Iintlanganiso zemithetho yesizwe ngamaxesha aphambili apho abamisi-mthetho besizwe baququzelela ukusungula, ukuphikisana, ukumisela, nokumisela imithetho elawula ubomi bezigidi zamaMelika. Ngokungafaniyo neKhomishini yase-U.S. Congress, elandela ikhalenda efanayo, iphondo ngalinye, `intsimi'. "imisela ucwangciso lwalo, imithetho, kunye nendlela ongazimisela ngayo izicwangciso ezisisiseko zemithetho-mthetho yesizwe zibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukulandela inkqubela-nkqubo, ukuxhasa unobangela, okanye ukuqonda ngendlela elula indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo. Ukusuka kwisiphathi somthetho wonyaka wendlu-mthetho yexesha elipheleleyo njengeKhalifoniniya, ukulungiselela ixesha elibanzi lomzimba weqela wexesha njengeSyomi, ukulungiselela kwezi ntlobo zexesha lokusebenza kwemimiselo nohlobo lomthetho.

Iintlobo zeZiqendu zoMgaqo-siseko

Iintlanganiso zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zidityaniswe kwiindidi eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye inenjongo ekhethekileyo neseti yemithetho. Ezimbini eziqheleke kakhulu ziintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo nezikhethekileyo, kodwa amazwe amaninzi akwaba neentlanganiso zentlangano, iintlanganiso zeveto, yaye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, akhumbule okanye akhumbule iintlanganiso zezifundo.

Intlanganiso

Intlanganiso zexesha nexesha eziphindwayo zingumgangatho, amaxesha aphindaphindwayo apho izicaka ziqhuba ishishini eliqhelekileyo. Ezi zicwangciswe ngokwemithetho-siseko karhulumente ngamnye okanye umthetho womthetho ngamnye, kwaye zenzeka ngokwesiseko sonyaka okanye seminyaka ebhiyoneyo. Ngonyaka wama-2024, inkoliso yeendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zidibana minyaka le: 44 ziququzelela iintlanganiso eziqhelekileyo zonyaka, ngelixa amaphondo ama-65, ama-Nevada, ama-Dakota, i-Oregon, i-Texas, kunye ne-Wymontong, zinamathela kwiintlanganiso ze-bionlym, iintlanganiso kanye kwiminyaka emibini. Kwaneeveki nganye, ukuphindeka kwamaphondo ahlukeneyo ngonyaka amabini (umjikelo-maye-6, unyaka ngamnye) kunye neentlanganiso ezidityaniweyo. Ingqungqungquthelaneyo yesizwe ye-Genesticals (eNclas) i-odmistting i-meeareyibhidie yokulungisa yonyaka ngamnye.

Iseshoni Ezikhethekileyo

Iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo, maxa wambi ezibizwa ngokuba ziintlanganiso ezingaqhelekanga, ziqhutywa ngaphandle kwekhalenda eqhelekileyo ukuphendula imicimbi engxamisekileyo engenakuhlala de kufike intlanganiso elandelayo. Ngokwesiqhelo, irhuluneli inegunya lokubiza intlanganiso ekhethekileyo nokumisela imimiselo yemithetho-nkqubo. kwaye imigaqo-siseko isenokuthatha kuphela imiba efunyenwe yirhuluneli. Kwamanye amazwe, iinkokeli zemithetho-mthetho zingabiza intlanganiso ekhethekileyo ukuba ziyakwazi ukuhlanganisa ivota ephezulu kakhulu, okanye ukuba i-pasclation ngokwayo izicelo zomntu omnye. Iintlanganiso eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuquketheza ukuhlaziya, iinjongo zoqingqomatshini, iimpendulo zengozi, okanye inkqubo ephezulu yemithetho efana notshintsho lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukulungiswa kwerhafuthelo. Iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zidla ngokufutshane iintsuku ezimbalwa okanye iiveki ezimbalwa kuphela ezithe kokugqibela. Kodwa ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ulawulo lwemali-mali-mali.

