Isivumelwano Esilungileyo SoLwesihlanu Nombuzo Ohlala Ukho Wamandla

IGood Wear Agreement ka1998 ime njengenye yezigqibo zoxolo eziphambili zokuphela kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Yaphelisa amashumi amathathu eminyaka ogonyamelo lwamahlelo eyaziwa njengeMiba enzima kwaye yaseka urhulumente ohluliweyo owenziwe ngomgaqo wamandla olawula umanyano kunye nomkhosi wesizwe. Kodwa, ikota yenkulungwane kamva, isakhiwo esakhe sabonakala singumzekelo wokucombulula iingxabano ezinzulu ngoku sinobunzima obukhulu. Umbuzo awusakheki ngokulula ukuba amandla-ooooodadoda anokuhlala ehleli kummandla oguquliweyo, iBrxit, kunye neenguqu-guqu-guqu zezopolitiki.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziseko zembali zesivumelwano, imiqobo yangoku yokuzinzisa ulawulo, kunye namathuba akhoyo anokuyila indawo yokuhlala eqinileyo kwezobupolitika. Likwaqwalasela indima yabadlali bangaphandle kunye namanyathelo afunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla awabi luxolo oludlulileyo, kodwa asisisixhobo esiphilayo sexesha elizayo esabelweneyo.

Isiseko Sembali Sesivumelwano Esihle SoLwesihlanu

Isivumelwano esiLungileyo soLwesihlanu `esisaziwa njengeSivumelwano seBelfast' `Isivumelwano''' satyikitywa ngo-10 kuTshazimpuzi 1998 emva kweminyaka yengxoxo efihlakeleyo nenezahlulo ezininzi. Sadala iNdibano ekhutshwayo yaseNorthern Ireland enesigqeba esingumthetho omkhulu: amaqela amakhulu asebenza kunye nesizwe azakwabelana ngeendawo zobulungiseleli ngokwendlela engqongqo (inkqubo ye-D'Hondt). IQhosha “umbutho we-commony” iinkqubo zokuvota ziqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezingundoqo zifuna inkxaso kubo bobabini abaququququ kunye noomatili besizwe, hayi nje imikhosi elula.

Isivumelwano saseka namaziko omntla-outh (iBhunga loMntla/uMntla-mzantsi woSebenzi) ukudibanisa iinkqubo phakathi kweBelfast neDublin, iqumrhu elikwimpuma-ntshona (iBhunga lamaBritane-Irish) elibandakanya i-UK, i-Ireland, kunye nolawulo oluhlaziyiweyo, kunye neNgqungquthela yeBritane eMangli-Irish. Ezi zakhiwo zenzelwe ukuphazamisa umgaqo wokuba omabini amaqumrhu kunye nezobuzwe babeneenjongo esemthethweni, kwaye bangenakukwazi ukunyanzela ukuthanda kwalo kwenye.

Eyona nto yayiphambili kwisivumelwano yayikukuzibophelela “kokwahlukana kwexabiso” nomgaqo wokuba izigqibo zezobupolitika zithathwe ngokuvumelana nazo zombini imimandla. Lo mzekelo wobudlelane/ukufana ngamalungiselelo eBelgium, eSwitzerland, nase Bosnia, yayinenjongo yokukhusela ulawulo lobundlobongela nokunika uluntu ngalunye ulawulo lwezikhundla ezingundoqo.

Ingxelo yerekhodi yesivumelwano idityanisiwe. INdibano yabekwa phantsi izihlandlo eziliqela, ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngowama-2002 ukuya kutsho ku-2007 ngenxa yokuwohloka kokuthembana jikelele kwi-IRA yokukhupha ushishino. Kodwa emva kwesivumelwano seSt Andrews e-Adreas ngo 2006, i-arhente yabuyiselwa kwaye yasetyenziswa ngokuthelekisayo phantse iminyaka elishumi, neDidemocism Parti (DUP) kunye neSin Féin ekhokela umphathi. I-Northern Ireland yafumana ixesha lolwando lwezoqoqosho, urhwebo, kunye nolwahluzo lwesithethe. Ulwahlulo loxolo lwalukho ngokwenene, ukuba lwalusasazwe ngokungeyo.

