Table of Contents
Ukwakhiwa Kolawulo Lwedemokhrasi
Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente lungumgaqo osisiseko wedemokhrasi. Isebe ngalinye (ngoorhulumente, uwiso-mthetho, kunye nekomiti yetyala) linamandla alo ahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko. Noko ke, xa elinye isebe linamandla kakhulu, lingakhokelela kwiziphumo eziphawulekayo kulawulo lwesizwe. Oku kungalingani kungayisongeli nje kuphela umthetho kodwa kuphelisa ukuthemba kwabantu okuxhasa uluntu olukhululekileyo. Ukuqonda iindlela zokwahlukana kwamandla, imiqondiso elumkisayo, kunye nemizekelo yembali yokubuyisela imilinganiselo elungeleleneyo kuyimfuneko kuye nawuphi na ummi onqwenela ukukhusela idemokhrasi.
Imvelaphi Esengqiqweni Yokwahlukana Kwamagunya
Ingcamango yokwahlula igunya likarhulumente libe ngamasebe azimeleyo ayingongozi. Yavela kwiinkulungwane zeengcinga zezobupolitika kunye namava asebenzisekayo ngokungqwabalala. Isithandi sobulumko saseFransi uMontesquieu, kumsebenzi wakhe wonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi mane anesine] uMoya woMthetho [, waphikisa ukuba ukunikela ingqalelo kumthetho, ulawulo, namandla okulawula, kunye namandla akwayalelayo angenakuphikiswayo akhokelela kwizenzo zobuzwilakhe. Iingcamango zakhe zaphembelela abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, owayila inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye lalinokuhlola abanye. Esi sakhiwo, sicetyiswe kwiMigaqo-siseko I II, kunye no III, zazicelele ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngokuyenza nzima nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na enye okanye inkqubo.
Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kumagunya angenayo: uMongameli angawuvumela umthetho, uMbutho unakho ukuwulawula loo nto kwaye kwakhona ulawula izihlanu zemali, kwaye ijaji ingayibetha imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Injongo ayiyompumelelo kodwa kukuphendula. Xa amandla esasazekile, abantu abanemabango kunye namaqela kufuneka bavumelane, balalanise, kwaye bathethelele izenzo zabo. [[FLT: 0] ukwakheka kwesakhelo semali [[ kudala ngokucacileyo olu xinezeleko lunamandla, ekwazini ukuba ukuxabana phakathi kwamasebe kuya kucotha urhulumente kodwa kwakhona kuthintele naliphi isebe elinye ekuqhubeni iintambo ezimandundundu phezu kwabanye.
Oko Kuphelisa Ulungelelwano
Xa elinye isebe likarhulumente linamandla kakhulu, inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yovavanyo nolungelelwano iqalisa ukungaphumeleli. Oonobangela abasoloko beyintlekele enye. Ngokufuthi, amandla aqokelela ngokuthe ngcembe ngokudityaniswa kweemeko zezobupolitika, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, nokungakhathaleli kwabantu. Iziphumo ezibonakala kwiindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo:
Ukuncipha Kweepeyinti Nolungelelwano
Ingozi yokuqala yesebe eloyisiwe kukukwazi kwamanye amasebe ukumisela imilinganiselo yalo. Ukuba umphathi uyakwazi ukungazihoyi ii-budiaaa poneas okanye akavumi ukuyisebenzisa imali efanelekileyo, isebe lewiso-mthetho liphulukana nezixhobo zalo ezinamandla: ulawulo namandla emali. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ijaji iyala ukuva amatyala acelw'impatho yempatho-mandla, okanye ukuba isoloko igatya amanye amasebe, iinkundla ziyayeka ukuvavanya. Olu khukulibala ludla ngokucothayo, ukuvala ukunikezela ngamaphepha, umthetho omxinwa apho, kodwa ngexesha elilinganayo lijongene.
Ugunyaziso kunye nokufikelela okuphezulu
Xa isebe elilawulayo lilawula, ilizwe liqhubela phambili kwingxaki . Inkokeli ingaqalisa ukulawula ngomyalelo olawulayo kunokuba iqalise ngomthetho, igqithe ingxoxo kunye nocwangciso. Imikhosi yokhuseleko nokhuseleko ingasetyenziswa kwiinjongo zezobupolitika, kwaye ukungavumelani kungacinezelwa ngokwendlela ezisemthethweni okanye ezongezelelweyo. Imeko ecacileyo ibandakanya ingxaki ````eyokwenene okanye evelisiweyo'') ethethelela ukuxinana kwamandla ongxamisekileyo. La mandla, anikwa, anokungafane anikezelwe. Imizekelo yembali evela eLatin Merika, eMpuma Yurophu, nase-Asia ibonisa ukuba amasebe edemokhrasi anokuwa ngokukhawuleza xa elinye lisonga amanye amasebe.
