Inkcubeko yenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika, ecaciswe nguJames Madison kuFederallist No. 51, ilele kulwahlulo lwamagunya lwangabo. Kubemi, olu lwahlulo ludala iindawo ezininzi zokufikelela. Ukuqonda izixhathiso ezahlukeneyo zempembelelo ezikhoyo kwimithetho, kwigunya, kwisebe elilawulayo, kunye namasebe ejaji aguqula umvoti ophazamisekileyo abe ngumthathi-nxaxheba onegunya. "Ukuxhomekeka ebantwini kukulawulwa okuphambili korhulumente," uMadison, "kodwa amava afundise uluntu iimfuno zobuncedanelo." Olo hlolo lobuncedalo kunye nolungelelwano-"lluvo lwabemi basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwisebe ngalinye.

Ukwakhiwa Kwempembelelo: Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Ubuchule

Ukuphatha onke amasebe karhulumente ngokungathi asebenza ngendlela enye kusi silungiso sokungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-advocation. Ileta eya kumgwebi ithwala ubunzima obahlukileyo kunonobumba oya kummisi-mthetho. Inqaku likawonke-wonke kwisebe lolawulo lilandela inkqubo eyahlukileyo esemthethweni kunevoti kwiBhunga. Le nkqubo yenziwe ngale ndlela ukuthintela nayiphi na ingxubevange edityanisiweyo ekulawuleni ngokulula yonke izixhobo. Kummi ophathisiweyo, oku kuthetha ukulawula imithetho ekhethekileyo yesebe ngalinye ukuze abonise iziphumo. Ubuchule obunolwazi buhlonela indima ekhethekileyo yesebe ngalinye lomgaqo-siseko ngexa litsala unxulumano phakathi kwazo.

Isebe Lomthetho: IArena Yomnqweno Kawonke - wonke

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lenzelwe ukuba libe yeyona mithetho iphambili ekufuneni ukuthandwa. Indlu yabameli, kunye nemijikelo yayo yonyulo eneminyaka emibini, yayinenjongo yokuba ichukumise imvakalelo kawonke-wonke. ICantenat, ekuqaleni eyayinyulwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, yenzelwe ukuba ibe liqumrhu elinenkululeko engakumbi, kodwa uMphengululo we-17 wenziwe ukuba iphendule ngokungqalileyo kwingingqi yonyulo. Isixhobo sakho esiphambili apha singumbutho wezopolitiko.

Ivela Njengesiseko, Ingekuko Ukujija

Ngoxa ukuvota ummeli wakho kusesona senzo sibalulekileyo, kuyinto nje ephambili. Unyulo lwangaphakathi, apho kuhla khona ngokwembali nge-30-40% xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka yobungameli, apho ulawulo lweBhunga lusoloko lugqitywa khona. Ukuqonda izabelo zekomiti yommeli wakho zinzima. Ilungu leKomiti ye-House Agriculture lisabela kakhulu kwimicimbi yefama kunalowo uhlala kwikomiti yemicimbi yaMasimi angaphandle. Amaphulo okhetho, imingeni ephambili, imingeni ephambili, kunye nokuzinziswa kwengingqini ekhoyo kuxhomekeke kumagosa anyuliweyo phakathi kovoti.

Ubuhlobo obuthe ngqo nabameli nabasebenzi

Ngokwahlukileyo kwinkolelo ethandwayo, ii-ofisi zombutho zilandela uqhagamshelwano ngalunye olusuka kwi-aququzeleli. Uluvo olufanelekileyo, uonobumba okanye umnxeba wobuqu ludla ngokuthwala ubunzima obungaphezulu kunobunzima obuvezwe ngeposts ukusuka kwiqela lobungangamsha. Amalungu abasebenzi, ingakumbi umlawuli we-Legislative kunye neSiluleko, ziingcali zelungu ezishwankathelayo ezishwankathelayo kwimibandela entsonkothileyo. Ukwakha ulwalamano olunentlonelo, oluqhubekayo nabasebenzi kunakho ukukunika umgca ngqo kwinkqubo ye-widget. Iintlanganiso zeholo yeTown zihlala zingumsebenzi onamandla wokuphendula uwonke, ingakumbi xa kubuzwa ngokungqalileyo nangokuphengululwa kakuhle.

