenca ubungqina bokucalula/ukuqinisekisa okungamchaphazelela ummangalelwa okanye unciphise isohlwayo.

4. Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nokuvakala

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, naliphi na iqela lisenokufaka intengo licela inkundla ukuba isombulule imibandela ethile. Izenzo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhupha: Ithetha ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza ikhawunti esebenzayo okanye inkundla ayinalo igunya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: ufuna ulawulo oluxhasa iqela elinye ngaphandle kovavanyo kuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene ngezibakala zezinto eziphathekayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufumana umqondiso wokucinezela: Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iphikisa into yokuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye kufuneka bukhutshwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Motion kwi Limine: Ifuna ukukhupha ubungqina obuthile ekuvezweni ekucinyweni.

5. Ukuvavanywa

Ityala liyinkqubo esesikweni yokuqhubeka apho ubungqina bunikezelwa kumgwebi okanye kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Le nkqubo iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] IiNgxelo eziVulayo: Amaqela achaza ukuba azimisele ukungqina ntoni.
  • Ukunikezelwa kobuBonelelo: AmaNgqina abizwa aze ahlolwe (uvavanyo oluthe ngqo, ukunqamleza, ukubuyisela). Amaxwebhu, iifoto, kunye neengxelo zengcali zingenisiwe kwirekhodi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Impikiswano ezichazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa isigqibo esilungileyo.
  • Imiyalelo esetyenziswayo iJaji ichaza umthetho osebenzayo kubachopheli-tyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Deberation kunye neSigwebo: Abachopheli (okanye isahluleli kwityala lebhentshi) sibuyela kwisigqibo.

Xa kuvavanywa iimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigwebo kufuneka sihlangane ukuze kuqinisekiswe imigaqo emininzi.

6. Ukugwetywa (Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho)

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyaniswe enetyala, isigwebo esahlukileyo sibanjwa. Ijaji iqwalasela oothunywashe abafana nobuqatha betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, iingxelo zegalelo lexhoba, kunye nokunconywa kwamagosa agwetyelweyo. Izigwebo zingaquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugcinwa kwetyala, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye ukuhlawulelwa.

7. Isibheno

Iqela eliphulukana netyala lingasidlulisa isigqibo kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno aziyozingxubusho; zihlola ingxelo echongiweyo yezo mpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezisenokuba zichaphazele iziphumo. Inkundla ye-applate ingasiqinisekisa, iguqule, iguqule, okanye ilungise ityala lokuvavanya amatyala amatsha. Kwityala olwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa angabhenela kwityala elinotyala, kodwa abatshutshisi ngokubanzi abanakusibhenela kwisigqibo sokukhulula ityala (ingozi ephinda kabini).

Inkqubo yesambuku inganwebela kwinkundla ephakamileyo kwicala eliphakamileyo `njengenkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.'esoloko ineendlela yokukhetha amatyala okuwaphulaphula.

Izilingo Ezifanelekileyo Nendlela Efanelekileyo Yokwenza Okufanelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yeyomGaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi engokwasemthethweni iya kuba yeyobulungisa yaye abantu baya kunikwa isaziso ngezenzo ezichaphazela amalungelo abo nethuba lokuviwa. Le ngcamango inemilinganiso engokwesithethe neyokungangeni.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Le nkalo ifuna ukuba urhulumente ahluthe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla elandela iinkqubo ezisesikweni.

  • Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho: ummangalelwa makaxelelwe ngezityholo okanye izityholo ezichasa bona.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuva: Lithuba elinentsingiselo lokunikela ubungqina neempikiswano phambi komenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ijaji engathathi cala: Ijaji kufuneka ingacalucalulwa kwaye ikhululeke kwiimfazwe zomdla.
  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo kwiSiluleko: Phantsi koMphetho-mvakalo weSithandathu kwi-U.S., abamangalelwa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho banelungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni; ukuba abanako ukufikelela kwigqwetha, omnye kufuneka amiselwe (jonga [[FLT:]]Gideon v. Wainwright).
  • Ubhekiso phambili: Ilungelo lokunqumla amangqina e-examine kunye nabamangaleli abajongene nayo.
  • Inkqubo yokunyanzelisa: Ilungelo lokunika amangqina ethontsi.
  • Uvavanyo lwePublic: Ngaphandle kweemeko ezisikelwe umda, izilingo kufuneka zivuleke kuwonke wonke ukukhuthaza ukubonakala ngaphaya komthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ityala lesantya: Abamangalelwa ngezaphuli-mthetho banelungelo lokuvavanywa ngaphandle kokulibazisa okungekho ngqiqweni.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Imodeli yenkqubo efunekayo esezantsi ithintele oko urhulumente angakwenza, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo. Ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko : njengamathuba emfihlo, umtshato, ukuqeqesha, kunye nenkululeko yomzimba (ukuphazamisa korhulumente) ngaphandle kokuba kukho inkxalabo yorhulumente enyanzelisayo nomthetho ulungiswe kancinci. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise inkqubo esezantsi efunekayo ukubetha imithetho ethintelayo ([[FLT: 0]]Griswld v.Connectic[FL:1]) kunye nomtshato ofanayo ([FLT:] OFM]

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Yovavanyo Esemthethweni Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala elifanelekileyo liqashelwa kwizixhobo eziphambili zamalungelo abantu, kuquka iSindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (Artle 10) kunye noMvumelwano wezizwe Ngezizwe waMalungelo aBantu nawobupolitika (Atyle 14). Le migaqo ifuna iinkundla ezizimeleyo nezingakhethiyo, ukugqalwa njengongenatyala, nelungelo lokubhenela. Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNkundla ye-International Criminal, nazo zinamathela kule migaqo.

Imbali Yeenkqubo Zomthetho

Indaleko yokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni neengcamango ezifanelekileyo zisekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali. Iziganeko eziphambili eziphambili ziphawula ukuvunywa okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo omntu nxamnye namandla karhulumente.

IMagna Carta (1215)

Ngokufuthi lucatshulwe njengesiseko senkqubo efunekayo, uMagna Carta's Isahluko 39 savakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi afakwe entolongweni, agxothwe, okanye agwetywe ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. Olu xwebhu, olunyanzelwa kuKumkani uYohane ziinguqu ezinemvukelo, lwamisela umgaqo wokuba ukumkani uthobele umthetho.

IBhili yamaNgesi Yamalungelo (1689)

Emva kweNguquko eMhlophe, iBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo yalela ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile egqithisileyo, isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba iPalamente ivume ngezenzo ezithile zobukumkani. Kwaye kwaqinisekisa ilungelo lokucela umlawuli kunye nokukhululeka kwimikhosi emileyo ngexesha loxolo.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye neBhili yamaLungelo (1787-1791)

UMgaqo-siseko wakha isigwebo esineejaji eziphilileyo (Article III) ze wamisela ukuphakama komthetho wesizwe. IBhili yamaLungelo, ingakumbi eyesine, eyesiThathu, neyesi-6, neyesi-8, i-odole eqinisekisiweyo yokuzikhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, ukuzibeka engozini, kwaye kwafuneka inkqubo efunekayo, ukuvavanywa okukhawulezileyo kunye nokuseluxolweni. UMthetho we-145th Amendment (1868) wandisa inkqubela efunekayo kwizenzo zikarhulumente, inkqubo eyaziwayo njenge-ququlunqwe.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States ziye zandisa amalungelo okuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni:

  • [[NTL:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Amapolisa afuna ukwazisa abarhanela amalungelo abo okuhlala bethulile nokuba negqwetha elikhoyo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunya.
  • [FLT] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): waqinisekisa ilungelo lokucebisa abamangalelwa abagwebi abagwetyiweyo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, nokuba abanamali yegqwetha.
  • [FLT] Brady v. Maryland (1963): Igqitywe ukuba abatshutshisi batyhila ubungqina bobuculo kwinkuselo.
  • [FLT]] Batson v. Kentucky (1986): Imingeni yokukhulula esekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwilungu.
  • [FLT] Taylor v. Louisiana Ifuna ukuba amaqula abachopheli-tyala amele icandelo elilungileyo elinqamlezayo loluntu.

