Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samanani

UHlaziyo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. luqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokukhuselwa kubantu babo, kwizindlu, emaphepheni, nakwiziphumo zokungahlolisiyo nokuxhuzula. Kwiinkulungwane, olu khuselo lwalusetyenziswa kakhulu kwizithuba zokwenyama nakwizinto ezibonakalayo. Kodwa ukunyuka kwee-cellphone, ii-laptop, ii-laptols, kunye nezinye izixhobo zemigalelo yamanani kunyanzele iinkundla ukuba zichaze kwakhona oko kubumba "uphengululo" kwaye oko kumele ukuba urhulumente afikelele eyona nkqubo isondeleyo. Ngenxa yoko, isekelwe kwiNtlanu neMimiselo yeSihlanu, ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele okusesikweni, okuthe ngqo, okungaqondakaliyo, kunye neenkqubo ezicacileyo ngaphambi kokuba ahlube nawuphi nabani na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Xa zidityanisiwe, ezi zivelisa ikhusiselo olunamandla zixhobo ezichasene noomatshini.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba icell phone ezikhoyo azikho zikhongozelo eziphathekayo kodwa ziqulethe ubuninzi bolwazi lobuqu, ukusuka kwiingxelo zebhanki kunye nogcino-lwazi lwempilo ukuya kwimbali yencoko yabucala nendawo. [FLT]] Riley v. California[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [iNkunye iNkubonelo-luvo] (i-2001], iNkubophelela ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokuphendla i-cell phone ebanjiweyo ngexesha lokubanjwa. Uluvo lwaphawula ukuba i-mfono "indawo esasazeleyo neguquguqukayo neguquguqukayo yobomi obusuka ku-Mars isenokugqiba ukuba yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokwenziwa kobuntu bomntu."ukulawula okusetyenziswa ngokwemiqatha yeminyaka ngokufuna ukukhangela koothothotho, kunokuba kuvumele ukuphenyaniswa kwetyala.

Imfuneko efunekayo yokukhangela ngamanani igqitha ngaphaya kokwenza isiqinisekiso. Ifuna ukuba umlinganiselo walo naluphi na uphengululo udityaniswe ngokufutshane kwinjongo ethile yophando. Isiqinisekiso esigunyazisa ukuphengululwa kobungqina bokuqhatha irhafu asinakusetyenziswa ukukhangela kwimifanekiso yentsapho yabucala okanye ukufunda ii-imeyili zobuqu ezingahambelaniyo nolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla ziye zawanyanzelisa ngokuqhubekayo la manyathelo ngokucinezela ubungqina obufunyenweyo ukuphengulula uphando lwamanani olucacileyo. Umgaqo wolwahluzo ngowo-mali ngumbindi: ukungenelela kwimfihlo-mlo yerharha kufuneka kusetyenziswe ngokulula umdla osemthethweni karhulumente.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nenkqubo Elindelekileyo: Ukhuseleko Oludityanisiweyo

Abantu abaninzi bacinga ngoMphetho-Mda wesine njengohlolo oluyintloko ekuphengululweni kwamapolisa, kodwa inkqubo efunekayo idlala indima ebaluleke ngokufanayo. UMthetho-siseko wesine umisela ukuba ukukhangela kufanelekile , inkqubo efanelekileyo imisela ukuba iprocedires [ izakusebenza ukugunyazisa okanye ukuziphatha okufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umthetho ufumana isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kulwazi olulahlekisayo okanye oluphosakeleyo, ukuphendla okulandelayo kuyayiphazamisa inkqubo efunekayo, nokokuba isiqinisekiso sidibana nomgangatho olindelekileyo. Unyango olunjalo lungaquka ukucinezelwa kobungqina kunye nomonakalo phantsi kolawulo lwemipunga.[FL:4].[1]

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba abantu bafumane isaziso esaneleyo xa impahla yabo yamanani ibanjiwe, nokuba banethuba lokuvavanya ukuphambana. Kwimimandla emininzi, umntu omatshini wakhe uthathiwe kufuneka axelelwe isizathu, kwaye makakwazi ukukhuphisana nokuphengululwa phambi komantyi ongathathi cala. Le nkqubo yeprocedudal ikhusela "imfihlelo" uphando lukarhulumente lokuba ixhoba lingaze lifunde de lifike emva kwexesha kakhulu. ICumputer Crime kunye neCandelo lobugcisa (CPTP) yeSebe logwebo logwebo lwe-U.S. ikhuphe izilumkiso ezigxininisa ukuba umthetho ufuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kusetyenziswe okuyimfuneko xa kukhangelwa kwendlela ye-actrection.

