Isiseko Solungelelwaniso Olukhethekileyo

Isenzo sokukhetha yinkqubo ephuhlisiweyo ephuhlisiweyo esetyenziswa kwiBhili yamaLungelo kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kuMdlalo-nkqubo we-14th Amendment. Le mfundiso yavela kukhuphiswano olude lomgaqo-siseko phantse ukuba ishumi lokuqala libophelele urhulumente wezwe. Barron v. Baltimore [1833], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iBhili yamaLungelo isebenza kurhulumente wesizwe. Kufutshane nenkulungwane, oorhulumente bamazwe banokuchasa kumalungelo aqwalaselwe njengendlela engundoqo, engathi namhlanje sicinga ukuba intetho ekhululekileyo okanye ukuphendla okungekho ngqiqweqweni.

Incam yokutshintsha yafika [[[FLT: 0] Group v. New York (1925), xa iNkundla yavakalisa ukuba “inkululeko yokuthetha neyokushicilela (ekhuselwe yiNkqutyana) ekhuselwe yiNkundla Yokuqala Yokuhlaziyiweyo esuka kwiNkundla ePhahlweyo) yeNkundla. Ngaphaya kweshumi elinamashumi alithoba, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iquka onke amalungiselelo epheleleyo eMalungelweyo, kuquka umthetho we-Gawulayo ye-Genen [[FOF]. [5], i-evoct [3], [FT][3], i-Foct: FT], i-evom], i-Fiverse.[4]

Le nkqubo yayingeyonto ininzi; amanye amalungiselelo, njengamalungelo eSihlaziyo sesibini sokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, afakwa emva kokuba McDonald v. IsiXeko saseChicago (2010]). Okuyalelayo ezi zigqibo ngumgaqo wokuba ilungelo limele libe “lilungelelanisa necebo lethu lenkululeko eyoyiliweyo” okanye“ lisekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe salo sizwe. phambi kokuba libophelele kumazwe. Le ndlela ye-practumtic yenza ukuba iziko zomGaqo-siseko zikwazi ukutshintsha xa zilondoloza ubuGawula.

Ukuzimela Kwamanani Nohlaziyo Lwesine

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela ukuphanda nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Kudala ngaphambi kokuba ubungqina bamanani bube bungaququzeleki, iNkundla ePhakamileyo egcinwe katz v. United States [1967]) [iNkundla] ifikelela ekufumaneni iSimende sokuHlambulula ixhomekeke ekubeni ngaba umntu uyakwazi “ukulindela imfihlo.” Lo mlinganiselo ubonise ukuba uxakekile kubugcisa bezi mini. [FLT:] [FLT] r. California (2014, iNkundla ingqinela ukuba amapolisa angenakukwazi ukuphendla okuqulethwe yiseli engena mvume, ekwazi ukuba izixhobo ezinjalo ziqulethe ii-'ubomi. [FT]

Ezi zigqibo zibonisa indlela yokukhetha okuqukwa ngayo kunyaka wamanani kuphela. Abaphengululi baye baphikisana ukuba uGqibelo lweSine lokuLandlwa lufanele lufakwe ukugquma imigaqo efihlakeleyo, ugcino-lwazi olugcinwe emafutheni, kunye ne-metadata evela kubanikezeli benkonzo ye-intanethi iphakamisa imibuzo engenakuphendulwa ngokupheleleyo ngombhalo we-185. Abaphengululi baye baphikisana ukuba uGawulayo lwesine lufanele lufakwe ukugqumathelela ukugquma iindlela zokuhlola, njengokufikelela kukarhulumente oluntu kugcino-lwazi olugcinwe zinkampani zobugcisa. Ukuzimisela kweNkulwamvo lokulungisa i-ngqalelo lwe-prendarivessss (okulindelekileyo kwe-prendation-prendaigg kuvava i-ama amatsha anokuhlala isithutyana esisetyenziswa kwilungelo elingeyo elisemthethweni kumthetho kumthetho.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zephondo zikwasebenza. Iimeko ezininzi ziye zamisela imithetho yazo yezobuqu yamanani, njenge-Electronic Communications Ancy Act (CalECPA), efuna isiqinisekiso sokuba urhulumente afumane unxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki kunye nenkcazelo yendawo. Le mithetho ayixhomekeki kuMmiselo weSine soHlaziyo kodwa endaweni yoko yenza izikhuseli zemithetho ezikhusela isipili kwaye maxa wambi igqithe kwiimfuno zikarhulumente. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umsebenzi wemithetho karhulumente odityanisiweyo unokuthi unyanzele iNkuquka imfihlelo ye-mvo ye-mfontssss windreew wiew phantsi kwe-145th Amendmentation Rempletence, iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwe-comfort trans trans trans trans (intshing)

