Table of Contents

Inkqubo yokugweba imiswe njengenye yezona ntsika zibalulekileyo zedemokhrasi yale mihla, isebenza njengomxhasi opheleleyo weengxoxo zomthetho nokulondoloza okusesikweni. Yonke imihla, iinkundla kulo lonke ilizwe zicombulula amawaka amatyala aquka ukungqubana okuncinane kweenqwelo-moya ukuya kwimibuzo entsonkothileyo ebumba ibala lebutho labantu. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezenza ngayo izigqibo kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukuqonda inkqubo esemthethweni, enoba ungumfundi, uchwepheshe wezoshishino, umnini-shishini, okanye ummi othenjiweyo. Lo mkhokeli uhlolisisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezithileyo ezithi zifike ngezigqibo zabo abagwebi nezigwebo, oothunywashe abafikelela kuzo, oothunywashe abaphembelela kuzo, kunye nezigqibo eziphembeleko zezo zobulungisa nezo zoluntu.

Isiseko Segunya Leejaji

Xa iUnited States yasekwayo, abasebenzi bezakhelo bafaka amandla okugweba kwiGatya III lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. baseka iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye banika iNkundla amandla okuyila iinkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente. Bayila ijaji ezimeleyo, isebe likarhulumente elikhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zisekelwe kumthetho, azithandwa. Lo mgaqo wesiseko wokuzimela ngokwenkululeko yenkundla uhlala usemgangathweni kwindlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo namhlanje.

Inkqubo yezomthetho eMelika yokwenza izigqibo ingumnombo ocacileyo nonamandla. Iingcambu zayo zigqobhoza ngokunzulu kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, inkqubo eyaveliswa kwiinkulungwane ezininzi apho abagwebi babengasebenzisi nje ikhowudi ebhaliweyo; badala umthetho ngezigqibo zabo ezibhaliweyo kwiimeko ngazinye. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa ngokuba ngu-spoir decisis (ukuma ngokweziqu zento), uthetha ukuba kwimeko enye ingumzekelo onyanzelisayo wexesha elizayo, iimeko ezifanayo. Oku kwenza zombini zixelwe kwanentelekelelo nozinzo kwinkqubo esemthethweni.

Iinkundla zamandla ezisetyenziswayo zinamandla amakhulu. Amandla enkundla okugqiba angenza ukuba uhlawule imali, ulahlekelwe yimpahla, uvalelwe entolongweni, okanye ufumane ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, umenza omnye weyona misebenzi inamandla karhulumente. Eli gunya likhulu lenza ukuqonda inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Indima Nemisebenzi Yeenkundla Ebutholweni

Iinkundla zisebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Kwiziko lazo, iinkundla zikho ukuze zitolike zize zisebenzise umthetho ukucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela. Enoba loo ngquzulwano ibandakanya iityala zolwaphulo-mthetho, iityala zoluntu, ukungavisisani, okanye imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko, iinkundla zinikela ingxubusho engobundilele apho iimpikiswano zinokuconjululwa ngokwemigaqo emiselweyo esemthethweni kunokuba zisombulule ngamandla okanye ngamandla angenangqiqo.

Kumhlaba ontsonkothileyo nodla ngokuba ntsonkothileyo womthetho, isiseko sokwenza izigqibo zomthetho sime njengesiseko sobulungisa kunye nengqibelelo esemthethweni. Le nkqubo ibalulekileyo isisiseko sokusebenza kweenkundla kunye nenkqubo yomthetho ebanzi, ifaka imigaqo ekwakhiwe kuyo ibutho labantu elingenakusesikweni. Mihla le, abagwebi kumhlaba wonke ukuncitshiswa kobunzulu bomthetho, ukuqhutywa kwezibakala, imithetho, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwemithetho ukumisela izigqibo ezingasombululi nje kuphela iimpikiswano kodwa ezibunjweyo nobuchule bomgaqo osemthethweni.

Ijaji igqiba kwelokuba ukuba ummangalelwa uphuma entolongweni elindele ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, enoba ubungqina abunakugwetywa okanye abunakuqinisekiswa, nendlela yokuyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho. Abagwebi bagqiba ukuba ubani ufanele agwetyelwe entolongweni okanye entolongweni, okanye abekwe kwityala, ixesha elide kangakanani. Kwimiba yasekuhlaleni, abagwebi bachaza amalungelo ethu, amalungelo neembopheleleko zethu kwishishini lethu nakubomi bethu bobuqu. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela abantu bokwenene ngeendlela ezinzulu, benza ubunjani nobulungisa bokwenza izigqibo zomthetho.

Le nkqubo ikhokelwa ngokuqinileyo ngumgaqo wokuzimela geqe, isiseko esiqinisekisa izigqibo esizifumanayo sikhululwe kwiingcinezelo zangaphandle, enoba zezopolitiko, zentlalo okanye zobuqu. Ibonisa ubungcwele benkqubo engokwasemthethweni, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isekelwe kumthetho kuphela nezibakala ezikhoyo, zingangcoliswa yikhethe okanye inyanzelo.

Inkqubo Yomgwebo: Ukusuka Ekuphangalaleni Ukusa Kwisigqibo Sokugqibela

Ukubekwa Kwetyala Nokumiselwa Kwalo

Inkqubo yokugweba iqala xa ityala liqukunjelwa kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Phambi kokuba nayiphi na inkundla ivakale ityala, kufuneka libe negunya elisemthethweni lokuva nokugqiba olo hlobo lwetyala. Ityala ligunya elisemthethweni lenkundla ukuva ityala kwaye wenze isigqibo esigunyazisayo. Iinkundla zithintelwa kukulawula kombandela wombini (iintlobo zamatyala anokuwuva) kunye negunya lobuqu (ugunya phezu kwamaqela abandakanyekileyo).