Imfuneko Ephambili Ngexesha Eliqhelekileyo

Umthetho jikelele ngowokuba isiqinisekiso, esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye sichaza indawo ezakuphendwa kwaye izinto ezizakubanjwa, zifuneka phambi kokuba umthetho unyanzelise ukwenziwa kwento yexabiso lesixhobo. Lo mthetho usebenza kwi-cellphone, amacwecwe, i-laptop, iikhompyutha ze desktop, iinqwelo-moya ezingaphandle, kwaye kwane data egcinwe kwilifu xa ifumaneka kwisixhobo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sikhankanye isixhobo/iiiiintlobo zogcino-lwazi ezifunwayo. Isiqinisekiso esivumela ukuba i-tranket-trawl yamanani ebanzi ifikeleleke ngokungaqondakali kwaye sona nenkqubo efunekayo.

Izizathu ezisebenzisekayo zokufuna amanani

Unobangela ocacileyo ukho xa kukho inkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala ezithembekileyo, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufunyanwa kwisixhobo. Oku asingomgangatho ophezulu, kodwa kungaphezulu kokukrokreleka nje. Iinkundla ziye zalwa nonobangela onokwenzeka kumongo wesigamgamshelo semilitha. Umzekelo, isalatha-sangqa seselfowuni seselfowuni kufutshane nomboniso wolwaphulo-mthetho, sidityaniswe nobungqina bokuba ikrokrethi isebenzisa ifowuni ukunxibelelana nezixhobo, ingaqinisekisa unobangela ofanelekileyo. Noko ke, ukuba nemfono elula ngexesha lokubanjwa akukwanele ukuthethelela uphando olupheleleyo. Umthetho ophakamileyo kwi-

Intsingiselo Nemilinganiselo

Imfuneko yeSine soHlaziyo ifuna ukuba isiqinisekiso sichaze ugcino-lwazi olukhethekileyo oluza kuphendwa ngolwazi olwaneleyo ukuthintela ukuxilongwa jikelele. Kwizixhobo zamanani, oku kudla ngokuthetha ukuba isiqinisekiso kufuneka sazi uhlobo logcino-lwazi olufunwayo (umz., kumemeze izithintelo, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, ii-imeyili, iifoto, okanye indawo). Kungafuneka kwakhona kusetyenziswe iprotocol-data okanye izixhobo zogcino-lwazi ezilinganisela uvavanyo kwiindidi zogcino-lwazi oludweliswe kwisiqinisekiso. Xa umthetho ubambelelo lungaphaya kwezi mida, nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenwe ngaphandle kwe-active bungalula kumthetho ofunyenweyo. [[FLT:]

Iinkundla zikwaqaphele ukuba urhulumente kufuneka athathe amanyathelo okuphepha izinto ezikhululweyo, njengoluvo lwamagqwetha okanye iingxelo zezamayeza. United States v. IGanians (ii-Cir. 2014), inkundla ibambelele ekubeni inyanzelekile urhulumente aphinde afune umfanekiso wekhompyutha emva kweminyaka emininzi emva kokuba uphando oluphantsi lugqibile ukuphazamisa inkqubo efanelekileyo. Isigqibo sagxininisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukhuphela ngokulula i-dropu enzima kwaye agqibe oko angaphendla kuko; umqathango kufuneka uchazwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Amanani aphambili eNkundla Ephakamileyo