Iseshoni

Amaphondo amaninzi aba nentlanganiso emfutshane yombutho wentlangano ekuqaleni kwexesha elitsha leminyaka emibini lezomthetho. Ezi ntlanganiso zilinganiselwe kwimisebenzi yemithetho: ukufunga kumalungu asandul'ukunyulwa, ukunyula ukhokelo (umz., isithethi sendlu, umongameli we-senate, izihlalo zekomiti), ukwamkela imithetho yegumbi, nokumisela amalungu ekomiti. Iintlanganiso zentlangano zinqabile ukubandakanya intshayelelo yezomthetho okanye iingxoxo eziphantsi kwengxoxo, kodwa zimisela iqonga lomsebenzi othe rhoqo wokulandela. Umzekelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho yaseKhalifoniyani iqalisa intlanganiso yombutho ekuqaleni komhla kaNovemba, ngoxa iNew York iqhutywa ngomhla wokuqala wesicwangciso esithe rhoqo ngoJanuwari ka-Januwari.

Intlanganiso ye Veto

Kwisixa esimbalwa samatyala, intlanganiso yeveto yahlukene, ixesha elicwangcisiweyo elicwangciselwe indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba iqwalasele amatyala athe apheliswa yirhuluneli. Ukuba irhuluneli iyala umlinganiselo emva kokuba intlanganiso eqhelekileyo iphelile, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingabuya kumhla wokugqibela ukuze izame ukugqitha. Ixesha lexesha kunye nenkqubo zokwahluka: amanye amaphondo acwangcisa ngokuzenzekelayo intlanganiso yeveto qhotho qho emva kweeveki eziliqela emva kwentlanganiso eziqhelekileyo, ngelixa elinye lifuna umnxeba okhethekileyo. Umzekelo, iNdibano Jikelele yase-Illinomey ibamba intlanganiso ewehlayo kunyaka ngamnye ngo-Oktobhato okanye ngoNovemba, apho isenokuthatha ezinye imicimbi ngesivumelwano seenkokeli.

Ixesha nexesha leziqendu

Ixesha kunye nexesha elithathwayo lemimiselo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente lilawulwa yimithetho yesizwe kunye nemimiselo, kwaye zahluka-hluka kakhulu (ukubonakaliswa kweemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zembali, zelizwe, kunye nezezobupolitika zelizwe ngalinye. Ezinye izinto ezingundoqo ziquka ukuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela umhla wokuqalisa, ummiselo onzima, okanye inani elipheleleyo leentsuku zekhalenda okanye imihla yomthetho.

Iintsuku zonyaka

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, inkoliso yamaphondo ngoku idibana nyaka ngamnye, kodwa imodeli yexesha elide iyaqhubeka kumaphondo amathandathu. Iintlanganiso zexesha elidlulileyo zenzeka kwiminyaka eminqakathi kwaye zingathatha iinyanga eziliqela (umz., intlanganiso eqhelekileyo yeTexas yimihla yekhalenda eyi- 140, ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya ekupheleni kukaMeyi). Kwimimandla yaminyaka le, iintlanganiso zonyaka zingahlulwa ngokweenkqubo: umzekelo, iseshoni ende ngeminyaka emininzi enqamlezileyo ukuphatha uqingqo-mali kunye nenkqubo enkulu, kwaye iseshoni emifutshane kwiminyaka engama-32 eshwabalwayo okanye imixholo. Umzekelo, iColorado, ibamba unyaka ngamnye wesi-2061, lo nyaka ngamnye, ngoxa i-1910 i-60 yeentsuku ezinqamle ngeminyaka engaqhelekanga nakweminyaka engama-30 edlulileyo.

Imihla yokuqalisa elungisiweyo

Amanye amaphondo achaza umhla wokuqala kumgaqo-siseko wawo: Intlanganiso yeKentucky eqhelekileyo iqala ngoLwesibini lokuqala ngoJanuwari; umhla ka-Indiana uqala ngoLwesithathu emva kosuku lombutho. Amanye amaphondo avumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba icwangcise eyayo ikhalenda kwimilinganiselo ebanzi. Amazwe amaninzi amisela ixesha elimisiweyo apho zonke iindleko kufuneka zivezwe (umhla wesiqalo”) nomhla wokugqibela (umhla wesiphelo) emva koko akukho shishini elinokuqhutywa ngaphandle kokuba kubizwa intlanganiso ekhethekileyo.