Iinkundla, kuquka iNkundla Ephakamileyo, azinakwenza isigqibo ngaphandle kokuba zinetyala phambi kwazo, kwanangetyala, kufuneka zilawule kwiinkundla ezizizo. Nangona indima yeenkundla ichaza, abagwebi namatyala isephantsi kwemiqathango yetyala, umGaqo-siseko, imithetho enxulumeneyo, kunye nemizekelo yeenkundla. Oku kunyanzelisa ukuba iinkundla zingazenzeli nje inkqubo engxengxeni kodwa ziphendule kwiimpikiswano zokwenene.

Ukuboniswa Kobungqina Neempikiswano

Xa ityala liphambi kwenkundla ngokufanelekileyo, omabini amacala anethuba lokunikela ubungqina bawo kunye neengxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwityala, oku kubandakanya ubungqina obunikela ubungqina, ubungqina bevidiyo, iimbono zobuchule, kunye nemiboniso ebonakalayo. Ukuba umenzi wezigqibo ngumgwebi, phantse ukuba usoloko enezimvo ezimbini. Ngumsebenzi wamagqwetha ukulungiselela izibakala ngendlela engqinelana nesiphumo esisemthethweni anqwenela ukusifikelela.

Ubungqina, njengokuba bucetyiwe ngamagqwetha kunye neengxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni abazenzayo, benza izinto ezisisiseko zesigqibo sejaji, nangona abagwebi benokusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo lwemvelaphi namava kunye nokucaciswa kwabo ngobungqina nokuqonda kwabo umthetho. Oku kubalaselisa indima esebenzayo ephunyezwayo ekuhloleni nasekuhloleni ubungqina kunokuqwalasela nje ngokungakhathali ulwazi.

Abagwebi benkundla ephantsi kufuneka bayiqonde ngokungqongqo imigaqo engokwasemthethweni enxulumene nayo, kwakhona kufuneka bahlolisise ukuthembeka kwamangqina aphambi kwabo. Ukuvavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina bubuchule obubalulekileyo obufuna ukuba abagwebi baphawule indlela abaziphatha ngayo, bahlolisise ukungaguquguquki, baze baqwalasele iingcamango okanye iintshukumisa ezinokubakho.

Uhlalutyo lomthetho kunye neNkqubo

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo komgwebi kumele kugqibe ukuba ziziphi izibakala nokusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo komthetho kwezi nkcukacha. Le nkqubo ineenyawo ezimbini (i Fact-act) ilandelwa sisicelo esisemthethweni/ilungisa umba ongundoqo wokwenza izigqibo.

ABagwebi baqala ngokuhlola imithetho enxulumene nayo, imimiselo, imimiselo, nemizekeliso esemthethweni (izigqibo zenkundla yangaphambili) enxulumene netyala elikhoyo. Isiseko somthetho sinika isiseko sokwenza kwabo izigqibo. Olu phando kunye nohlalutyo lungaba lukhulu, ingakumbi kumatyala entsonkothileyo abandakanya imibuzo engokwasemthethweni okanye amagunya aphikisanayo.

Abalawuli babandakanyeka kwiintlobo ezintlanu zokuqiqa okusemthethweni. Abalawuli basekela iingxoxo zabo kwimithetho, kwimiqathango, kwimigaqo, nakumasiko. Abagwebi kufuneka bahlolisise ezi ndlela zihlukeneyo zengxoxo baze bagqibe ezona zintsokothileyo nezisebenzayo kule meko.

Isigqibo

Ukuzisa ulungelelwano kwinkcaso yezibakala neengcamango zomthetho eziphikiswayo, ijaji egwebayo igqiba amatyala ngentelekelelo okanye uthotho lweengcamango ezithe ngqo ezikhula ngokuqinisekileyo. Ezi ngcamango zisekelwe koko abagwebi bacinga ukuba ubungqina buza kuba kuko okanye bubonise, indlela umthetho onokuthi usebenze ngayo kwezo nkcukacha, nokuba iziphumo zisengqiqweni na. Le nkqubo yokulungisa ivumela abagwebi ukuba bavavanye iinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo ngaphambi kokuba bagqibe isigqibo sokugqibela.

Kwinkundla apho amatyala eviwa liqela labagwebi, ukuqwalasela kuba ngumgudu oncedisanayo. Abagwebi baxubusha ityala, bacel ’ umngeni iimbono zomnye kunye neenkcazelo zomnye umntu befuna ukufikelela imvume. Le nkqubo yesivumelwano ingenza izigqibo ziqine ngokubhenca ubuthathaka ekuqiqeni nasekuqinisekiseni iimbono ezininzi ziqwalaselwe.

Le Nkundla ilandela inkqubo eyakhiwe kakuhle yokubonisa amatyala, iqala ngeempikiswano zomlomo ezivela kumagqwetha kwaye igqibelela kwingqungquthela apho amatyala avotayo anika izimvo. Esi sakhiwo sisesikweni siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokucokiseka kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo.

Iingcamango Ezibhaliweyo Nengqiqo

ABagwebi kufuneka bachaze ekuhleni oko bakwenzayo kwaye kutheni. Ukunika ingcaciso kubaluleke ngokwenene. Le mfuneko yengcaciso kawonke-wonke yahlula isigqibo sokwenza ezinye iindlela zokwenza izigqibo kwaye isebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo.