RILEy v. Calinian (2014

Ityala eliPhakamileyo elibhekiswe kumntu obanjiweyo, lifuna iziphumo zefonethi yamanani yomntu ofunyaniswe yicell phone. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukuphengulula-alusebenzisi ugcino-lwazi lwezidiliya ngenxa yokuba ulwazi lobuqu oluninzi olugcinwe kwifowuni zangoku. IJaji enkulu uRoberts ibhale ukuba ugcino-lwazi kwifowuni "alunakusetyenziswa ngokoqobo ukulimaza amapolisa okanye ukutshabalalisa umqondiso ofunekayo kwinkqubo yamanani obuqu: lufuna isiqinisekiso sokuba i-axilocaci akhangeli ngokungenatyala kwaye izizathu zabo zicaciswe ngomntluko. Oku kucatshulwe ngamakhulu eendisholo lwemiqathango.

[[UMTL:0] Amaqonga . United States (208)

Iqonga elifuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Urhulumente waphikisa ngelithi ukufunyanwa kwengxelo yembali yeseli-calication yendlela ekhoyo ngurhulumente kulwazi lweziphathi zeseli ezikhoyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela zingakhokelwa kwiSihlanu soMphengululo. Inkundla ayivumelani, isithi indawo yomntu yomzimba ngexesha elithile ityhila "umfanekiso osondeleyo wobomi babo." ulawulo luye lwaqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo ngokufuna ukuhlolisingeniswa kolwazi phambi kokufikelela kolwazi lukarhulumente. Inkundla yaphawula ukuba iziphathi zeseli zesithathu eziziindawo eziziindawo ezineengxenye ezihlukeneyo yaye ngenxa yoko azizibophelele kwisifundo sesithathu. Inkundla ayikhangelindelo olufanelekileyo, ithetha ukuba abantu abalindele ulwazi oluzinzileyo, abalulindele ukuba bafumane ulwazi olunzulu kwabanye abantu, ngethuba lokusebenzisana nabanye.

United States v. Jones (202)

Nangona iquka isixhobo sokulandelela iGPS esibekwe kwisithuthi, ukuqiqa kwayo kuchaphazela izixhobo zamanani. Inkundla yabambelela kwelokuba ukudibanisa iGPS kwinqwelo-mafutha nokuhlola intshukumo yayo iintsuku ezingama-28 kwakwenza uphendlo phantsi koMphetho-Mphetho-wesine. Umthetho owenziweyo we-Sotomayner's uphikisa ukuba imfundiso yesithathu mayiqwalaselwe ngokulula ukuhlolwa kwamanani amanani angoku. Ityala liqululwe ukuba ukugadiswa okudelweyo kwendawo yomntu kufuna isiqinisekiso, umgaqo oyandisa indlela ngogcino-lwazi lwe-PSPGPS.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngelixesha imfuneko yemvume ingumthetho jikelele, iindidi ezininzi zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuphengululwe izixhobo zamanani ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Ezi zimvo zithathwa ngokufutshane ukugcina inkqubo efanelekileyo.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Ukuba kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo ebomini, umngcipheko wokutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, okanye ukusukela umfono-mfono obalekayo, amapolisa angenza uphendlo olungagunyaziswanga. Kwizixhobo zemivo, ulwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka lube lolokwenene kwaye lungadalwanga ngamapolisa ngokwawo. Umzekelo, ukuba amagosa anokukholelwa ukuba urhano lucime ugcino-lwazi lwemfono-mfono okanye ukuba isisongelo sebhombu silungelelaniswe ngesixhobo, bangenza ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Kodwa, umthwalo usemthethweni kurhulumente ukungqina ukuba iimeko ezikhoyo. Iinkundla bezingakuthandabuza ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwemfonomfono lungabucima ubungqina bokucima okusebenzayo.