Noko ke, ukungabi nalubala okusisiseko kwemodeli elawulayo kwabhencwa ngo-2017 xa umlawuli olawulayo wawa phezu kwehlazo elibuyisekayo elibuyiselelekileyo kunye nokungavisisani okunzulu ngamalungelo olwimi lwase-Ireland, umtshato ofanayo nowesixhumi, kunye nelifa leengxaki. Isiphumo seminyaka emithathu enzima sabalaselisa umba obalulekileyo: amaziko axhasa amandla axhomekeke kumaqela amakhulu asebenza kunye anokudityaniswa xa loo maqela engavumi ukusebenzisana. Imodeli enika uxolo imigudu yokulawula ngokunempumelelo kwimekobume entle ehamba umhlaba.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Lokujamelana Nesakhelo Samandla

Ucelomngeni ngoku olujongene nobuchule bokulawula amandla ngoku lunzulu kwaye luninzi kunemiqolo yexeshana eyaphawula iziphumo zamashumi eminyaka emva konyaka. Iquka impembelelo yokunyikima kweBreet, ukutshintsha okude kwenani labantu okuguqula ulungelelwano olunyuliweyo phakathi kwamalungu omanyano kunye namazwe, ukukhula kokwahlulwa kwezobupolitika, kunye nemo yengqondo kawonke wonke eyingozi ngamandla ezinto zebhulorho ukunikezela kwimiba yeson nakunye nexesha elide njengempilo, imfundo, kunye nezindlu.

IBreexit Emva Kwemfazwe: Umthetho Olandelwa NguMntla Ireland Nesakhelo Somoya

I-Brexit ibiyeyona nto iphazamisa kakhulu ngaphandle kwiSivumelwano esiLungileyo soLwesihlanu ukususela ekutyikityweni kwayo. Isivumelwano somthetho-mthetho sasemntla Ireland, savumelana njengenxalenye yesivumelwano sorhoxo lwe-UK, sadala amasiko amda owenziweyo kunye nomda wokulawula kuLwandle lwase-Ireland ukunqanda umda onzima kwisiqithi sase-Ireland. Oku kwavuyisa abenzi besizwe ababefuna urhwebo olungenangxaki kumantla, kodwa abamanyeneyo ababelujonga njengolwahlulo kwiBritane elikhulu kunye nesisongelo kuMgaqo-siseko waseNorthern Ireland ngaphakathi kwe-UK.

I-Dup yala ukuphinda ingene kumphathi-mikhosi emva konyulo lweNdibano yowama-2022, ifuna ukuba umthetho wemithetho-siseko uphinde ufunyanwe okanye ukhutshwe. Kodwa imfuno ye-UK ye-Windsor Frames, yavumelana ne-EU ngoFebruwari 2023, yasungula “indlela eluhlaza” yamalungiselelo athengiselwayo kwaye yanika iNtlanga-ntle yase-Ireland inkqubo (i-“Stormont Brake”) ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo emitsha ye-EUCRC. Kodwa imfuno ye-DU yaqhubeka, kwaye umphathi wahlala ewile iminyaka emibini de kwasekuqaleni komsebenzi we-2024 wavumela ukubuyiselwa kwamandla.

Nasemva kokubuyiselwa, iprotocol kunye nelifa layo iyaqhubeka ityhefa ulwalamano olunqamlezileyo. Amamanyano avakalelwa ukuba ayaziwa ukuba asengozini; abathathi-zwe kunye nabaninzi abahlala kwi-EU bajonga umthetho wokusebenza njengendlela efunekayo yokukhusela uxolo. Le mbambano iphucule ingqiqo yokuba amandla ancedwa ngumdlalo we-zero-sum apho inzuzo yoluntu olunye ilahleko yomnye, kunokuba ibe yinkqubo yokuhlala.