Emva kokufikelela kwisigqibo, abagwebi babhala izimvo ezichaza ingqiqo engokwasemthethweni esemva kwesigqibo sabo. Ezi mbono zibhaliweyo zisebenza kwiinjongo eziliqela: bacacisa isigqibo kumatheko, banikela ukhokelo kumatyala exesha elizayo, bavumela ukubukelelwa, kwaye bagcina ukuphendula kukawonke-wonke kunye nokubonakala kwinkqubo yokugweba.

Ukuqulunqwa kwesigqibo mhlawumbi yeyona nxalenye intsonkothileyo yenkqubo yokugweba. Ukwenza umthetho ongekuphela nje ovakalayo ngokusemthethweni kodwa ocacileyo noqondakalayo kungumsebenzi omkhulu. Izigqibo zisoloko ziquka ingqiqo yokulawula, ukunikezela ngokukhanya nokuqonda kumatheko abandakanyekileyo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Olu gwebo lubhaliweyo lusebenza njengengxelo yenkqubo yokwenza izigqibo, lufak'unegalelo kwiqumrhu lemizekelo engomthetho yamatyala exa elizayo.

Obona Buthunywashe Buphambili Obulawula Izigqibo Zokugweba

UMthetho omiselayo namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko

Eyona nto ingundoqo ekwenzeni izigqibo zekomiti yetyala ngumthetho osebenzayo. Abagwebi kufuneka batolike baze basebenzise imimiselo emiselwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho, imimiselo yezomgaqo-siseko, imimiselo yolawulo, neminye imithombo yomthetho. Ukuba umthetho awucacanga okanye awucaci, abagwebi kufuneka bayichaze intsingiselo yawo. Bahlolisisa intsingiselo yenjongo yemithetho, umongo, kunye nenjongo yomthetho ukugqiba ukusetyenziswa kwawo.

Kwindlela yokuqiqa esemthethweni, umenzi wesigqibo uqala ngeseti ekhethekileyo yezibakala, ajonge kumthetho osebenza kwezo zibakala, aze afikelele kwisigqibo. Ukuba iZitore zikaJoe zithengisa ibhiya kuRichard oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala, kwaye kukho umthetho othintela ukuthengiswa kotywala kuye nabani na ongaphantsi kweminyaka engama-21 ubudala, ngoko iZitore zikaJoe zinetyala. Ukuqiqa kuxhomekeke kwisigqibo esicacileyo. Kwimeko ezicacileyo, ukusetyenziswa komthetho okucacileyo ukuvelisa iziphumo ezicacileyo.

Uphando lwasemthethweni nolweStar se-Anver

Umthetho oqhelekileyo usekelwe ngokunzulu kumgaqo wokujonga ("ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe), apho iinkundla zilandela imizekelo emiselwe zizigqibo ezingaphambili. Le mfundiso ingundoqo kwindlela iinkundla ezenza ngayo izigqibo kwiinkqubo zomthetho.

ABagwebi badla ngokulandela umgaqo wokujonga ideciss, okuthetha ukuba babambelele kwizigqibo zangaphambili zomthetho (iiziphumo) xa begqiba ngamatyala afanayo. Ubuchule bunceda ukugcina ukungaguquguquki nokuthelekelela kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Oku kungqinela abantu kunye namashishini ukuba bacwangcise imicimbi yabo ngentembelo ethile ngendlela umthetho oza kusetyenziswa ngayo.

Xa ityala elifanayo lisombululwe, iinkundla zivumelana ngokusesikweni nokuqiqa kwazo nenkqubo ebekwe kweso sigqibo. Noko ke, kumxholo "wokuqala" ngaphandle kwemodeli okanye ukhokelo olucacileyo lwemithetho, abagwebi banikwe amandla okusombulula umba nokumisela umzekelo omtsha. Oku kubhetyebhetye kuvumela umthetho ukuba uguquke uze ulungelelane neemeko ezintsha ngexa ugcina uzinziso jikelele.

Ukufunda amatyala, ukuhlolisisa izibakala nomthetho, nokuhlolisisa indlela ityala langaphambili elinokunceda ngayo ekucombululeni impikiswano yinxalenye engundoqo yendlela ijaji esenza ngayo isigqibo. ABagwebi bachitha ixesha elininzi bephanda yaye behlalutya imizekelo ecwangcisiweyo ukuze baqinisekise izigqibo zabo zihambelane nemigaqo emiselwe ngokomthetho.

Inyaniso Nobungqina

Ngeli xesha imigaqo esemthethweni inika umiselo, izibakala ezingqalileyo zetyala ngalinye zimisela indlela esetyenziswa ngayo loo migaqo. Iinkundla kufuneka zibuhlolisise ngenyameko ubungqina obunikelweyo ukuze zibone oko kwenzeka ngokwenene ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe umthetho kwezona zingqiniso. Lo msebenzi wokufumana isibakala ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumgangatho wenkundla evavanyayo.

ABagwebi bahlolisisa iinkalo eziliqela zobungqina obuquka ukusebenza kwabo (nokuba bunxulumene nemibandela ekhoyo), ukuthembeka kwabo (nokuba bayathembeka), nobunzima babo (ukungahexi kwabo). Ukuthembeka kwamangqina kudlala indima ebalulekileyo, njengoko abagwebi kufuneka bahlole enoba ubungqina buyinyaniso, buchanile, yaye buphelele.