Umququzeleli

Ukuba umnini wesixhobo uvuma ngokuzithandela, akukho mvumo ufunekayo. Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba uvume ukuba wazi, ulumke, kwaye uzimisele (hhayi unyanzeliswe zisongelo okanye inkohliso.) Amapolisa kufuneka axelele umntu ngokuba unelungelo lokungavumi, nangona oku kungasoloko kuyimfuneko ngokwemithetho-siseko. Kumazwe amaninzi, imvume yesithathu (umz., kumntu ohlala kunye okanye iqabane) inokuba iyasebenza ukuba umntu unegunya elifanayo kwisixhobo. Kodwa ke, ummelwane akavumi ukukhangela i-laptop etshixiwe omnye umntu, ingakumbi ukuba i-password ayifani.

Ukukhangela Umda

Imfundiso ephengululwayo yomda ivumela abaphathi-mikhosi bafune imithwalo, iimoto, kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki kumda ngaphandle kwemvume. Oku kunxaxhi kubangele ukukrokra okubalulekileyo, njengoko urhulumente ephikisayo ukuba kusebenza ekuxingeni i-laptops kunye neefowuni. Ezinye iinkundla zibambe ukuba ukuphengulula umda (umz., ukujika isixhobo nokuqengqeleka kwiifayile) akufuni kuthandabuzeki, kodwa ukusebenzisa i-software ukukhangela iifayile ezicinyiweyo) kufuna ukukrokrala okusengqiqweni. [[FLT][10] Iziko ze-libster Union (ALL)[FLY:1] ezithenjiweyo zifuna ukukrokrala i-m ye-e.[2]

Izixhobo zamanani nemfundiso yesithathu yecandelo

Imfundiso yesithathu ngokwesithethe ikholelwa ukuba abantu baphulukana nolindelo olusengqiqweni lwe-screens kwinkcazelo abayinika ngokuzithandela kumaqela amathathu, njengeenkampani zomnxeba okanye iibhanki. Noko ke, le mfundiso iye yakhutshwa ngexesha lamanani. Icala eliphambili [, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayeka ngokucacileyo ukusebenzisa imfundiso kwindawo yeseli, iqonda ukuba ukuthwala ifowuni kubangela ukuba "kungakwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwibutho lanamhlanje" kwaye ayingokuzithandela ngokwenene. Oku kunwebela kwezinye ii-data zamanani, njengokuba ii-imeyili zigcinwa ngumnikezeli (Umthetho wonxibelelwano sele uthelekele iingxelo ze-imeyili ezingaphantsi kweentsuku ezili-180), iifayile ze-stor, kunye nokuphendla imbali yembali elula.

Iimpendulo zomthetho ezifana ne uMthetho woNxibelelwano oluNxulumanisiweyo lwe-Accompers (ECPA) kunye ne-USUSA Inkululeko [ UMthetho weSivumelwano ofuna umgangatho osezantsi olindelekileyo. Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba abantu bafumaneke xa ugcino-lwazi lwabo lufunwa kwaye benethuba lokufumana into, nangona kwiimeko ezininzi isaziso sitheth'e.

Indima Yokubhala Nokubhala Okulindelekileyo

Ukukhowuda kunika ulucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kulungelelwano phakathi kobucala bamanani kunye nomthetho. Ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo onamandla, njengaleyo isetyenziswa yi-iPhones kunye nezixhobo ze-Android, kuthetha ukuba nokuba amapolisa anokuyibamba ngokusemthethweni ifowuni, asenokungakwazi ukuyifikelela ngaphandle kwekhowudi okanye ukuqinisekisa nge-biomic. Urhulumente uphikisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba abantu banike iziphatho zabo zokuvula ikhowudi, icaphula i "isigqibo somntu omnye" imfundiso. Le mfundiso ingqina ukuba ilungelo lokuzinzisahlulwa kwefowuni limele ukuba ingasebenzi xa kukho ubungqina kunye nendawo obukhoyo buyiyo "ukuqukumbela isiphelo sobunyani"."

Noko ke, iinkundla zahlulelene ukuba ngaba umntu unyanzelisa ukuba aphumele kwikhowudi ye-lifest Complete. iUnited States v. IHubell [2000], iNkundla Ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba iSigqibo sesihlanu sisebenza kwi [ impumelelo yemveliso [[[FLT:]] ngokwaso ukuba iyakwazi ukukhupha umntu. Ukufaka igama eligqithisiweyo kuchaza ukuba umntu uyalazi igama eligqithisiweyo kwaye isixhobo sawo sinokuba sinokuba singumbhalo oqhelekileyo. Ezinye iinkundla zikholelwa ukuba urhulumente unyanzele ukuba sele esazi isixhobo sokubona (umz., ukusuka kumatyeli) afuna ukumiswa korhulumente ukuba kusungulwe i-data kuqala.