Amandla Okulungelelanisa Ubuchule

Kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kokuvakalisa uluvo kunye nokuququzelela uqhagamshelwano. Intshukumo ze-gasroot ezibonisa ububanzi, inkxaso eshushu ukutyhubela isithili ingaguqula isikhundla sommeli kwiceba lomthetho. UManyano lwaManyano lwaMabhinqa Voters, umzekelo, lunika izixhobo ezingadityanisiweyo zokuqonda inkqubo yomthetho, ngeli lixa amaqela acacileyo (njenge-ACLU okanye i-NRA) enikela ubuchule obunzulu kunye nemigudu elungelelanisiweyo. Isitshixo singumbutho: iqela labemi abangama-50 abadibana rhoqo nabalungelelanisa ii-arhente zabo abahlala belungelelanisa ii-imeyili zabo ezizii-email ezizizodwa ezizii-500 ezizizodwa.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwiNdlela yoMqathango ngqo

Abemi abaninzi abaqondi ukuba banokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokwabo. IiKomiti zibamba amatyala kawonke-wonke kumthetho ocetyiswayo (ii-bills). Ezi ngxelo zivumela ubungqina obungochwepheshe namagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Ukunikezela ingxelo ebhaliweyo kwirekhodi yekomiti kuqinisekisa ukuba indawo yakho iyinxalenye yembali yowiso-mthetho. Kwiziko lowiso-mthetho, uyakwazi ukubhalisa indawo yakho kwi-mvume kwi-intanethi. Ithala leencwadi leeKhonkqu zigcina isikhokelo esibanzi kwinkqubo ye-wiso-mthetho, kunye Canforfet.gov ikuvumela ukuba uvume amatyala, iivoti, kunye nekomiti ecwangcii.

Isebe eliphetheyo: I-injini yolawulo

Ngeli xesha isebe lowiso-mthetho libhala imithetho, isebe elilawulayo liphefumlela ubomi kuyo ngokunyanzelisa nangomgaqo. Isebe lorhulumente, eliquka amasebe anjengeHealth kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu (HHS), i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), kunye neSebe lezemfundo, livelisa amawaka emimiselo nyaka ngamnye. Le migaqo ithwala amandla omthetho. Impembelelo yengingqi apha yeyomthetho, kunokuba ibe yiyo ekhetha nje.

Impembelelo epheleleyo kwisikhokelo

Unyulo lomongameli kunye nolonyulo lwequmrhu lumisela umgangatho ophezulu wolawulo oluphezulu lwabameli abaphetheyo. Umongameli omtsha umisela abagcini-mthetho kunye neentloko zamasebe ezimisela izicwangciso eziphambili. Oku kungenxa yokuba unyulo lwabalawuli abakhulu luncinwa ngamandla ngolu hlobo, bagqiba enoba umthetho unyanzeliswe ngonyanzelo, unganyanzeli, okanye hayi konke konke. Noko ke, uninzi lwabasebenzi bomsebenzi wempangelo luhlala lusendaweni yangaphandle, lunika inkqubela kunye nobuchule. Ukuqhubana nokhokelo lweziko kudinga ukuqonda oku buchule.

Inkqubela yokwenza ulawulo

Ngokulindelekileyo le yeyona mithetho inamandla, kodwa iphantsi kakhulu, isixhobo sobumi sempembelelo kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. IAdministrative Procedire Act (APA) ifuna ukuba amasebe karhulumente apapashe imithetho ecetyisiweyo kwiFederal Register kwaye amkele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke phambi kokuyigqiba. Le asiyobhokisi yokucebisa; yimfuneko esemthethweni. Ii-Active kufuneka zifunde kwaye ziphendule kumagqabaza angaphantsi. Ingcebiso elilungileyo, i-data-drivedn inganyanzela ukuba iseke kwakhona umthetho okanye ityala ngenxa yokuba "ibhethriary kunye nokumangalelwa."""

Iqonga imigaqo.gov lisango elisembindini lenkqubo. Ungaphengulula imithetho ecetyiweyo kwimixholo esuka kukungabikho kobundilele kwenethi ukuya kukhuseleko lwemichiza. Ukubhala ingcazo ephumelelayo kubandakanya ukucaphula iinxenye ezithile zomthetho ocetyisiweyo, ukunikeza ubungqina, nokuchaza isiphumo esisebenzayo somthetho. Oku kusebenza ngokungqalileyo, kukhuliswe kwisakhelo somthetho.

Izicelo, iFOIA, kunye noNcedo lukaRhulumente

Ngaphandle kokumisela imithetho esesikweni, abasemagunyeni abaphetheyo badla ngokuqhuba iintlanganiso kunye neentlanganiso zokuphulaphula. Ukufaka isicelo kumbutho sisicelo esisemthethweni sokuba uthathe inyathelo. Inkululeko yolwazi (FOIA) ivumela abemi ukuba bacele amaxwebhu avela kwisebe eliphetheyo, akhanyisa indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo. Ukusebenzisa iFOIA ngokucwangcisiweyo kungatyhila ulwazi kunye nengxubusho yangaphakathi exhasa usukelo lwakho lobugcisa.