Ukuqiqa Nokutolika Okusemthethweni

Abagwebi babandakanyeka kuhlalutyo lwasemthethweni, olubandakanya ukusebenzisa imithetho enxulumeneyo kunye nemizekelo kwiziphumo zetyala. Bahlola indlela amatyala angaphambili azimele ngayo okanye ahlulwe ngayo kwimeko yangoku. Le ngqiqo yengcaciso yesithethe iphawu lokwenza izigqibo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo.

Ukuqiqa okusekelwe kumthetho kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwe-syllogism, okanye iingxoxo ezisekelwe kwindlela ecwangcisiweyo. Noko ke, ukuqiqa okusemthethweni kudlulela ngaphaya kokuhlaziywa okulula okunolwandiso olusengqiqweni kuquka ukuqwalaselwa kwemigaqo, imigaqo yokusesikweni, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo.

Kwezinye iimeko, abagwebi kusenokufuneka balungelelanise imigaqo ekhuphisanayo yomthetho, amalungelo, okanye izilangazelelo. Baqwalasela intsingiselo yesigqibo sabo kwinkqubo yomthetho ebanzi nakwibutho labantu. Oku kulinganisela kufuneka abagwebi balinganise imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo baze bagqibe oko kumele kube kokuthile.

Ubulumko Bokugweba

Kwezinye iimeko, abagwebi banokugweba ngendlela elungeleleneyo ukuze benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kwisigwebo sabo, ngokomzekelo, basenokuba nengqiqo xa begweba okanye befumana amaqhinga afanelekileyo.

Ingcamango esisiseko yengqiqo eqhelekileyo engokwasemthethweni yeyokuba iqhinga lokugweba lilinganiselwe, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izigqibo zabagwebi zinyanzelwa yindawo yokuqala, umbhalo, kwaye ziqiqele kumagosa anyuliweyo afuna ukuqulunqwa kunye nenjongo yomgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa abagwebi benengqiqo ethile, zisebenza phakathi kwemida emiswe ngumthetho nemizekelo.

Imodeli zomthetho wokwenziwa kwesigqibo somthetho

Ukuqonda le mifanekiso kusinceda siqonde izinto ezahlukeneyo ezisenokuba nempembelelo kwisigwebo.

Imodeli Esemthethweni

Imodeli engokwasemthethweni ithi amatyala agqitywe ngokwendlela elandelwayo, intsingiselo ecacileyo yommiselo ochatshazelwayo, intsingiselo yabalayishi bomGaqo-siseko, okanye amagama oqobo omGaqo-siseko. Ngamanye amazwi, imodeli esemthethweni icinga ukuba abagwebi baqhuba kakuhle, bagqibe amatyala ngokwemilinganiselo yenjongo yokuhlola.

Ingcamango kaFormalist iyavuma ukuba xa izibakala zigqibile, ijaji iza kufumana umthetho ofanelekileyo ize yenze isigqibo esichanileyo. Iingcali zeqhinga ziphinda zicengceleze ukuba izigqibo zomgwebo zivezwe zizinto ezimbini ezizinzileyo: izibakala nomthetho ozinzileyo. Le mbono yesithethe igxininisa ukusetyenziswa komgaqo osemthethweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe izibakala.

Imodeli Yento Efihlakeleyo

Imodeli engokwasemthethweni iphatha abagwebi njengabaenzi bezigqibo zoluntu abanethemba lokumisela umthetho abawuthandayo. Abo banamathela kwingcamango yolwaphulo-mthetho icebisa ukuba abagwebi bagqibe amatyala ngokwesimo sabo sengqondo; abagwebi abanikela intsebenziswano bavote ngesisa nangendlela engqongqo yokukhetha abagwebi abathe ngqongqo.

Abaxhasi bemodeli yeAttutidial baquka uJeffrey A. Segal kunye noAlbert Igquma inqaku leSegal-Cover, umlinganiselo othe ngqo weemfaneleko kunye neengcamango zabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ukugquma nokuyihlalutya iivoti zamatyala kwiimeko zenkululeko yabemi, kwaye bafumanise ukuba unxulumano phakathi kweziphumo zabo kunye namavoti yayingu-0.80. Oku kwakhokelela kwiSegal kwaye kwakhokelela kwiSigqubuthelo sezo zobulungisa nengqiqo, kunokuba kuqwalaselwe kwiimbono zabo kumthetho, oko kwakungumqondiso onamandla okhutshelwe kwivoti yabo.

Imodeli Efanelekileyo

Kukho imizekelo emithathu engundoqo yesigqibo esingumthetho esisenziwa: imodeli esemthethweni, imodeli yodidi oluphezulu, kunye nemodeli yequmrhu. Imodeli yequmrhu iyaqonda ukuba abagwebi abasebenzi bebodwa kodwa kufuneka baqwalasele izenzo neentshukumo zabanye abadlali abaqulunqileyo.

Ubungqina bemodeli yeStractification bufunyenwe ngokuhlalutya inani leedrafti zoluvo zoninzi ezazisasazwe phambi kokuba idrafti ivunywe. Ngomlinganiselo, umbhali woluvo oluninzi wasasaza iidrafti 2.8. Ababhali bafumanisa ukuba ababhali boluvo balindeleke ukuba babhale iidrafti ezingaphezulu ezibhaliweyo xa bebhala ngembutho encinane ephumeleleyo, kunokuba babhale ngenxa yebhentshi yebhentshi yeqela eliphiweyo. Oku kucebisa ukuba abagwebi babandakanye nokulungelelanisa ukwakha iminqonqo.

Ukuzimela ngeendlela Zobukrelekrele Ngokuchasene Nendlela Yokwenene

Abaxhasi benyaniso baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla ziphenjelelwa ziimeko ezingokwasemthethweni xa zisenza izigqibo ezingakumbi ngoxa amagosa angoorhulumente ephikisa ngelithi abagwebi baxhomekeke kuphela kwizibakala, kwimithetho, nakwimithetho engokwasemthethweni.