Le mbambano intsonkothe ngakumbi ngezitshixo ze-biometric, ezifana ne-minwe okanye ulwaziwo lobuso. Iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba amapolisa anokunyanzela umntu ukuba asebenzise iminwe yawo ukuvula umnxeba kuba bubungqina obubonakalayo, hayi ubungqina bokoqobo. Noko ke, ukuba umthetho uyatshintsha, ezinye iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho "yokulinganisa" kwiminwe evulekileyo kunye. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna imithetho ecacileyo malunga nokuba urhulumente ungayinyanzela njani ukuba isetyenziswe nini na i-millimetric.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho Amanani

Ukuqonda umthetho kubalulekile, kodwa abantu banokuthabatha amanyathelo asebenzayo ukuze balondoloze amathuba abo okuzifihla nokuwasebenzisa xa kufikelelwa kwiinkqubo zekhompyutha. Nangona eli nqaku lingelocebiso elingokwasemthethweni, la maqhinga alandelayo adla ngokunconywa ngabameli bobuqu neengcali ezingokwasemthethweni:

  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa ii-password ezomeleleyo okanye amabinzana agqitha kunee-PIN ezilula. Kuphephe i-biometrics ukuba uxhalabele ukunyanzeleka ukuba uvule.
  • yenza ufihlo olupheleleyo lwedevice [[FL:1] kuzo zonke iimfonomfono, amacwecwe, kunye nee-laptops. Iinkqubo ezininzi zangoku zinika oku ngokungagqibekanga.
  • Yazi amalungelo akho xa emiswe ngamapolisa. Unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile nokungavumi ukuphengulula isixhobo sakho. Yithi "Andivumi ukuphendla" ngokucacileyo nangokuzolileyo.
  • Gcina ugcino-lwazi olunovakalelo kugcino lwamafu olufihliweyo ngombhalo ofihlakeleyo ophethulweyo ukuya ekupheleni, kwaye ungagcini iifayile ezichaphaza ngqo kwicebo ukuba kunokwenzeka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa izicwangciso ezinamandla zabucala[[FLT: 1] kwi media yencoko yababini kunye nee apps zokuthumela imiyalezo. Cinga ngokusebenzisa ii apps ezinika imiyalezo enyamalalayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ungavuli isixhobo sakho samapolisa ngaphandle kokuba unikwe isiqinisekiso sokukhangela esisemthethweni. Ukuba amapolisa afuna i-password yakho okanye i-biometrics yakho, ungacela ukuthetha negqwetha kuqala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Seta isixhobo sakho ukucima idata emva kwenani elithile lenzame ezingaphumelelanga zegama lokugqithisela (nangona kuqondi oku kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni yi data ukuba isixhobo sifikelelwe ngempazamo ngomnye umntu).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibuyisela ugcino-lwazi kwi diski yangaphandle efihliweyo engadityaniswanga kwicebo lakho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba nokuba isixhobo sibanjiwe, ugcina iikopi zefayile ezibalulekileyo.

Kwimibutho, ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezicacileyo malunga nokuphengulula kwezixhobo zabaqeshwa kunye nokuphathwa kogcino-lwazi kubalulekile. I- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) inika izikhokelo [ zesixhobo esihambayo se-fonensics ezigxininisa ukubaluleka kokulandela inkqubo efunekayo kunye nenkqubo zetsheyina zenkqubo.