Intloko-ntle yomthetho
Indlu yowiso-mthetho eyoyisileyo inokuba yingozi. Xa iqela elinye lilawula iKhomishini ngobuchule obugqithisileyo, ingadlulisela imithetho yokuququzelela ngaphandle kwengxoxo evakalayo okanye igalelo elincinane. Kwezinye iimeko, indlu yowiso-mthetho isenokubotshwa, ingakwazi ukuthatha inyathelo konke konke. Oku kungasebenzi kudla ngokukhuthaza ukuba umphathi onegunya aqhathe, njengoko umongameli ethatha amanyathelo okuzalisa ikhefu. Olona hlobo luchuku lokuhlasela kwemithetho akuyo intshukumo kodwa ukuthatha intsebenziswano yemisebenzi karhulumente, ukuvala ii-micimbini, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuphatha umsebenzi wakhe. Indlu yowiso ye-mthetho icela amandla asebenzayo kwamanye amasebe.
Ukufikelela okugqithiseleyo kwezeejaji
Isebe lejaji, elingenawo amandla engxowa-mali okanye ikrele, lixhomekeke kumbono kawonke-wonke wokufaneleka kwalo. Xa iinkundla ziphanda ngokuphanga kwemithetho exhasiweyo ngokubanzi ngezizathu ezimxinwa, zidala amalungelo amatsha angafunyanwanga kumbhalo osemthethweni, okanye ziphazamisane nemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo esemthethweni, zisengozini yokubonwa njengabadlali bezopolitiko. Le ngcamango inokubakhokelela ekuhlaseleni uzimele, njengokulawula kwenkundla, ukurhoxaxa, okanye ukungahoyi imiyalelo yenkundla. Ingozi imbi inokwenziwa yi-jadicariary inokuthi ithathe indima yayo efanelekileyo, kodwa i-judiary ebekeksileyo inokwenziwa ukuba ingasebenzi ngendlela engafanelekanga.
Imizekelo Engokwembali Yamava AseMerika
Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, kuye kwakho izihlandlo eziliqela apho isebe elinye likarhulumente liye layaphula imida yalo.
Ukwanda Kwamandla Omongameli
Umongameli waseMerika uye wakhula ngokuzingisileyo ukususela ekusungulweni, kodwa amaxesha amathathu abonakala njengendawo zokukhetha.
- I-New Deal kunye neKhosi-mbuso Langoku:[FLT: 1] Franklin D. Impendulo kaRoosevelt kwiNkundla yoLawulo Enkulu Yomoya yandisa ngokuphawulekayo indima karhulumente wesizwe kwezoqoqosho. Ulawulo lwakhe lwadala amaqumrhu amatsha, achaza kwakhona umgaqo-siseko wezorhwebo, kwaye atyhalela imida yegunya eliphetheyo. Ngelixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqalisa ukubetha iinkqubo ezininzi ze-New Ireal, i-FDR's sisongelo soku "pack" iNkunganiso eyongezelelweyo eyakhokelela kwihla kwemithetho egwebileyo. Isiphumo yaba kukutshintsha okusisigxina kwegunya kulawulo oluphezulu [FLT]
- ISizwe soKhuseleko lwesizwe: Uhlaselo lwabagrogrisi lwangoSeptemba 11, 2001, lwakhokelela ekudluleni ngokukhawuleza koMthetho weUSA PATRIOT nokwenziwa kweSebe loKhuseleko Lomhlaba. Isebe eliphetheyo lafumana amandla okuhlola angenakuthelekiswa nanto, kuquka ukuthunyelelwa intsebenziswano kogcino-lwazi olungenazintlawulo kunye nembumbutho yogcino-lwazi. Isivumelwano sokusebenzisa umkhosi (AMF) sadlula iintsuku ezidlulileyo emva komkhosi owe-9/11 sisetyenziswe ngoomongameli bempumelelo ukuthethelela izenzo zomkhosi kumazwe amaninzi, ngaphandle kombutho owongezelelwa. Abathunywa bamagunya emfazwe ukuya kulawulo oluphetheyo bahlala bengumthombo wengxoxo eqhubekayo.
- IThe Unitary Grouppolation Theory: Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ingcamango engokwasemthethweni eyaziwa njengegunya elilawulayo iye yaphuhliswa ukuphikisa ukuba umongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwisebe elilawulayo, kuquka amandla okususa iintloko ezizimeleyo zomaziko azamkelekileyo. Le ngcamango, ngexa ingagunyaziswanga ngokupheleleyo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, iye yasetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukwandisa ulawulo lomongameli phezu kolawulo oluphezulu kunye neenkokeli ezizimeleyo. Ukuba ithe yagqitywa ngokupheleleyo, iya kuphelisa ukuzimela kwabameli abafana noMbutho osisinyukeli noMkhosi noMkhosi noMkhosi.