Ukwenza izigqibo zomthetho, ngoxa kuqulunqwa kwimigaqo yomthetho kunye nobungqina, kwakhona kuphenjelelwa ngokuchuliweyo yimo yengqondo yabagwebi ngokwabo. Ukungacaci, iinkolelo zobuqu, kwanamava obomi abagwebi ngokungeyomfuneko anokuchaphazela indlela abawuchaza ngayo umthetho nobungqina. Ukuqonda nokugweba ezi mpawu kuyingozi, kungekhona nje kubagwebi kodwa kwinkqubo yonke engokwasemthethweni, ukuqinisekisa izigqibo zilungile kwaye azinakwahlulwa.

Intanda - bulumko Yezogwebo Neendlela Zokutolika

Ngaphandle kwemizekelo eqingqiweyo, iijaji ngazinye zidla ngokuxhasa iintanda - bulumko ezithile ezilawula indlela abasebenzisa ngayo indlela yokutolika umthetho nokugqiba ngamatyala.

Ukuqala Nokubhala

Abaxhasi bobuGaqo-siseko/bokuLandela ukuqulunqwa kwamasiko bathi abagwebi kufuneka bagqibe amatyala asekelwe kwintsingiselo yokuqala kawonke-wonke yomGaqo-siseko okanye umbhalo ocacileyo wommiselo. Bakholelwa ukuba indima yomgwebi kukusebenzisa umthetho njengoko wawubhaliwe, hayi ukuwahlaziya ukuze abonise imilinganiselo yale mihla. Le ntanda-bulumko igxininisa ukuthembeka kumbhalo nakukuqonda okungokwembali amalungiselelo angomthetho.

Umgaqo-siseko ophilayo

I-Massmnationalism ephilayo/iPragmaticism ikholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko nguxwebhu "oluphilayo" nokuba abagwebi kufuneka bawuchaze ngokulula kwibutho labantu elikhoyo kunye nemigangatho yalo eguquguqukayo. Bakholelwa ukuba umthetho kufuneka ube nomvandedwa ngokwaneleyo ukucombulula iingxaki zale mihla ebezingenakuze zicingwe ngabalawuli bezixhobo. Oku kuvumela ukuchazwa komgaqo-siseko ukuba uzenzeke ngokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo.

Ukugweba Ngokuchasene Nemithetho Egwetywayo

Umgwebi okanye okusesikweni oyijongayo indima yakhe kwi-lens yomxhasi wobugcisa kunokwenzeka ukuba asebenzise amandla akhe okugweba ukuze andise inkululeko, okusesikweni nokulingana. Izenzo zokugweba zibandakanya imbono ebanzi ngamandla okugweba nokukulungela ukubetha imithetho okanye ukwandisa amalungelo.

Abanye bakholelwa ekuthintelweni kwekomiti, okukhokelela ekubeni bamisele izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo (kwaye ngaloo ndlela besenza inkqubo) kumasebe anyuliweyo karhulumente baze basoloko bejolise ingqalelo ekutolikeni okucuthekileyo kweBhili yamaLungelo. Ezi zigwebo azinakukwazi ukubetha izenzo okanye imithetho njengengavumelaniyo nemithetho kwaye azinakwenzeka ukuba zigxininise ekunyusweni kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Indima Yezigqibo Ekwenzeni Isigqibo

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ingakumbi iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye namatyala athile angokwabemi, kunokuba abagwebi basebenze njengabaqulunqi bezonyulo kwimibuzo yenyaniso. Iqela labachopheli-tyala liyiqela labemi abafungayo ukuva ubungqina kwityala elithile baze bawise isigqibo. Inkqubo yabachopheli-mgwebi imela inkqubo esisiseko yedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yokugweba, ivumela abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngqo ekulawuleni kwesigwebo.

Ekubeni abagwebi nabagwebi benganyulwanga, maxa wambi sicinga ukuba iinkundla zikhutshwe kuwonke-wonke; noko ke, oku akusoloko kungumbandela, kwaye kukho amaxesha apho abemi abaqhelekileyo benokuthenjiswa kwinkundla ngokwendlela yabo yokwenza izigqibo ngokwenxalenye yenkqubo yenkundla yephondo, njengomthetho wephondo okanye yephondo. Umsebenzi wenkundla yephondo okanye yenkundla ephakamileyo, kodwa inkonzo yenkundla yasekuhlaleni, kumgangatho wenkundla, iqheleke kakhulu. Ngoxa ukusabela kwakho kokuqala kusenokuqala ukuceba indlela yokufumana, ukungenela inkonzo yenkundla yejaji eluncedo kuyimfuneko kwinkqubo yokugweba, engundoqo yenkundla yenkundla yetyala, njengo-U.

Ngokungafaniyo nabagwebi, amajaji adla ngokunikela inkcazelo ebhaliweyo yesigwebo sawo, nangona kufuneka afikelele kwisivumelwano esimanyeneyo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho ezininzi. Indima yabachopheli-mthetho iphelela ekufumaneni izibakala nasekusebenziseni umthetho njengoko unikwe yijaji; abatoliki okanye badala umthetho.

Iindidi Zezigqibo Zenkundla Nezicombululo

Iinkundla zithetha ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zezigqibo ezixhomekeke kwindlela eliyiyo elo tyala nendlela yokuhlangula efunwa ngamaqela.