Ukugqalwa Kwale Migaqo Kwezobupolitika Nokuncitshiswa Kokholo

Ukhuphiswano olungokwesithethe phakathi kweDupu neSin Féin lusoloko luzigquma iimfuno zabemi abaqhelekileyo. Ukubhikisha okungaguquguqukiyo kubonisa ukuba ngexesha uninzi lwaseNorthern Ireland luxhasa ukuqhubana namandla, ukuthemba amaqumrhu ezobupolitika kusezantsi. INdibano isoloko igquma kwaye ijongeka ikude kakhulu kumaxesha angeyoxesha elide (ngokunokwenzeka ukusuka ngo2017 ukuya ku202020 ukuya ku2022 ukuya ku 2024) iye yarhoxa intembelo. Abaninzi abavotayo (ingakumbi abo bangathathi bangamanyani kunye nabanga banyanisi nabameli besizwe) badidelwe yinkqubo ebonakala ingeyo ngaphambi kokuba imidlalo yomgaqo-mthetho-siseko isebenza.

Unyuko lweCentrist Alliance Party, ngoku ebambe malunga ne-18% yevoti, ibonisa umnqweno wohlobo olungephi lwezobupolitika. I-Alliance yamasekela “ekamva elibini” kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iye yakwazi ukudibanisa ulwahlulo phakathi kwezizwe. Noko ke, ishiyeka ingekho kwigunya lokugunyazisa umPhathiswa woQonda wokuqala kunye ne-Septain Britannity, ezigcinelwe amaqela amakhulu omanyano kunye nezobuzwelonke. Imodeli ye-consocationation, ngokuyila, ifaka uluntu ababini njengeeyunithi zezobupolitika, eyenza kube nzima ukuphembelela amaqela amaqela akwiminqamlezo azimeleyo ukuze aphembele ngokupheleleyo.

Utshintsho Lomzobo: Umhlaba ojikelezayo

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo lwexesha elide lukutshintshiswa kwamanani abantu. Ubalo-manani lwama-2021 lwabonisa ukuba amaKatolika ase-Northern Ireland anyuke afikelela kwi- 45.7%, ngoxa abemi bamaProtestanti babekwi- 43.5% (elokuqala) amaKatolika abe maninzi kunamaKatolika ukususela oko urhulumente wadalwa ngowe-1921. Le ntsingiselo ibonakaliswa kwindlela yokuvota: uSocial (ngokuyintloko uSin Féin) kunye namaqela e-Riphabliki ngoku afumana iivoti ezingaphezulu kunamaqela amamanyano amaninzi. USinn Féin waba liqela elikhulu kunamanye amaProtempyuthe kwiNdibano ngo-120222 kwimbali.

Nangona i-demography ingesiso isiphelo, kwaye asingawo onke amaKatolika axhasa umanyano lwase-Ireland, utshintsho luneziphumo ezinzulu zengqondo kwabamanyano, abavakalelwa kukuba ukuma kwabo phakathi kwe-UK kuyawohloka. Kusenokukhuthaza imikhosi yesizwe ukuba inyanzelele uphando lomhla, inkqubo yokuvota umanyano lwase-Ireland olulungiselelwe kwiGood Wear Active. Urhulumente wase-UK uthe iimeko ze-avendendum azikahlangani, kodwa umbuzo wexesha kunye nomthetho ushukuswe kuqikelelo lwemfundo kwimpikiswano yezopolitiki ekhoyo.