Imfundiso Yesithathu Esisiseko Iphantsi Kwengcinezelo

Umthetho wesithethe . . . umthetho oqhelekileyo (wokuba ulwazi olwabelwene ngokukhululekileyo nelungu lesithathu (njengenkampani yemfono-mfono okanye ibhanki) alufumani lukhuseleko lwesine Sonyuselo, lucelwe ngokungqalileyo luqheliselo logcino-lwazi lwangoku. Abantu namhlanje bafumana intabalala enkulu ye-data nabanikezeli be-intanethi, imigangatho yezentlalo-mbini, kunye nabaphuhlisi be-appel. [[FLL:0]] I-Calplank [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]1]] yayiyindawo enkulu yokushiya isiseko se-data esineekhompyutha, kodwa iNkunkushiya kuvulekile ukuba ezinye iindididi ezithile zemali (umg., i-email egcinwe ngumgcini we-ekhompyutha elungiselelwe yi-ogne-equat projectives. Inkundla egcina ulwazi ingakhuthaza ukunyuselwa kweNkuphetho yeNkupho epheleleyo.

Intetho Ekhululekileyo Kwingqukumba Yamanani

Ukukhusela koMphetho wokuqala wentetho kunye noshicilelo kudala kuqatshelwe ngokuchasene namazwe. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwaloo nkululeko yamandulo kwi-intanethi , ingakumbi kumaqonga onxibelelwano olulawulwa yimibutho yamaqumrhu oluntu.[1] Kumazwe omhlaba aphathekayo, imiqathango yokuthetha kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke ifanele ihlolwe ngokungqongqo. i-Online, urhulumente we-reman ii-webhsayithi kunye namaphepha asekuhlaleni e-media yoluntu asebenza njengee-umorthoms. Inkundla ebekwe kwi-' ingumbam v. umNtlano we-Folton [[FLT:] [2017] [207]) umthetho obhalisa umthetho obhaliswe ngokwezomthetho owezolawulo-ndaba-ndaba-ndaba-ndaba-ndaba yoluntu udedamayela “iiwodwa. Isigqibo esiphakathi sikawonke esikwimiqatha kwimiqatha semidali kawonke, ingu-ethenwaba yolumbini yemi, i-injini yemi, i-Expective

Imbambano ephikisayo yeyokuqala yeyokuba ngaba uHlaziyo loMgaqo-nkqubo luthintela amaqonga azimeleyo ngezantsi. [[FL: 0] okanye iThilitter xa iqulathe ngokuphakathi. INkundla Ephakamileyo ibisoloko ibambelele kwelokuba uHlaliso Lokuqala lusebenza kuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente, hayi kwihambo yangabodwa. Noko ke, njengokuba iimeko zizama ukumisela imithetho elawulayo elungeleleneyo, umgca phakathi kwesenzo sikarhulumente kunye nolawulo lwabucala. [[FLT: 0] [NT], neTYCHOICE, LL[FL[FLT:] [2024]), iNT] iNTY, iNkubeka phantsi iinxenye zomthetho wentlalo eendaba eendaba zekhompyutha ezithintela amandla okususa iiprojelo ezithile, ukufumanisa ukuba umthetho ulweleze umgangatho woMnyusombululo woMnyuko. Ngokuphikisanayo, ngokuphikisanayo kumthetho othenjiweyo [FT][3] [FT] [ip] [200], u-3] Intecre

Omnye umda kukusetyenziswa “kwelungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo” kwiimbutho ze-intanethi. I-intanethi yenza ukuba kubekho imibhiyozo emikhulu yamanani kunye nentetho elungelelanisiweyo. Ubuchule borhulumente bokuqwalasela okanye ukuphazamisa iindibano ezinjalo bunyusa inkxalabo yesine neyeyokuqala yesiHlaliso. Ukukhetha ukudibanisa iindibano zamanani kuya kufuneka kucombululeke kusini na ukhuseleko olufanayo lomgaqo-siseko. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu njengokuba amazwe emisela imithetho efuna ukungqinelana kweminyaka yobudala ye-cudia, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuthulisa intetho engabizwanga ngegama kunye nokuthintela ukufikelela kwabantu abadala abakwi-gradion péanity projectives.