Ukufikelela okungaphezulu komthetho neNgqungquthela ye-Imperial
IBhunga liqokelele amandla ngendlela yokuba inkqubo ingalungelelaniseki. Ngexesha lokuphinda ivuselelwa kwexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, iKhomishini yabeka iimeko ezingqongqo kulawulo lwamazwe aseMazantsi kunye noMongameli ophezulu uAndrew Johnson ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, iLegislative Reorganation Act ka-1964, iSivumelwano soMgaqo-siseko sombutho kunye namandla ekomiti, isenza iNgqungquthela ibe ziimeko ezingqongqo kumaziko abaphathi abancinane abaphezulu abasezantsi. Izihlandlo ezininzi zilapho iBhunga liye lasebenzisa khona amandla ayo ukuphengulula nokungagocagoci ngenjongo ye-Rhulumente, iguqula inkqubo yokungasayinwa kwemithetho-siseko yezopoliti yezo zezokuziphatha okubi. Ukunyuka komGcimbini kwemali echithwayo, okubangela amawakawaka amaphepha eencwadi yemithetho-ogrogba amele arhorhorho eqeshi, ide i-ogba-ogracle, i-og.
Izenzo Zomthetho Nezowiso-mthetho
Isebe eligwebayo liye lajamelana nezityholo zokuphaphazanyiswa kwezityholo ezininzi. Roe v. Wade [773], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma ilungelo elisemthethweni lokukhupha isisu phantsi kweSindululo se 149th Isiguqulo somndululo. Abagxeki baye bamelana nesigqibo sokuzimela kweNkundla, begqiba umbuzo oshiyelwe ngcono kumazwe. Ngokunjalo, [[FLT:]] ICINkumbuza iUnited[FLT] v. FEC[FLT][3] [20] [20]) yawisa imiqathango yemiqathango yezo ezimeleyo yezopolitiki yemi, ekhokelela ekuqhumeni kwemali engalawulwangangeni. Ngokunjalo, abalawuli bewokuxhasa ukuthethelelwa njengendlela yokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezopolitikiti yephondo.[4]
Imiqondiso yesilumkiso
Namhlanje, abaqwalaseli abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ulungelelwano lwamandla luphantsi koxinzelelo olunzima. Isebe eliphetheyo liyaqhubeka liqokelela igunya ngokuvakalisa ungxamiseko kunye nokuchazwa okuphangaleleyo kwemithetho ekhoyo. Ngokunjalo, iBhunga liye laqalisa ukuqhekeka kwaye laqiniswa, lingakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi esisiseko njengokudlulisa iindleko zoshicilelo ngexesha elililo. Ijaji ibone ukuncitshiswa kwayo ngokusemthethweni macala omabini, kunye nemilinganiselo yenkundla ephantsi kwembali. Okwangoku, ubugcisa kunye nezixhobo zokugcina ulwazi-ndaba zasekuhlaleni ziye zaqalisa iingxaki ezintsha: umongameli unakho ukudlula umatshini nokunxibelelana ngqo noluntu, ngoxa ukubekwa kwemithetho-algaldiamstiki kusenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukulala.
Ingqikelelo-magama yomhlaba wonke iyasebenza
Le ngxaki ayiyoyodwa eUnited States. EHungary, uMphathiswa omkhulu uViktor Orbán uye wasebenzisa inkqubano epalamente ukuphinda abhale umgaqo-siseko, ukupakisha iinkundla kunye nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo, kwaye athintele amajelo eendaba azimeleyo. EPoland, imigudu karhulumente yangaphambili yokuzisa ijaji phantsi kolawulo lwezopolitiko lwezopolitiko inokubangela ingxaki yemithetho-mGaqo-siseko kunye nezigunyaziso ezivela kwi-European Union. EVenezuela, isebe eliphetheyo liye layifaka ngokunempumelelo indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokudala ingqungqungquthela enxulumene ne-(iConstiententententent). Imizekelo ibonisa indlela akhawuleza ngayo amaziko e-demokhrasi anokukhutshwa ngayo amandla okulawula.