Amasebe alawulayo eRhulumente

Abalawuli bephondo kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente (iindawo zemfundo, ezothutho, umgangatho wemekobume) badla ngokuba nempembelelo ethe ngqo ngakumbi kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Iinkqubo zomthetho zomgangatho karhulumente zibonakalisa inkqubo yesizwe. Umbutho omisela imigangatho emitsha yomgangatho wamanzi kufuneka wamkele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Ukungenela kumgangatho karhulumente kunokuba luncedo kakhulu kuba umthamo wokuthabatha inxaxheba usezantsi, intsingiselo yelizwi lakho ingumzekelo ophezulu.

Isebe Lezahlulelo: Igalelo Lemigaqo

Isebe lejaji, elichazwa nguAlexander Hamilton njengesebe eliyingozi "eliyingozi ngokwempuma" ngenxa yokuba lingasilawuli isipaji okanye ikrele, libamba amandla amakhulu ngokuhlola okugweba, "ukukwazi ukubetha imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko"impembelelo yengingqi apha ithe ngqo kodwa ibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Isebe lezobulungisa lenzelwe ukugqunywa kwizinto ezinkulu zezobupolitika ezidlulayo, ezithetha ukuba ukulawulwa kwemali makube yentsokothileyo kwaye ibe yexesha elide.

Impembelelo Engangqalanga Ngokudibana Neentlanganiso Neengqinisekiso

Ngenxa yokuba abagwebi besizwe basebenza ekumiselweni ubomi bonke, inkqubo yokukhetha yimfazwe ephezulu yezobupolitika. Abalawuli abalawulayo abanobucukubhede bempembelelo yabo esemthethweni, kwaye iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso iyabaqinisekisa. Le yindlela eyintloko yegalelo lobumi kwijaji. Ukuthunyelelwa komongameli osekelwe kumadinga abo okulawula, kunye nokucinezela abaququzeleli ukuba baqinisekise okanye bavimbele ii-mineenes, luhlobo olulungeleleneyo lwempembelelo ende. Abagwebi benkundla yorhulumente basoloko benyulwa ngokuthe ngqo, bevumela ukuba baphendule ngokukhawulezileyo.

Inxaxheba Ngokungqalileyo: IJuries, Imifutshane, kunye nokuma

Abami banenxaxheba ngokungqalileyo kwisebe eligwebayo ngokubhekiselele kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala. IziHlanzi zeSithandathu neseSebende seSigqibo ziqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho nakumatyala asekuhlaleni. Ngasemva kwetyala lejaji, "umhlobo wenkundla" (ikhampasi) emfutshane ivumela abantu, amaqela eencwadi, kunye neengcali ukuba badlulisele impikiswano kwinkundla ngetyala abangengombutho. Umzekelo, ukukhuthaza amalungelo angeyongeneleliyo emfihlo kumthetho wobuqu kungenza ityala elifutshane kwityala elikhulu lobugcisa.

Ukuzisa ityala, ummi kufuneka abe nomi omile `ukulimala kwekonkrithi okunokunyangwa yinkundla. Ngokomzekelo, amaqela okusingqongileyo, asoloko esebenzisa imiqathango efanelekileyo kwimithetho efana noMthetho weGatyamanzi ukwenzela ukukhusela i-'EPA' okanye i-EPA' ngqo.

Ukukhohlakala, Iimbono Zebutho Lasekuhlaleni, Neengxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni

Ngeli xesha abagwebi bezimeleyo, abasebenzi kwindawo engenanto yasekuhlaleni. Imeko zamalungelo abantu zangaphandle (njenge [[FLT: 0]] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo okanye Obergefell v. Hodges)) zandulela ngamashumi eminyaka e-advocacy, i-ligation, kunye nemithetho eguqukileyo yentlalo. Iintlangano ezinjenge-NACPLC Legin Fund kunye neproject ye-Innocence zisebenzisa ipective colustration ukuguqula ubume obusemthethweni bemeko-bume. Shading intetho kawonke-wonke iphuma kumaziko olwazi oluphumayo oluphumayo olusemthethweni.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamasebe

Iphulo lokusebenzisa ibhaso elisebenza ngexesha elinye kuwo onke amasebe amathathu.