Ithemba lophando lomda ngezantsi, nokuba iminyaka ikude, iveza ungquzulwano olunamandla phakathi kwamaziko alawula amandla. Amamanyano oyikeka ukuba ukusebenza kunye namalungu esizwe asemntla kuza kunyanzela indlela ukuya kwi-Ireland emanyanisiweyo; abalandeli besizwe bajonga isithintelo somanyano njengokwala ukwamkela iinguqu zedemokhrasi. Imodeli ye-consociation, elungiselelwe ukulawula umlo oqandiweyo, ngoku kufuneka iqhube i-mGridi yexesha elizayo.

Amathuba Okuhlaziya Notshintsho

Ngaphandle kocelomngeni olunzima, ulwakhiwo lwamandla alusokulungiseka. Kukho iindlela eziya kwindlela eqinileyo nequkayo, kodwa zifuna ukunyaniseka ngobuthathaka bomzekelo wangoku nokuvuma kwawo onke amaqela ukwenza uvumelo.

Utshintsho lweziko: Ukwenza Umsebenzi Onamandla Aphucukileyo

Enye indawo ecacileyo yokulungisa kumsebenzi weNdibano noMphathiswa. Inkqubo yeKhomishini enyanzelisayo iqinisekisa ukuba iqela elikhulu lifumana iindawo kurhulumente, kodwa kwakhona kuthetha ukuba amaqela anokuyifikelela ngokunempumelelo inkqubo ngokungavumi ukuba abalungiseleli abatyunjwa. Izindululo eziliqela zihambele phambili, kuquka:

  • Ukuncitshiswa komsebenzi wesicelo senkxalabo esivumela iqaqobana leML ukuvala umthetho kwimicimbi enzima. Le nkqubo yayiyinjongo yokuqala ukukhusela amalungelo oluntu kodwa iye yasetyenziswa kakubi ukuvala umthetho oqhubekekayo omalunga nokulungelelana komtshato nokuqhomfa.
  • Ukungenisa inkcaso esesikweni ukwenzela ukuba amaqela angangeni kurhulumente aphathe isebe eliphetheyo ngaphandle kokuwisa amaqumrhu. I 2020 New Eardeum, ulwabo olutsha luquka amalungiselelo enkcaso yesithunzi, kodwa akuzange kusetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo.
  • Ichaza inkqubo yokutyunjwa koQala noSekela- AbaPhathiswa Bokuqala, ukuze ukuwa kweminyaka emibini kungalandeli ukuma kobupolitika. Enye ingcamango kukuba nendima yenye iqela ukuba udidi olucacisiweyo lungavumelani.

Utshintsho kufuneka lulumkele ukuthoba umgaqo ongundoqo wokuvumelana okunqamlezileyo, okuhlala kuyimfuneko ukunikwa ubunzulu bolwahluko. Kodwa lungenza inkqubo ikwazi ukumelana nezichotho zezobupolitika ezingathintelekiyo.

Ukuzinikela Kolutsha Neempawu Ezabelanayo

Imobalaliso ecacileyo yesivumelwano seGovernment of Northern Ireland se-ivela kwesizukulwana esingakhange sibe neengxaki ngqo. Abantu abaninzi abangaphantsi kwama-30 bafana “ne-Ireland yaseMantla” okanye“e-Europe” ukuzazi kuneencwadi ezichaza ubumanyano okanye ubuzwe. Eli qela alikhululeki kakhulu kwimo yezopolitiko yesithethe kunye nemicimbi efuna utshintsho lwemozulu, impilo yengqondo, kunye nexabiso lokuphila.

Amaqela ezobupolitika aye akhawuleza ukuqhelana nokutshintsha kwezithethe. Ukuvota okuncinane kufuna ukushukuma ngaphaya kwemibuzo yezomGaqo-siseko nokunikela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Kukwathetha ukwenza iindawo ezineenjongo zemfundo, imisebenzi yoluntu, kunye namanyathelo okudibana kwemibutho enqamlezileyo, kwaye apho abantu abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo banokudibana kwindawo engeyo eyamaqela. Umbutho wemfundo e-Intrated Education, ozisa abantwana abangamaKatolika kunye namaProtestanti kwisikolo esinye, beyenye yezona migudu yokwakha uxolo ephumelelayo, kodwa isafundisa malunga nesixhenxe% yabafundi abafundayo.