Ingqikelelo lwehlabathi kwinkqubela elindelekileyo kunye nophendlo lwamanani

Inkqubela elindelekileyo yokhuseleko lwahlukene kakhulu kuwo onke amazwe. KuManyano aseYurophu, ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi oluqhelekileyo lokukhusela ugcino-lwazi (GDPR) lunika amalungelo obuqu anamandla, kunye ne-[FLT]] Careter yamaLungelo asisiseko [[] ikhusela ilungelo lokuzimela nokukhusela kogcino-lwazi. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo oluntu (ECHPR) ilawule kwiimeko ezifana uMzalwanaw. uBukumkani obumanyeneyo ukuba uphatho lwamanani oluninzi lumele lube phantsi kolawulo oluzimeleyo nolusemthethweni ukuze luthintele ukuxhatshazwa kakubi. I-ECH ifuna ukuba nakuphindwanothwano kobucala kumthetho wobugqeshol-ogral, ulungele ulungelelwano lwe-buxhakal, nolungelelwano lwe-demo-omati.

EKhanada, uMgaqo-siseko unika ukhuseleko ekuphandweni nokuphazanyiswa okungekho ngqiqweni, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada inikezele olu khuselo kwizixhobo zamanani. R. v. Featon [2014] [2014, inkundla ibambe ukuba uphando olungenagunyaziso lwezicell phone lwenzeko-mfono luvumelekile kuphela ukuba kubekho izizathu ezivakalayo zokukholelwa ukuba ubungqina bokuba ukubanjwa kwetyala kukwimfonomfono nokuba kuyimfuneko ukunqanda ukulahleka kwayo okanye ukutshabalala kwayo. Inkqubo yaseKhanada ibandakanya inkqubo ecacileyo ngokufuna ukuba uphando-mfonothi weliti.

KuManyano, UMthetho woKhuthazo 2016 (ngokufuthi ubizwa ngokuba yi "Snoopers' Tchatars") unika amandla ophangaleleyo kodwa ukwaquka iingcebiso ezininzi, kuquka uhlolo lomthetho kunye neemfuno zokwazisa. Lo Mgaqo ufuna ukuba imvume yokungenelela kwezixhobo ezijoliswe kuzo (kuquka ukuqhekeza ikhompyutha) ikhutshwe yiqela leqela labameli abazimeleyo. Inkqubo inyanzelelwa nge-Intelligation Powers Tribunal, eva izikhalazo ngokuhlola. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba lo Mthetho awungeni ngokwaneleyo ekukhuseleni iziququ zamanani.

UMthetho ka-2018[FLT: 1] we-Australia [[Nkqutyana:0] kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo woMthendeleko (Assistance and Access) UMthetho 2018 wadala amandla amatsha ukuze kunyanzeliswe ukwenziwa komthetho ukunyanzelisa iinkampani ukuba zinikezele uncedo ekukhutshelweni kwendlela yonxibelelwano. Inkxalabo ivela kuba isenzo singasetyenziswa ngokufihlakeleyo kwizixhobo ezifihlakeleyo okanye ukongeza i-software yokuhlola. La mandla aphantsi kwimfuneko efunekayo, kodwa inkqubo ayisoloko ikhanya. Kumazwe amaninzi, umlinganiselo phakathi kwenkqubo yokhuseleko kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo uhlala ungumngeni wokuphikisana.

Ubugcisa Obuxutyiweyo Nexesha Elizayo

Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili, kuza kuphakama imibuzo emitsha malunga nenkqubo efunekayo kunye nophando lwamanani.

Ubuntlola obuyenziwe kunye nophando oluxelwe kwangaphambili

Ukugcinwa komthetho kusebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo izixhobo ze-Al ukuhlalutya ubungqina bamanani, njenge-software yolwakhokhokho lobuso ukuchonga abakrokrele kwifoto okanye kwii-algorithi zomatshini wokufumana izinto zokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kugcino lwamafu. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba ezi zixhobo zivavanywe ngocoselelo kunye nokunganyaniseki, kwaye iziphumo zixhomekeke ekuziboneni ngokwazo. Ukuqiniseka okusekelwe kuphela kugcino-lwazi olusekelwe ku-Al-analyziz, ngaphandle kwethuba lommangalelwa lokuvavanya inkqubo yobugcisa, linokwaphulula inkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-IA kuphengululo lwamanani kufuneka kube mhlophe, ngemilinganiselo ecacileyo yoko kukuthi kuxhomekeke kwiziphumo ze-algano-algoric.