  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe elinomthetho: Abami banyanzela ukuba kungenelwe umthetho wequmrhu elibanzi. Babhenela abameli babo, bangqinela iikomiti, kwaye bahlela abavoti ukutyhubela imbambano.
  • Isebe eliphumelel'endle: Ngeli xesha iBhunga lisebenza ngabom, abemi banyanzelisa iFederal Trade Commission (FTC) ukuba isebenzise igunya layo elikhoyo ukulawula uqheliselo logcino-lwazi olugqwethayo okanye olukhohlisayo. Bafaka inkcazelo eneenkcukacha kwi-FTC kwimithetho yemfihlo ecetyiweyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Isebe le-Judicial:[[FTC:1] Emva kokukhupha umthetho weFTC, ushishino lokuwuvala. Abahlali befakela ifayile ye-mecus baxhasa umthetho. Ukuba iBhunga lidlulisa umthetho obuthathaka, abemi baxhasa ucelomngeni olusemthethweni oluphikisa amalungelo oQala oMmiselo.

Le ndlela ingaphambili idala umva. Ukuba elinye isebe alisabeli, ungatshintshela uqwalaselo kwenye. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla akusiwo umqobo wokusebenza; sisakhiwo esicwangcisiweyo sokuzibophelela okuqhubekayo.

Izithintelo Zale Mihla Zokuba Nenxaxheba Kubami

Kungaba bubudenge ukuxubusha ngempembelelo yabemi ngaphandle kokwamkela imingeni yokwakha. Ukwahluka okugqithisileyo ekusebenziseni imali yezopolitiko, kulandela izigqibo ezifana ne Citizens United v. FEC, ukwandisa amazwi ezityebi kunye neenkampani. UGqrhwaphiso lweziko lokhuseleko apho abameli boyike kakhulu ukusukela kwiphiko eliphezulu leqela labo kunemchasi jikelele, ukunciphisa ukusabela kwabo kwivoti yesixhobo sokuvota. Okokugqibela, ukuntsonkotheza kwemithetho yoqingqo-mali kunye nemithetho elawulayo indalo ingadima kakhulu.

Ukuyoyisa le miqobo kufuna ukuzibophelela kwimfundo kunye nombutho wezentlalo. Kuthetha ukuxhasa imibutho elwela amalungelo okuvota kunye nokumela imigaqo esesikweni. Kuthetha ukuqaphela ukuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni /iibhodi, iikomiti zesikolo, amabhunga esixeko, ngokuqhelekileyo yeyona ndawo ilulayo kwaye inempembelelo kummi oqhelekileyo. Ilizwi elinye kwintlanganiso yebhunga lesikolo linokuguqula inkqubo.

Urhulumente Noorhulumente Bengingqi: Imisebenzi Yolawulo-melo

Umthetho weSihlalo seshumi oLandlisiweyo awuzange unike urhulumente wesizwe amagunya ahlukeneyo angama-50 ukuze abe nenxaxheba kwiphondo. Urhulumente usoloko engumlawuli oyintloko we-inshorensi, imfundo, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zichaza imimiselo karhulumente, enokunikela ukhuseleko olubanzi kunomgaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni udibana nenkcazo esecaleni kwebala lenqanawa. Izigqibo, uqingqo-mali lwamapolisa, isikolo sesikolo, ezi ziinguqu ezigqitywe ngamabhunga esixeko, amaqumrhu ephondo, neebhodi zesikolo. La maqumrhu adibana rhoqo, kwaye phantse amagqabaza kawonke-wonke asoloko evumelekile. Umqobo wokungena usezantsi. Ukusukela iofisi yasekuhlaleni okanye ukuya kwintlanganiso yebhunga lesixeko yenye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokusebenzisa ilizwi lakho.

Isiphelo: Ukuba ligosa elikhutheleyo lenkqubo entsonkothileyo

UJames Madison waphikisa kuMbutho woManyano No. 51 ukuba "umele kuqala uvumela urhulumente akwazi ukulawula abalawulwayo; kwaye kwindawo elandelayo unyanzelisa ukuba azilawule ngokwakhe. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya yinkqubo yokuzilawula. Kodwa le nkqubo ifuna ukuba uthenjiswe kwaye ube nolwazi lokuba ngummi ukuba asebenze kakuhle. Ilizwi lakho alilo phetshana elinye kwiholo emileyo.

Ubumi obunempumelelo kwinkqubo yamandla ahlukeneyo buthetha ukwazi [ xa evota, apho kunikezelwa igqabaza likawonke-wonke, [[ indlela [[FLT] yokuqhubela umbutho, kwaye [iiiiii] ... [iiii-PFLT] imicimbi yokumisa. Kufuna ubuchule, ukunyanzelisa, nokuvuma ukufunda imithetho ye-procracture yesebe ngalinye. Inkqubo yayiyilelwe ukuba icothe kwaye ikhusele inkululeko. I-[FLT] inyuke ukunikezela ngamandla kwaye isenza ivume i-RGrobign efuna inkululeko. Ifuna ukuthembana ngesiphi nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi na.