Ukudibanisa amalungelo amanani kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Ngaphandle kwento eyimfihlo nethethayo, ubugcisa budala amalungelo amatsha angangeni kakuhle kwiindidi ezikhoyo zomGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, “ilungelo lokulityalwa” (emiselwe kumthetho we-Europe Union) alinayo i-U.S. elinganayo, kodwa eminye imithetho karhulumente ifuna amaqonga okucima idata ethile yomsebenzisi xa kuceliwe. Ingaba ukusilela kukarhulumente ukulungiselela inkqubo enjalo echaseneyo nenkqubo efunekayo? Inkundla ifake imigaqo efunekayo echasene namazwe, ithetha ukuba xa urhulumente ehlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, kufuneka inike isaziso kunye nethuba lokuva. Njengoko ubomi bethu buhamba kwi-intanethi − ukufikelela kwi-mali, umsebenzi, kunye nemfundo yemfundo esekelwe kwisigqibo “sobuqu, ithetha ukuba xa urhulumente ehluthathile okanye i-data efuna ukukhuselwa.

Goldberg v. Kelly (70), iNkundla yathi ukupheliswa kweengenelo zentlalo-ntle kufuna ukuvalwa kwangaphambili. Ngokufaniswa, i-algorithm karhulumente ekwahlule ummi ekungeniseni iwebhsayithi karhulumente okanye ukulandula imvume enokuthi yaphule inkqubo efunekayo ukuba umntu ochaphazelekayo akanalo thuba lifanelekileyo lokuvavanyaza isigqibo. Isigqibo sakutshanje sisemzimbeni [[FLT] [FLT]] ekufumaneni i-webn]. v [5] [20]) [20] ichukukubaluleka okucacileyo kwegunyaziwe ngumgaqo womthetho wolawulo oluqhelekileyo, kodwa inkqubo engahambisani imogosayo. Ukuba ikho iNkuveza inkqubo yeNkuveza iNkuveza imo yokukhanya kolwazi oluqhelekileyo.[FLG.N.[FLT][FLT]

Ulwahlulo logcino-lwazi lelinye inxuwa lamalungelo avelayo. Amazwana afuna iinkampani ukuba zazise abantu xa i-data yobuqu iphoswa. Ukuba urhulumente akaphumeleli ukunyanzelisa umthetho onjalo, okanye ukuba umthetho wakhe ubuthathaka kakhulu, ngaba ukhuseleko lwe-144th Amend Amendmentment lufuna okungaphezulu? Spoo, Inc. v. Robins [206], iNkuvo ibambe ukuba ukuchasana komthetho okungachananga nomthetho karhulumente kusenokungaphindiswangamkeli Inqaku III ngaphandle kokulimala okuqinileyo. Oku kucebisa ukuba ukuquququzelelwa kwe-kunjelwe kwe-data kungenziwa monakalo. Kodwa ukubiwa nokukhomba okuqhelekileyo, “2014, ingqiqo elungileyo kusenokufuneka kulwazi lobuqu ekugqibeleni kweNkugqibelelana ukukhuselwa kweNkulelo lweNkupho.

Ikamva lodibaniso olukhethekileyo kumxholo wamanani

Isenzo sokukhetha sisoloko sisebenza ngamandla. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, yandisa inkululeko yabemi. Kwi 2076ofir, izakuvavanywa ngobugcisa obungacingiyo kwi Framers. Le nkqubo ingathatha enye yendlela ezintathu.

Indlela yokuqala: Uthelekiso ngu Analogy

INkundla isenokuqhubeka idwelisa amalungelo esithethe kwii-asethi ezilinganayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukukhusela koMphetho-mda wesine wamaphepha neziphumo ze-imeyili kunye neefayile zamanani; ukukhusela koMphetho wokuqala wokuhlanganisa intlanganiso kunokuquka iintlanganiso ezigqibeleleyo. Le ndlela igcina iimfundiso ziqhubeka kunye neendawo ezintsha kwimiba eqhelekileyo. Umngcipheko nguwokuba ukulinganisa kunokuncitshiswa kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukudidanisa okanye ukudidanisa kwemithetho.