I-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT) Nezixhobo Zasekhaya Ezikrelekrele

Izithethi ezikrelekrele, ii-astroffats, kunye neziqandisi ziqokelela ubuninzi bedata ngobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Amapolisa aye afuna ukukhuphela isandi esirekhodiweyo kwizixhobo ze-Amazon Echo kunye nevidiyo esuka kwiRings Hoon. Intlanganiso elindelekileyo iquka: Ingaba urhulumente unokufuna ukuba inkampani yabucala ijike idata ngaphandle kwemvume? Sisiphi isaziso esimele sinikwe umnini wento? Umntu angawucela njani uphazamiso lwesixhobo esisoloko siqopha? Impendulo iyakuxhomeke ekubeni ugcino-data lugqalwa "ngendlela yokungena emnyango" okanye "njengonyawo lwendlela yesitrato" (njengelizwi ngaphakathi kwekhaya). Inkundla imenywa njani nezi mbambano, kwaye inkqubo ephakathi iya kudlala njani indima ephambili ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abantu ngabanye ithuba lokufumana izixhobo ezifanelekileyo.

Ugcino-lwazi lwe-bimetric kunye nengqokelela ezenzekelayo

Amapolisa angasebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne-Cellebrite okanye i-Gray Key ukukhupha izitshixo zomnxeba kunye nogcino-lwazi, kuquka iisikhokelo se-biometric. IsiHlaliso sesihlanu soMgaqo-nkqubo sisenokufuna ukuba umntu anganyanzelekanga ukuba anikezele iminwe okanye uvavanyo lwamehlo, kodwa anyanzeleke ngokoqobo (umz., ukubamba umnxeba kubuso obukrokrelekayo) kunyusa imibandela eyahlukileyo yesine neyesihlanu yoMphengululo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba nayiphi na ingqokelela enjalo ithandwe ngokomlinganiselo ocacileyo, ingakumbi isiqinisekiso, kwaye i-data isetyenziswe kuphela ngenjongo esemthethweni yokuphengulula.

Isiphelo

Umgaqo wenkqubo efunekayo asiyongcinga engqinelanayo esemthethweni kodwa yindlela esebenzayo ekufuneka idibane notshintsho lobugcisa. Ukusukela kwimithetho yeNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi [FLT: 0] Riley kunye ne [FLT]] ithe yamkela ukuba izixhobo zemivo ziqulethe iinkcukacha ezinzulu zobomi bethu kwaye zifanelwe lukhuseleko olunamandla lwemithetho-siseko. Imfuneko, idityaniswe neziphumo ezifanelekileyo zesaziso esilungileyo, ithuba lokuva, kunye nolawulo, yenza isizibaleko sokukhusela kuphengululo lwamanani angekho mthethweni.

Kodwa isantya sobugcisa obutsha sihlala sikho. Isantya somntu ophuculiweyo sisoloko siphakamisa isantya seempendulo zomthetho nezomthetho. Kodwa kufuneka abantu bawaqaphele amalungelo abo, kwaye iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka ziqhubeke zicombulula iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphengulula amanani akungokwasemthethweni. Ukulungelelaniswa komthetho wonyanzelo olusemthethweni lwemfuneko yokuphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nelungelo lomntu lokufumana imvume kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kuza kufuna ukuhlahlelana ngocoselelo. Kodwa into enye icacile: ngexesha lamanani, inkqubo efanelekileyo ayiyo ubunewubunewumbi bobunewunewu; ngumgaqo-siseko okhusela ukhuseleko olukhoyo lobugosaphuli-mthetho obunamandla afikelelayo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, [[FLT: 0] i-Ectronic Foundation (EFF) igcina ubuncwane obubanzi kumthetho wokhangelo lwamanani, kunye okubhaliweyo okupheleleyo kwe [ i-Artent isigqibo sifumaneka kwiwebsite yeNkundla ePhakamileyo.