Kuvela Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo esisisiseko kukuba ummangalelwa unetyala okanye akanatyala. Olu kuzimisela kufuneka lwenziwe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza, owona mlinganiselo uphakamileyo wobungqina kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyaniswe enetyala, inkundla imisela isigwebo esifanelekileyo, esinokuthi siqukwe:

  • Ukungcungcuthekiswa entolongweni
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi
  • Imali entle nehlawulelwa amaxhoba
  • Inkonzo yoLuntu
  • Iinkqubo zonyango zokusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi okanye iingxaki zengqondo
  • Ukudityaniswa kwezi ziphumo

Iziphumo Zetyala Laburhulumente

Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, iinkundla zimisa ityala elinobutyala .ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa umele abekwe ityala elisemthethweni lokwenzakala kommangalelwa. Umgangatho wobungqina usezantsi kunasemacaleni olwaphulo-mthetho, ngokuqhelekileyo ufuna ubungqina obuqwalaselweyo (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba bukho). Xa ityala limisiwe, iinkundla zigqiba amakhandlela afanelekileyo, aquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ilahleko yokuhlahlela: Imali ehlawulwa ukuhlawulela ilahleko okanye inxeba
  • Ilahleko ekhoyo: Imali eyongeziweyo inikwa ukusohlwaya ihambo engalunganga kwaye ithintela ububi bexesha elizayo
  • Imiyalelo yeNkundla efuna iqela ukuba lenze into okanye liphephe ukwenza into ethile
  • Izahlulelo zokwabelana: izindululo zeNkundla zamalungelo kunye neemfuno zamaqela
  • Imiyalelo efuna iqela ukuzalisekisa iimfanelo zomdibaniso
  • Amayeza angenakulinganiswa: Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoncedo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo esesikweni

Izigqibo Zokuncedisana

Isigqibo senkundla sisigqibo semeko ethile engokwasemthethweni okanye ukuhamba, esidla ngokwenziwa ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Iinkundla zenza izigqibo ezininzi kuyo yonke inkqubo yokucalucalulo phambi kokufikelela umgwebo wokugqibela, kuquka imithetho yemiqathango yokusilela, ukuthabatha inyathelo lokugweba ngokufutshane, ukuphikisa okucacileyo, kunye nemicimbi ecacileyo.

Inkqubo yoHlelo loMcebisi

Isigqibo sokugweba asisiso isiphelo sendlela ukuba anivumelani; inkqubo yezibheno ikho ngokukhethekileyo ukuhlolisisa izigqibo zezomthetho, kodwa iyindlela enzima nenochuku lwexesha. Inkqubo yezomthetho inikela uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwizigqibo zenkundla yokuvavanya kwaye inceda ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ekutolikeni okusemthethweni.

Iinkundla eziphandayo zihlola izigqibo zenkundla zamatyala zezobutyala kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo azihlolisi ziziphumo ezibunyani ngaphandle kokuba ziphosakele. Inkundla egwebayo ingasiqinisekisa isigqibo senkundla esezantsi, isiguqule, siguqule, okanye siphinde silungise ityala emva kwinkundla egwetyiweyo ukwenzela ukuququzelelwa okuthe rhoqo ngokwesigqibo senkundla yetyala.

Kwinqanaba lenkundla eliqwalaselayo, abagwebi badla ngokuba nababhali abalungiselela imisebenzi/imigca engaphandle/ii-brief abachaza imiba ebalulekileyo kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni. Le nkxaso inceda abagwebi bahlole ngokunempumelelo imiba entsonkothileyo yomthetho kunye neengxelo ezibhaliweyo ezithe zavavanywa.

Ucelomngeni kunye noqeqesho ekwenzeni isigqibo sezeejaji

Iingcinezelo Zexesha Nemida Yezibonelelo

Abagwebi benkundla yetyala basoloko benza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ngaphandle kwexesha lokucinga, yaye ngaphandle kokuba kubekwe nawuphi na umzekelo womthetho. Kwimiqathango yokuchotshelwa kwetyala, ijaji isenokungafane izinike ixesha lokufuna ukhokelo kwiincwadi zomthetho, kwiimeko, okanye kwimithetho yobungqina. Oku kuthetha ukuba abagwebi kufuneka basoloko bethembele kulwazi lwabo nakwisigwebo ukuze benze izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo.

Izigqibo zejaji yenkundla echophela amatyala zisenokusekelwe kwingqiqo yakhe yomthetho njengaxa bezama ukuchana, iimfuno ezisebenzisekayo zokulawula izibuko elixakekileyo maxa wambi zifuna izigqibo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo kunokuba zisekelwe kuphando olunzulu.

Ukuzingca Nemibuzo Engokwasemthethweni

Maxa wambi akukho sigqibo kwingongoma, okanye amatyala awacingi ngemeko eyinyaniso phambi kwenkundla ukuze kwenziwe isigqibo. Xa kuthethwana namatyala entsingiselo yokuqala okanye engoonobumba abangenakuthelekiswa, abagwebi kufuneka baqiqe ngokufakela nangokusebenzisa imigaqo engokwasemthethweni jikelele kwiimeko ezintsha.

Ityala elilula lelithi iingqondo ezisengqiqweni aziyi kuphikisana, apho umatshini womthetho utshicela impendulo yokuba nabani na onegalelo elilungileyo angafikelela kuyo. Ityala elinzima lelo elingeyonyaniso. Iimeko ezinzima zifuna ukuba abagwebi benze ukhetho olunzima phakathi kwenkcazelo ekhuphisanayo namaxabiso.