Indlela Yesibini: Ukudala Amalungelo Amatsha

INkundla ingaqonda ukuba ubugcisa bamanani bufuna amalungelo angenawo acacileyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokufumana ucalucalulo lwe-algorith okanye ilungelo lokukhululeka kupolitistiki esekelwe kwi-data ephoxekileyo ingathathwa njengesisiseko ku “olungelelaniso.” Oku kuya kuba kukushiya okubhaliweyo kwantlandlolo, kodwa inkqubo efanelekileyo yeGawulayo le-145th isoloko inento encinci ( Roe v. , 1973; bergefel. v [FLT], 2015], iNkunokuthi igqibe okokuba kumele ukuba kugqibe kumele ukuba kukhululwe kuMhlaziko oluneyo olululunyulu nyakazekileyo"", i-1910], i-1910] kunokuthi i-1910 kuphela lwembali ephezulu yembali enzima ekwakudala idibani.

Indlela yesithathu: Utshintsho loMkhosi

Ukungakwazi okanye ukungakuthandi ukwenza ngokusisigxina, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingawashiya amalungelo amanani kakhulu kumaphondo. Amaphondo amaninzi sele enawo umgaqo-siseko oqinisekisa amalungelo acacileyo obuqu. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseKhalifoniya, unelungelo lokuzimela izinto ezingeyomfuneko ezingafunyanwa kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ukuba amaphondo ayaqhubeka ezama, angenza ilebhurejini yamalungelo amanani anokubumba urhulumente ekugqibeleni. INkundla iyakwazi ukukhetha nokukhetha ukuba ngaziphi izindululo ezinyuso ezinyusela umgangatho womgaqo-siseko. Ngokusisiseko oku kuyindlela eluncedo ekusebenzeni ngokwembali: imikhwa yenkundla yombuso idla ngokuphembelela ukumisela komgaqo womthetho wokufaneleka.

Izicelo zoluntu noLawulo

Isikhokelo iNkundla esithabathayo siza kuyichaphazela kakhulu indlela abemi abasebenzisana ngayo norhulumente kunye namaqumrhu abantu. Ukuba iNkundla ibandakanya amalungelo anamandla obuqu, kuza kufuneka ukuba kufumane imiyalelo ngaphambi kokufumana i-data yezobugcisa, ukukhangela iziganeko zecell phone ukuze abanjwe, okanye ukuthumela iteknoloji yokusebenzisa imbonakalo yobuso kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Ukuba iNkundla ayifuni ukubandakanya, umsebenzi wokukhusela uza kuqhubeka, kunye nabanye abantu abanamalungelo aphezulu, abanye abanawo.

Uhlaziyo lokuqala oluququzelelwa kwisithuba samanani lunesiphumo esifanayo. Isigqibo sokuba izigqibo zeqonga zokufakwa komxholo zikhuselwe ngokwazo siya kulinganisela amandla ombuso okulawula i-media. Umthetho ochaseneyo nomthetho ungabeka iziteji ezibekwe phantsi kwemithetho yobungcathu obungoondilele, enokuthi ithintele iimpazamo kodwa ikwancede ukucuthwa kwamalungelo entlanganiso. Ukuququzelelwa kwamalungelo endibano kuya kugqiba enoba amaziko angajonga okanye angayivala ingxubeko kwi-intanethi ngaphandle kokwaphula umGaqo-siseko.

Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo efunekayo ebandakanyekileyo ekwinkathi yamanani iyakufuna ukuba kubekho iinkqubo ezizintsingiselo xa i-algoriths ichaphazela izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwesigqibo esizenzekelayo sokwenza iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle, uvavanyo lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nophando lobugxwayiba bobugxwayiba babantwana luyakhula. Ngaphandle kolawulo lomgaqo-siseko, abantu ngabanye banokungxwelerheka ziinkqubo ezizizizizi ngaphandle kokucela uncedo. Ukuvuma kweNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo ukwandisa umgaqo we- Goldberg v. Kelly kulwazi lwamanani luzakuba ngumbangoonomba ochazayo we-RGenearnstial .

Ulungelelwano phakathi kolwakhiwo lobugcisa kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye lusoloko lungumsebenzi ongundoqo womthetho-siseko waseMelika. Ukukhetha okuququzelela kunika isixhobo esithambileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo asisiseko awashiywanga kwinceba yelizwe okanye amandla enkampani. Njengokuba ubugcisa bamanani buphoswa kuyo yonke inkalo yobomi, umbuzo awuyiyo [ ukuba nokwenzeka la malungelo aya kufakwa `/kodwa indlela kunye [[FLT:]] xa . Impendulo iya kubumba ikamva lenkululeko kumaxesha amanani.

ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona uluvo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo ku Cartent v. United States nohlalutyo lwemfihlo yamanani kwi . California