Intsebenziswano Yezoqoqosho Njengesiseko Somanyano Lwezobupolitika

Isivumelwano esiGobileyo soLwesihlanu sasisoloko sijongile intsebenziswano yezoqoqosho njengentsika engundoqo yoxolo. Ulwahlulo loxolo lwatsala utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lwamazwe angaphandle kwiinkampani ezinjenge-Allstate ne-Citi, kwaye icandelo lokhenketho lakhula. Noko ke, lo mmandla usabandezeleka licandelo elikhulu likawonke-wonke, imveliso ephantsi, kunye necandelo lamahlelo eliqhubekayo kushishino lwezorhwebo.

I- Post-Brexit, umNtla Ireland unendawo ekhethekileyo: iyinxalenye yengingqi yelizwe ye-UK kodwa isavumelana nemithetho ye-EU yentengiso enye. Le mida idibeneyo inika amathuba ezoqoqosho ukuba amashishini ayakwazi ukuqhuba indlela enzima yokulawula. I-Windsor Frames' ye-“translate". Inqanda urhwebo ne Great Britain, kodwa ukungaqiniseki kwezobupolitika kudimaze abanye abatshayi.

Intsebenziswano yeNtlangatho-Mntla-mzantsi-ntshona `njengekukhathalelo lwempilo kumda, iigridi zamandla, kunye nokucwangciswa kokuhlaziywa kwendlela engu-A5 ukusuka eDerry ukuya eDublin/i-acan inika iinzuzo eziphathekayo eziqinisa intsebenziswano. IBhunga loovulindlela baseMntla/baseMzantsi, nangona lingasetyenziswa manqaphandleni, linika inkqubo yokuqhubela phambili imisebenzi. Ukugxininisa kwinkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho engaphaya kwezobupolitika ezidibeneyo zinika wonke uluntu umdla othe ngqo kwimibutho engazinzileyo.

Indima Yoluntu Lwezizwe Ngezizwe

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu saphulwa ngokubandakanyeka ngokukhutheleyo koorhulumente base-UK, base-Irish, nase-US, yaye iEuropean Union yanikela inkxaso yezoqoqosho yaza yabonisa ukuba iYurophu yabelana ngeempawu. Namhlanje, abadlali bangaphandle basabalulekile, nangona umhlaba utshintshile.

I-United States, esebenzisa abathunywa abakhethekileyo baseMntla Ireland ngokulandelelanayo, iqhubeke ikhuthaza incoko kunye notyalo-mali. UMongameli uBiden, osoloko ethetha ngelifa lakhe lase-Ireland, uthenjiwe ngokobuqu. I-EU ihlala ingumthombo omkhulu wemali yeenkqubo zoxolo, kuquka inyathelo lokuqala loxolo. U-UK norhulumente wase-Ireland ngokudibeneyo bajongene nokuphunyezwa kwesivumelwano kwaye bangenele kwii-lockingsss-(asezinziwa zifile) ngokubhekiselele kwi-New Exdhiaply ngo-20202020 kunye neentetho ezakhokelela ekubuyiselweni kweGunyaziso loMgangameli ngo-2024.

Noko ke, uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe luye lwajongwa nakokuhlaziywa kwangaphambili kozinzo ngaphezu koxolelwaniso lokwenene. Ukugxininiswa ekugcineni amaziko ephila maxa wambi kuye kwavumela amaqela angenayo aguquke kakhulu ukuba alibazise utshintsho. Indima enobuntamo-bukhali esuka kwiNgqungquthela yezaMadabi yaseBritani e-Irish inganyanzela utshintsho lokwakha olubangela amandla angophithiphithi-ka.