Ingcinezelo Nempembelelo Zangaphandle

Uluvo lukawonke wonke lolunye uthunywashe wokuba, nangona ngokufanelekileyo lungamele luphembelele izigqibo zomthetho, lungajongana nenkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Kwimeko eziphezulu, ubunzima bemvo kawonke-wonke bubonakala ngaphakathi kodonga lwenkundla. ABagwebi, ngoxa bezama ukuhlala bengakhethi busodwa ehlabathini; bayawazi umongo woluntu ojikeleze amatyala abawalawulayo.

Ezinye izithintelo zithintela isigqibo sabo, kuquka umthetho, umGaqo-siseko, imizekelo okanye ukujongwa, kunye nezinto ezikhethwa ngumongameli kunye neNkqutyana. Ngoxa ukuzimela geqe kukhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo engqalileyo yezobupolitika, basebenza kwinkqubo karhulumente ebanzi enokuphembelela izigqibo zabo.

Ukuphunyezwa komthetho nokunyanzelwa

Eyona ngxelo ibalulekileyo kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo kukusetyenziswa kwemithetho negunya elilawulayo kuzalisekiso nokugcinwa kwemithetho yayo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba luzalisekiso lwezomthetho. Ngoxa kuyinyaniso ukuba iinkundla zidlala indima ephambili ekwenzeni inkqubo, azinazo izixhobo zokwenza izigqibo zazo zibe zezokwenene.

Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe-1832 yagqiba ukubamba kwe-Georgia ulawulo lwamazwe amaNdiya aseMelika ngaphandle komthetho, uMongameli uAndrew Jackson kuthiwa uthe, "uJohn Marshall wenze isigqibo sakhe, ngoku masenze inyanzelise," kwaye isigqibo seNkundla satyeshelwa. Lo mzekelo wembali ubonisa ukuxhomekeka kweenkundla kwamanye amasebe karhulumente ukwenzela ukugcinwa kwezigqibo zabo.

Iinkundla zixhomekeke kwisebe elilawulayo ukunyanzelisa imiyalelo yalo nakwisebe lowiso-mthetho ukulungiselela oovimba abafunekayo, yaye xa kufanelekile, ukumisela umthetho ohambelana neenkcazelo zomthetho. Oku kuxhomekeka kwamasebe karhulumente kubonisa inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela okusisiseko kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika.

Ukubaluleka Kokubonisana Ngokucaceyo Nokuziphendulela

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kwisigqibo somthetho kusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Kuvumela amaqela ukuba aqonde isizathu sokuba aphumelele okanye alahleke, ancede uhlolo, anikeze ukhokelo kwiimeko zexesha elizayo, kwaye agcine intembelo yoluntu kwinkqubo yokugweba. Iimbono ezibhaliweyo zenza ingxelo kawonke-wonke enokuhlolisiswa ngabaphengululi bomthetho, amajelo-ndaba, nabemi.

Iinkqubo zokuphendula iingxelo zabagwebi ziyahluka-hluka kuxhomekeke kulawulo nakwinqanaba lenkundla. Abagwebi boManyane banandipha ubomi obunethuba lokubakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, kodwa banokususwa ngokukhuselwa ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga enzulu. Abagwebi benkundla yelo lizwe bangajongana nonyulo olugciniweyo, amaphulo okhetho, okanye ukumiselwa kokuphinda kuhlolwe ngamaxesha athile. Imigaqo yehambo yooGawulayo kunye nemigaqo yemigaqo-siseko yokugweba inika imigaqo yokuziphatha, kunye neenkqubo zokuchasa ukuphendula ukuphendula ukulwa kwemithetho.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Nenkqubela Yexesha Elizayo

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo somthetho wobuxhakaxhaka kunye nophuhliso

Ubuxhakaxhaka bulungele ukuguqula inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo zomthetho. Ubuchule bokwenza izigqibo kunye nezixhobo zokufunda ngomatshini ziqalisa ukunceda abagwebi ngophando olusemthethweni, ulawulo lwetyala, kwanoqikelelo lweziphumo. Ngoxa obu bugcisa bunika iingenelo ezinokwenzeka ngokwendlela yokwenza izigqibo nokungaguquguquki, bukwaphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngendima yomgwebo womntu kwinkqubo yokugweba.

Isibheno esikhulu sokugweba i-Al kukuba kwandise ukufikelela kokusesikweni. Ukuba sinokwenza kube lula ngabantu ukuba baye kwi-intanethi baze bafumane isigqibo ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu, ngoko ke siphumelela kwinkqubo. Kumatyala ayisigidi kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, amaninzi awo anokugqitywa ngokukhawuleza xa impikiswano iqwalaselwe. Kodwa, ukusetyenziswa kwezobugcisa ekwenzeni izigqibo zomthetho kufuneka kulungelelaniswe ngenyameko ngokuchasene nemfuneko yokugweba komntu, ngokukodwa kwiimeko ezintsonkothileyo okanye ezirhabaxa.