Intlanganiso Inika Izithuba

Ukujongana nentlanganiso yowiso-mthetho yexeshana ye-Florida ilinganiselwe kwimihla engama-60 yekhalenda okanye eseleyo, iMida emininzi ibeka imida engqongqo yokuba i-Overgatori ingahlala ixesha elide kangakanani. Le ntlanganiso i-Alaska idla ngokuboniswa ngeentsuku ezingama-121 okanye “iintsuku zonyaka we-1966. Intlanganiso ye-Alaska iphele ngeentsuku ezingama-121 zekhalenda, ngelixa i-New Mexico ivumela kuphela imihla engama-60 yekhalenda kwiminyaka emitsha ngeminyaka engaqhelekanga kunye nengama-30 ngeminyaka. Ngokwahlukileyo, kuthethwa ukuba iNew York, iPennsylvania, kunye neMichigan ayinawo umqathango wentlanganiso yesethi okanye umgaqo-yo wentlanganiso.[3]

Impembelelo yeNdawo 76 Ixesha. Imithetho yeXesha eGqityiweyo

Abamisi-mthetho bexesha banganikela kumsebenzi wabo ngokusondeleyo ngemimiselo yeseshini. Amanye amaphondo anezindlu zowiso-mthetho “ezizeleyo zexesha” ezidibana malunga nonyaka wonke zize zihlawule amalungu azo ngokufanelekileyo (umz., California, New York, Pennsylvania). Ezinye“ zibotshwe" okanye“ixeshana lekota” ezineentlanganiso ezimfutshane kunye nembuyekezo esezantsi (umz. Texas, Colorado, Maine, Wyoming). Imithetho yeekomiti ezisebenzisa ixesha ixhomekeke kwiikomiti ezidityanisiweyo ukufundisisa imiba phakathi kwentlanganiso, ngoko ke akuyo yonke inkqubo eyenzeka ngexesha le ntlanganiso. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile kubameli nabaquququzeleli kunye nabangeni, njengefestile yethuba lokuphembelela i-mali kwi-transport.

Indlela Eziqhutywa Ngayo Iintsuku

Umsebenzi wemini yentlanganiso yowiso-mthetho ulandela inkqubo emiselwe kakuhle, nangona imithetho nezithethe ezikhethekileyo zahluka ngokwegumbi kunye norhulumente. Kumgangatho ophezulu, le nkqubo ibandakanya isiqalo sentetho, uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nokuvota. Amaphondo amaninzi anemjikelo weminyaka emibini ye-projekthi yowiso-mthetho (i- “binium”), kunye neendleko ezingadluliyo ekupheleni komjikelo ophelayo kwaye kufuneka ziphinde zifakwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho elandelayo.

Ukwazisa nokuqala

IiBhili zinokuziswa kuphela ngamalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho (kumazwe athile, irhuluneli isenokucebisa umthetho wemposiso, kodwa ilungu kufuneka liwuxhase ngokusesikweni). Amazwe amaninzi avumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba banike abenzi bezomthetho “kuka 76file” iindleko ngaphambi kokuqala kwentlanganiso, ukuze balungele isabelo sokusebenza ngomhla wokuqala. IPreplaining inceda abalawuli bemithetho ukuba balawule ukungxama nokuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo antsonkothile anokubunjwa kwaye aphindwe phambi kokuba iwotshi iqala ixakile. Inani leendleko ngalinye liveliswe ngomzekelo omkhulu, iTexas Legrafica ibone amatyala abekwe kwintlanganiso enye.