Inkqubela-phambili yehlabathi

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iziCwangciso zeNuremberg zamisela ukuba abantu babenokubekwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu nokuba imilinganiselo yokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni isebenza nakumatyala azwenibanzi. Ukudalwa kweNkundla yehlabathi Lonke Yezolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenkundla ezahlukahlukeneyo (umz., eRwanda nakweyona yakha yayiYugoslavia) kumele kumiselwe amalungelo afanelekileyo amiselwe ngokusesikweni kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Yasemthethweni

Imfundo esemthethweni ixhobisa abantu ngolwazi lokukhusela amalungelo abo, ukuqonda iimbopheleleko zabo, nokubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kubomi boluntu.

  • Ukuqonda isakhiwo senkqubo yenkundla: ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi inkundla esingatha loluphi uhlobo lwetyala olunceda abantu baqhube iimpikiswano kunye nonikezelo lwamayeza ngokunempumelelo.
  • Ukufunda ngamalungelo asemthethweni kunye nokhuseleko: uqhelano nesiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko, inkululeko yabemi, kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho inika abantu amandla okuqonda ukwaphulwa nokufuna iintambo.
  • Ukuphengulula ukucingela nokugxeka ubuchule: Ufundo lomthetho lufundisa ukuqiqa okusengqiqweni, ukuhlolwa kobungqina, kunye namandla okwakha iingxoxo ezeyiselayo, `iincam ezixabisekileyo kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi.
  • Ukubotshwa kweso sivumelwano soluntu: Ukuqonda iinkqubo zomthetho kukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba kumsebenzi wokuchophela amatyala, ukuvota kwabachongi, nokugunyazisa utshintsho olusemthethweni.

Kubafundisi- ntsapho, ukudibanisa imixholo engomthetho kwimbali kunye neenkqubo zemfundo yeli phondo kunceda abafundi badibanise imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni yomgaqo-siseko kwiziganeko zeli hlabathi lokwenene kunye neziganeko zangoku. Izibonelelo ezinjenge [[FLT: 0] zeFudial judiary's Educational Outformation kunye neZiko lolwazi loMthethwe we-Cornell zinika izinto ezifikelelekayo.

Iimvavanyo Ezifanelekileyo Zexesha Elizayo

Phezu kwazo nje iinkulungwane zenkqubela, iimvavanyo eziqhubekayo zijamelana nezisongelo eziqhubekayo. Ukuvalelwa koorhulumente ngokusesikweni, ukwahlukahlukana kobuhlanga kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, ukungameleli okusemthethweni kwabahlwempuzekileyo, nokusetyenziswa kwezicelo zokucetyiswa (okuzinzisa amatyala angaphezulu kwama-90% olwaphulo-mthetho e-U.S.) kusenokuyiphikisa inkqubo efunekayo. Kurhulumente onegunya elingqongqo, iinkundla zisoloko zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokucinezela, zokungabi nazintloni. Ukuvela kobungqina beze-webhusayithi nokuchola kwamapolisa kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngokuphathelele ukufihla ityala, ukuvalelwa, nokunelungelo lokufikelela ubungqina.

Imigudu yokucombulula le mingeni iquka amanyathelo okuthatha inyathelo okuxhasa inkxaso-mali yabakhuseli, utshintsho lwebheyile, iinguqu zezakhono zobuchopheli, nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa ukwandisa ukubonakala kwenkundla. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge iKhomishoni yezizwe ngezizwe yooVimba-zincwadi ijonge inkululeko yokugweba ehlabathini lonke kwaye ixhasa utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Iinkundla neenkqubo zomthetho azizizo nje ezingokwenkqubano; zidibanisa ukuzinikela kwebutho labantu kokusesikweni, ukulingana, kunye nomthetho. Ngokuqinisekisa iimvavanyo zobulungisa nokuxhasa inkqubo efanelekileyo, inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ikhusela isidima somntu ngamnye kwaye igcine isivumelwano sentlalo. Uhambo lwembali ukusuka eMagna Carta ukuya kumaziko amalungelo abantu akhoyo abonisa ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo kwebutho labantu, kwaye nangoku akuphelelangagqibekanga kokusesikweni. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda isakhiwo nemigaqo yale nkqubo asiyonkqubo yemfundo kodwa iyimfuneko yezemfundo. Njengabemi bexesha elizayo, baya kuzuza imbopheleleko yokukhusela ezi zikhukulahliso nokuxhasa inkqubo yezobulungisa ephila ngokuvisisana nemilinganiselo yayo.