Umahluko nomelo

Uqwalaselo olukhulayo lunikelwa kwizahluka-hlukeneyo kwibhentshi nokuba imvelaphi namava abagwebi achaphazela ukwenza kwabo izigqibo. Uphando lucebisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo zingaphucula uqikelelo lwezahlulelo kwaye ziphucule ukwenziwa kwesigqibo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya imicimbi echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ibutho elithile labantu.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Abantu abaninzi kunye namashishini amancinane abanako ukufikelela kwimiqobo esemthethweni, ukwenza imiqobo yokufikelela kwinkqubo yezomthetho. Iinkundla zizama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula ukufikelela, kuquka iinkqubo ezenziwe lula zeentlobo ezithile zamatyala, oovimba abazibonelela ngokwabo, kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo elinganiselweyo. Ezi zindululo zizimisele ukwenza izigqibo zekomiti zifikeleleke kubo bonke, hayi kuphela abo banokukwazi ukuhlawula amagqwetha.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Kwabavumi

Ukuqonda indlela izigwebo ezenziwa ngayo iinkundla kunemiphumela esebenzisekayo kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwisigwebo setyala okanye esichaphazelekayo. Kubantu abachaphazelekayo, olu lwazi lunceda ekulungiseleleni iingxoxo eziphumelelayo ezingokwasemthethweni, ekuqondeni oko kuza kuqwalaselwa ngabagwebi, nokubeka ulindelo olusengqiqweni ngeziphumo.

Kumagqwetha, ukuyiqonda isigwebo somthetho kubalulekile ukuze igqwetha elilungileyo liphumelele ekusebenziseni imvume. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kufuneka lifumane inkxaso esemthethweni yesikhundla salo. Ukumela okusemthethweni okunempumelelo akufuni ukwazi umthetho kuphela kodwa kukwafuneka uqonde nendlela abagwebi abafikelela ngayo ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye nezimpikiswano ezinokuba zeyise.

Kuluntu ngokubanzi, ukwenza izigqibo zobulungisa ngokuqonda kukhuthaza ubumi obunolwazi kwaye kunceda abantu baqonde amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda kwenkqubo yokugweba. Kunceda abemi bakhona bahlole inyathelo lokugweba, babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiingxoxo ezingento yokukhetha nokulungisa, kwaye baqonde indlela izigqibo zenkundla ezichaphazela ngayo amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo.

Ukudibana Komthetho Nokusesikweni

Akukho ndlela inye yokugweba ityala, ijaji kufuneka ilungelelene ngokwaneleyo ukuqwalasela zonke izibakala nomthetho ekufikeni kwisigqibo esinemigaqo. Oku kuqwalasela kuthatha inyaniso ebalulekileyo mayelana nokwenza izigqibo zomthetho: kufuna ubuchule bomthetho kunye nomgwebo obanzi malunga nokusesikweni nokusesikweni.

Asisosigqibo nje ijaji emele isenze — sisigqibo esilinganiselweyo, esisengqiqweni esixelelwa ngumthetho. Indima yetyala ifuna ukulinganisela ukunamathela kwimithetho esemthethweni kunye nokusukela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo, ukusebenzisa imigaqo jikelele kwizibakala ezithile, nokusebenzisa ubulumko kwimida efanelekileyo.

Imithetho yabo incopho yohlalutyo olucingisisiweyo kunye nenkcazo, ibonakalisa ukuzinikela okunzulu kokusesikweni nomthetho. Ngokulungileyo, ukwenza izigqibo zomthetho kubandakanya ukuzimisela kwebutho labantu ukucombulula iimpikiswano ngengqiqo nangomthetho kunokunyanzela okanye amandla angekho ngqiqweni.

Isiphelo: Indaleko Eqhubekayo Yokwenziwa Kwesigqibo Sejaji

Inkqubo esenziwa ngayo izigqibo ziinkundla intsonkothile, ijikelele, kwaye isoloko icacisa. Ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho engokwasemthethweni kunye nemizekelo, ukuqwalaselwa kwezibakala nobungqina, ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo yomgwebo, nokuqwalaselwa kwemigaqo ebanzi yokusesikweni nokusesikweni. Ngoxa iingxelo zemifanekiso zisinceda siqonde iimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo kwizigqibo zomthetho, inyaniso kukuba abagwebi kufuneka badibanise izinto ezininzi ukuze bafikelele izigqibo zabo.

Isigqibo senkundla sisigqibo esisemthethweni senkundla esigqiba imbambano engomthetho okanye ityala liphela ngokusebenzisa imigaqo yomthetho kunye nomzekelo kwizibakala ezingqinisiweyo. Le nkcazelo ithatha intsingiselo yoko kwenziwa ziinkundla, kodwa inkqubo yokufikelela olo kuzimisela okusemthethweni ibandakanya okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ngobuchule.

Ukuqonda ukwenza izigqibo zomthetho akuthethi nje ukuyiqonda inkqubo esemthethweni; kuxa kuxanduva oluninzi abagwebi abalucingelayo kwiphulo labo lokuzisa okusesikweni. Njengokuba ibutho liqhubeka liguquka kwaye kuvela imingeni emitsha, inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo iza kuqhubeka isenza ulungelelaniso lomthetho ngoxa igcina isiseko salo sokuzibophelela kumthetho.

Kubo bafuna ukuqonda inkqubo engokwasemthethweni, ukubandakanyeka kuyo ngokunempumelelo, okanye nje ukwenza umthambo nje, ulwazi ngendlela iinkundla ezenza ngayo izigqibo luxabisekile. Kubonisa amandla enkqubo esekelwe ekuqiqeni nasekumiseleni imigaqo, kunye nocelomngeni olubangelwa kukusebenzisa imithetho jikelele kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zabantu. Ngokuyiqonda le nkqubo, sinokuyixabisa ngakumbi indima ebalulekileyo ephunyezwa ziinkundla ekulondolozeni ibutho elinobulungisa neliyalelo.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo yomthetho kunye neenkqubo zomthetho, ungakhankanya oovimba abasuka kwiZiko loLwazi loMthetho loMbutho wamaBhunga eUnited States, , iMelika Bar Association, kunye neSikolo soLwiso-mthetho soLwimi seSikolo [.