Umsebenzi weKomiti

Xa ziqalisiwe, amatyala abhekiselwa kwiikomiti ezijongene nemigaqo ethile ekhethekileyo (umz., ezolimo, imfundo, ezothutho, ezothutho). Iikomiti zisebenza ngeenqwelo-moya zenkqubo yowiso-mthetho: zibamba iindlebe, zihlolisisa iziphumo ze-fiscal, ulwimi lokulungisa, kwaye zivote ukuhambisela phambili amatyala kumgangatho okanye ukubulala ngokuthe ngqo. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela ukuhlolisisa okuthe ngqo, ubuchule obungenakukwazi ukuhlaziywa phantsi okuxineneyo. Kwamanye amazwe, ityala lingabhekiselwa kwiikomiti ezininzi, ezinokuthi zikwazi ukucotha inkqubela-phambili okanye zenze imiqobo. Izihlalo zekomiti zisebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo ekuboneni ukuba iindleko zifumaneni ukuva nokuqhama.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Emva kokudlula kwekomiti, ityala lisiya kumgangatho wegumbi layo eliphumayo (Indlu okanye iNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala). Ukuphikisana ngokupheleleyo ngamalungu emali, kunganika iziphumo, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuvotelwe kwinyathelo layo. Ingxoxo elawulayo ingaba ngqongqo /amazwe amisela imida yexesha kwisithethi ngasinye, amanye avumele impikiswano engapheleliyo. Ukuvota okufunekayo ukuze kudluliswe indawo kuqheleke amalungu amaninzi akhoyo kunye nokuvota, kodwa amanye amanyathelo (umz. umz., ukwandisa irhafuno, imigaqo yomanyano, imigaqo yesiseko-siseko) kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-atmostay (2.65 76) okanye i-66. Xa isibhengezo sidlula elinye igumbi, iya kwenye igumbi, apho inkqubo ihamba khona, kodwa ukuba ingqungquthela, ingqungquthelana yekomiti ediweyo kuzo zombini zombini zityutyulwane.

Ikhalenda yoMthetho neMiqathango

Ukugcina intlanganiso ihamba, izikhululo zendlu zixhomekeke kwikhalenda ebeka amanyathelo aphambili: imiqathango yesiqalo sencwadi yemvume, indlela yekomiti, indlela yomgangatho, isicatshulwa segumbi lokuyila, kunye nendima yokugqibela. Le “mida efileyo” inceda ekuthinteleni i-logjams. Umzekelo, ikhalenda ye-“Nkangeleko yokuqala” iquka“isiqalo sexesha elimiselweyo” malunga nosuku lwama-30, “ummiselo ogqityiweyo” ngomhla wama-60, kunye“ nosuku olupheleleyo” malunga nama-80 ngosuku ngalunye. Ukuba umthetho uphosa uluphosa ixesha, ufe ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kokuba uvuselelwe ngumthetho othile okhethekileyo, odla ngokufuna ivoti ephezulu.

Ukwahluka Ngaphaya Kwamazwe

Azikho izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini ezifana ngqo, kwaye umahluko udlulela ngaphaya kwexesha leseshini. Ezinye iinguqu ezingundoqo ziquka ubuchule bokusebenza kwesi sicwangciso, iqondo lolawulo, ubukho bemida yegama, nendima yerhuluneli kwikhalenda yowiso-mthetho.

Imiqathango yexesha elipheleleyo.

Njengoko kuchaziwe, amaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya neNew York anexesha elipheleleyo, apho iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezihlawulwa kakhulu zinezisebenzi ezinkulu, ezibangela ukuba zidibane phantse unyaka wonke kunye neenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ze-ankile. Kwesinye isiphelo solwahlulo, sichaza njenge New Hampshire, South Dakota, kunye neWyoming isebenza “njengezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezikhoyo,” apho iintlanganiso zifutshane, zihlawula kancinci, kwaye amalungu amaninzi anezinye iziqumrhu zemisebenzi. Izindlu zomthetho ze-NCSL zahlula izakhiwo zolawulo zibe ngamaqela amathathu: ixesha elipheleleyo (isityalo), i-proyiding), i-projective (yee), kunye nenxalenye ye-65time (redtime), esekelwe kwintlanganiso, imbuyiselo, kunye nezibonelelo. Oku kuchaphazela kakhulu ukuqhuba komthetho, ukuqhuba nokwenza uphando lwangaphandle, kunye nempembelelo.

Imida yexesha kunye noxinzelelo lwentlanganiso

Kumaphondo anemida engaphambili (umz., eKhalifoniya, eMichigan, eFlorida, eOklahoma), isakhiwo sokhokelo nolwazi lweziko lusoloko luhlaziyekile. Abenzi bomthetho abatsha basenokuba abaqhelananga nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela kwintlanganiso ezide kunye nokuthembela ngakumbi kubasebenzi. Ngokuchasene nemiqathango, amaphondo angenamida asoloko evelisa umgaqo-siseko wamagosa omthetho akhokelayo kwaye alondoloze ukuqhubekeka kwiintlanganiso.