Ukubuyisela I-Equilibrium
Ukugcina urhulumente olungeleleneyo kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile yaye kuhlaziywe amaqumrhu. Akukho mlinganiselo unye unokuqinisekisa ulungelelwano, kodwa amaqhinga amaninzi aye asebenza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Ukomeleza ulawulo lomthetho
IBhunga kufuneka liyithabathe kwakhona indima yalo yezomgaqo-siseko njengesebe elilinganayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ulawulo oluthe rhoqo, olomeleleyo; ukusetyenziswa ngogonyamelo kwee-ponans xa kuyimfuneko; nokuphelisa ukugqithisa amatyala amakhulu okuchitha imali ngomzuzu ophelileyo. Abasebenzi boMbutho kufuneka banikwe amandla okuqhuba uphando oluzimeleyo. I-ofisi ye-Akhawuntimentalalism (GAO) inokuba nempembelelo enamandla kulo mgudu ukuba ixhaswa ngokwaneleyo kwaye ixhaswa. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga kufuneka liwanike amandla emfazweni ngokuwavumela ukuba aphelelwe lixesha emkhosini kwaye lifune ukuvunywa ngokucacileyo komkhosi omtsha.
Ukukhuthaza Idabi Elilawula Izaphuli-mthetho Nenkululeko
Ijaji kufuneka ibonise uthintelo, ibhekisa kwimithetho yokutolika njengoko ibhalwe kunokuba ibe yiyo abagwebi. Izigqibo zakutshanje eziye zasikelele umqathango wobumongameli, njengesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Trump v. IUnited States [2024]) kwiyokuthintela umongameli, zinganceda ekucaciseni imida. Kwangaxesha linye, iinkundla kufuneka zixhathise ukuhlaselwa kwezopolitiko kwinkululeko yazo. Ubomi babagwebi, imivuzo ekhuselekileyo, kunye nekhono lokugqiba amatyala akhululekile kwisongelo. Isiqinisekiso sokulungisa imo ye-stativeltivestiki kufuneka sibonise inkcelo yovavanyo lwe-pluecelo.
Ukuxhasa Uluntu Loluntu Nabemi Basekuhlaleni
Ulawulo lobumi olunolwazi luyingqikelelo olupheleleyo kwigunya likarhulumente. Abameli kufuneka baphendule abameli babo ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwegunya. Imibutho yabemi, ukusuka kwiZiko leZiko leLibhastile leNtshona Koloni ukuya kwiZiko le-Bipartisan Policy, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni izenzo zikarhulumente nasekukhuthazeni iinguqu. Iingxoxo zamaMedia kufuneka zixhathise ukuthatha icala kwiimfazwe zequmrhu kwaye endaweni yoko ingxelo yemigaqo ephantsi kwisibonda. Ukukholosa kwimibutho inokukhiwa ngokubonakala: kufuna isebe eliphetheyo libhenele ukuchaza ukuthethelela okusemthethweni kwezenzo zalo, ukwenza iimbambano ezifikeleleka ngakumbi, kwaye ukuvota okungena kwinkundla ephakamileyo kulandela onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo.
Utshintsho olufanelekileyo lomgaqo-siseko
Kwezinye iimeko, utshintsho lokwakha lungafuneka. Imida yemithetho yezigwebi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo inganciphisa izithintelo zomanyano kwaye inciphise inkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Izindululo zomGaqo-siseko ukucacisa imida yamandla alawulayo (ukuze kubonakaliswe, ifuna imvume yengqungquthela yesivumelwano nawaphi na amasebe ahlala ixesha elingaphezu kweentsuku ezingama-30). Izichaphazelo zotshintsho ezithiwe yi-eacece-ceces kwaye ezizimeleyo zigunyaziswe zingenza ukunciphisa antilicandelo kwaye ziyenze ibe nzima kakhulu kulawulo lwamasebe amathathu. Ezi zinguquko zinzima ukufikelela, kodwa zimele ungeniso olude lwede lwedemodekhrasi.
Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko Ethe rhoqo
Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente asingomatshini ozigcina ungenayo. Kufuna ugcino oluqhubekayo, ukuganana kukawonke-wonke, nokuvuma kwabo bonke abadlali ukuhlonela imida yesiseko somGaqo-siseko. Xa elinye isebe liba namandla kakhulu, linciphisa imigaqo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano olukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Imbali ibonisa ukuba ukuphambuka ngakungalungelelani kusoloko kuthe ngcembe-pheza-thu, okungathintelwanga, isigqibo esingathintelekiyo esimisela umzekelo. Ngokufunda kwimizekelo embalini nangokusebenza ngenkuthalo ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, abemi banokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wabo uhlala elungile, ethembekile, engobulungisa, kwaye ngokusesikweni. Ugcino lwezikombutho zedemokhrasi al-demokhrasi al'a asingomsebenzi wesizukulwana esinye apha, kodwa uxandulelwano lwabantu bonke abakhululekileyo.