Imodeli eluncedo yokuthelekisa yinkqubo yoxolo kwilizwe laseBasque, apho ukudityaniswa kotyalo-mali, ukudibana kwengxoxo enqamlezayo, kunye nokuthamba kolawulo lwezibonelelo kunciphise ugonyamelo lwezobupolitika kunye nolawulo oluphuculiweyo. Abadlali bezizwe ngezizwe banokubelana ngolona qheliselo lulungileyo kwaye bavumelane ngencoko emalunga notshintsho, kodwa umqhubi oyintloko kufuneka abe ngowolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo: Ukuqhuba ngamandla kuMnqamlezo

Isivumelwano esiLungileyo sangoLwesihlanu saphumelela ekupheliseni ugonyamelo olukhulu kunye nokwenza isiseko sokulawula okuququzelela. Kulungile ukuhlonela loo nto iphunyeziweyo. Kodwa ngoku isigqeba sezobupolitika sibanjwa phakathi kwemikhosi emibini: uluvo lwamahlelo oluzuzw ’ ilifa lweziXhobo nokuvela, iipolitiki ezininzi zolwelo lwebutho lasemva komdla wolawulo. Amandla-omandla awanakusebenza ukuba amaqela amabini angundoqo aphathana njengezinto eziyingozi ezikhoyo kunokuba ajongene neentshaba ezifanelekileyo zezobupolitika.

Ukuze ikamva lisebenze, onke amacandelo kufuneka amkele iinyaniso ezininzi ezingathandekiyo. Kubantu abadibanisi: utshintsho lwamanani luthetha ukuba impembelelo yobuzwe iya kukhula, kwaye imigudu yokuthintela iinkqubo zedemokhrasi iya kususa abavoti ngokufanelekileyo kwaye yonakalise i-Union. Kubantu besizwe: uvavanyo lomda alunakunqandwa okanye lusondele, kwaye ukutyhalela phambili umntu obekwexesha elifutshane kungaphelisa yonke imibutho yoxolo; ukusebenza phakathi kwamaziko ukuphucula ubomi kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokwakha imeko yomanyano. Kumaqela anqamlezileyo-commony afana nolwe-Alliany: kufuneka anikwe indima engundoqo ekulungiseni imidalo, nokokuba isebenza kwimithetho ephezulu yezo ndawo.

Ishumi leminyaka elizayo lizakuba linengxaki. Imodeli enika amandla ibonise ukuba iyakwazi ukutsalwa kodwa ayiphulwanga. Ngotshintsho olunenkathalo "isigqeba, uqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko" ingatshintshela kwizinto ezintsha. Ngaphandle kotshintsho olunjalo, umngcipheko awukubuyela kungquzulwano oluxhobileyo, kodwa ukubola okucothayo kukwenza ungabinakusebenza, apho amaziko akhona ephepheni kodwa angakwazi ukuxelela uluntu ukubathemba. Abantu baseNyakatho I-Ireland bafanelwe kukuhle kunoko. Bafanele bafanelekelwe yipoliti yezobupolitika ehamba ngaphaya kwento edibanisa umanyano nomanyano lohlanga kunye nolunohlanga kwaye bathetha ucelomngeni lokwenene lwenkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu.

Amalungu angaphandle `i-UK, i-Ireland, i-EU, ne-US- kufuneka aqhubeke efaka amandla ngokwezimali, kodwa eyona mbopheleleko iphambili ixhomekeke kwiinkokeli zasekuhlaleni. Inkalipho yezobupolitika, ukulalanisa, nokuvuma ukubeka izinto eziluncedo eziqhelekileyo ngaphezulu kwe-antiats asiyonto ingeyonto ingeyomfuneko; zizinto ezifunekayo kwi-injini yamandla-onkcedenti. I-Good Wearver Active ilungiselele i-injini. Ngoku lixesha lokunyusa iinxalenye eziye zaphelelwa.