Indima YeRhuluneli

Igunya lerhuluneli kwikhalenda yowiso-mthetho liyahluka-hluka. Kwamanye amazwe, irhuluneli inamandla okubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo kwaye icwangcise ucwangciso lwayo. Kwezinye, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingazibiza kwintlanganiso eyodwa esebenzisa inkqubo yesicelo. Ngaphezu koko, iirhuluneli ezininzi zinamandla omgca we Gnomeitem vhato yetyala lezicelo, elinokunganyuswa ngevoti ezimbini zekota. Isisongelo seveto(okanye isithembiso sentlanganiso ekhethekileyo.)

Ukuncamisa kunye nokufa kweSine

Zonke iintlanganiso zowiso-mthetho kufuneka ekugqibeleni ziphele. Isehlo somthetho sokuphela kwentlanganiso yexeshana. Isehlo sokuphela sinokuba sesexeshana okanye sokugqibela. Isivumelwano sokugqibela sibizwa ngokuba “sifa si” (ngesi-Latin i-“ngaphandle kosuku”), ithetha ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iyachithakala loo ntlanganiso kwaye akukho shishini linokwenziwa de intlanganiso elandelayo eqhelekileyo. "akwakho seshoni ekhethekileyo ecwangcisiweyo" icwangciswe i-ssonka esimiselwe umthetho wemithetho ye-ssonka esifa ngomhla; umzekelo, i-Oregon Legallature kufuneka ingqubane ngeye-10 kaJula-10 kwiminyaka eminqamlezileyo. Ukuba i-677. Ukuba i-6 i-enumbergorison inokuthi ingakwazi ukugqiba umsebenzi wayo ngoko, irhuluneli ingabiza intlanganiso eyodwa ukuze igqibe uhla loqingqo-mali okanye ezinye izinto ezigxekayo.

Impembelelo yeziqendu ekuqulunqeni uMthetho

Isakhiwo kunye nokubekwa kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umthamo, ubunjani, kunye nesantya somthetho. Abenzi bomthetho bemimiselo emifutshane banyanzelisa ukuba bacwangcise, ngokufuthi ngendleko yokucinga ngenyameko. Iintlanganiso zemihla ngemihla zingakhokelela ekungxameni okungxamayo kwiiveki zokugqibela, njengoko amakhulu eendleko ekhuphisana ngexesha elilinganiselweyo lomgangatho. Ngokuchasene noko, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha elipheleleyo ezineentlanganiso ezinde zinokukwazi ukuthwala ukuva okungakumbi, zivelise iindleko ezicokisekileyo, zize zibonise ukujonga okungakumbi, kodwa zisemngciphekweni we-gripta okanye umkhukula wemali ephantsi.

Kuluntu kunye namaqela enzala, ukuqonda xa intlanganiso karhulumente iqala kwaye iphela kubalulekile ukulungiselela ukuganana ngokunempumelelo. Abaxhasi bacwangcisa ucwangciso lwabo kwintlanganiso, kwaye abaxhasi bayazi ukuba isiqalo somsebenzi wekomiti zisoloko zinempembelelo kunentshukumo yomgangatho. Ngaphezu koko, ukwazi imithetho yeentlanganiso ezikhethekileyo kunye neveto inganika ithuba lesibini lokuqhubela phambili okanye ukuyeka umthetho. Izinto zangaphandle ezinjenge [[FLT: 0] Iphepha lentlanganiso ye-ISCT [[FLT: 1] kunye ne-i-I-paneasethi nganye yendlu yowiso-mthetho (eg.[FLT]]) kunye ne-partsmes orgat syst syst nganye yolwazi.[FLT]

Isiphelo

Iziseko zemimiselo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente-("Xa isenzeka, ukuba inde kangakanani, kwaye ingaphi imithetho elawulayo," isisiseko sokuqonda uburhulumente baseMelika busebenza. Ngoxa inkqubo ye-U.S. isoloko ichazwa njengenyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yolawulo-melo-melo,” ukuba ilebhu isebenza kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwiphondo ngalinye. Nokuba ungugqirha wezomthetho, umcholacholi-ndaba, umfundi, okanye ummi oxhalabileyo, ukugcina ikhalenda yakho yemithetho-onki yesizwe kukwinkqubo yomthetho. Njengoko isithi iya kuqhubekeka ukuguqula izakhiwo zabo zocwangciso-bintuthu le-injini zisuka kunyaka ngamnye, abanye bamisela imidawo entsha okanye bandise amathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba kwemo ye-ognoclistismstion. / ulawulo olunamandla olune