Oorhulumente belizwe basisiseko solawulo lorhulumente waseMerika, benegunya elithe kratya kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi abangaphezu kwama-330 ezigidi. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe eWashington, D.C., ephethe ukhuseleko lwesizwe, inkqubo yamazwe asemzini, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe, oorhulumente balawula iinkonzo nemigaqo ebumba uluntu, imicimbi elona linempembelelo engqalileyo emsebenzini wakho, nekhaya lakho. Kumgangatho wendlela ohamba ngayo kwizifundo ezifundiswayo kwizikolo zabantwana bakho, oorhulumente bakwinqanaba eliphambili lokunxibelelana phakathi kwabemi norhulumente babo. Ukuqonda oorhulumente — indlela abalungele ngayo, amandla abawaphetheyo, nendlela onokubaphembelela ngayo — kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqhuba ubomi boluntu ngokunempumelelo.

Yintoni Urhulumente Karhulumente?

Urhulumente ngurhulumente wezopolitiko olawula elinye lamacandelo ezobupolitika angama-50 azimeleyo e-United States. Urhulumente ngamnye usebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko wakhe obhaliweyo — uxwebhu olumisela isiseko sokulawula, olubala amagunya amasebe amathathu, luze lukhusele amalungelo abemi balo. Le migaqo yorhulumente isoloko inde kwaye ichaza iinkcukacha ezininzi kunomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

Isiseko esisemthethweni segunya likarhulumente siSindululo seSihlalo seshumi kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., esigcina kumaphondo (okanye kubantu) onke amagunya angaphathiswanga urhulumente wesizwe. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa ngokuba yi-constatistment, umisela ummiselo obanzi nobhetyebhetye ogunyazisayo wokumisa imicimbi enjengempilo kawonke-wonke, imfundo, ezothutho, izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, amagunya asebenza njengeegumbi-demokhrasi, ukuzama ukuthatha imigaqo enokuthi kamva isetyenziswe ngokwesizwe — ukuhlaziselwa kwentlalo-ntle kwimimiselo yemekobume.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba oorhulumente bakarhulumente bahlukile koorhulumente basekuhlaleni (amalizwe, izixeko, iidolophu, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo). Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badalwa ngurhulumente yaye bafumana igunya labo kurhulumente, onokubaguqula okanye abaphelise.

Ukwakhiwa Koorhulumente Borhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye ubonakalisa umzekelo wesizwe wamasebe amathathu alinganayo: abaphathi, awiso-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho. Oku kwahlula amagunya kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinamandla kakhulu, kwaye isebe ngalinye linika ii-checks kwamanye. Noko ke, ukujikeleza okukhethekileyo kula masebe kuyahluka ngokwemeko nganye.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Irhuluneli yintloko yesigqeba sikarhulumente nesona sikhulu sibonakalayo esinyuliweyo. Ngokungafaniyo nomongameli wase-U.S., abalawuli bamazwe basoloko benolawulo oluphezulu loqingqo-mali, kuquka amandla omgca olwahlulo lwento (ukukwazi ukubetha izinto ezithile ezithe ngqo ezichithwayo ngaphandle kokukhupha ityala lonke). Kwakhona iRhuluneli zimisela iintloko zabameli besizwe, ukukhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli besizwe, kwaye ziyalela urhulumente ukuba akhusele (ngaphandle kokuba uGunyazo zimiselwe).

Amaphondo amaninzi akwakhetha ngokuzimeleyo irhuluneli, igqwetha jikelele, unobhala wephondo, umgcini-mali, kunye ne-coptorrer — isakhiwo esinokukhokelela kulawulo olwahlulweyo ukuba amagosa asuka kumaqela awahlukeneyo. Isebe eliphetheyo linee-dreadstars ezininzi kunye namasebe, kuquka abo bajongene nemfundo, impilo, ezothutho, imekobume, kunye nomsebenzi. Intlangano echanileyo iyahluka, kodwa onke amaphondo anenkqubo yenkonzo yelizwe eqhuba imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zinomthwalo wokwenza imithetho, ukuvuma uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, kunye nokwalathisa isebe eliphetheyo. Amaphondo angamashumi amane anesine aneendlu zowiso-mthetho ezi-bimeral (amagumbi amabini: Indlu yabameli okanye iNdibano, kunye ne-Catalog). Ekuphela komahluko yiNebraska, enendlu yowiso-mthetho engenayo, engeyoyantlukwano. Abameli bakhethwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwisithilini esivunwayo kwiminyaka elishumi emva kwe-U.S.

Imithetho yokwahlukana kakhulu ngokobungakanani nangocwangciso. Indlu entsha yeHampshire yabameli, enamalungu angama-400, yenye yeyona mibutho emikhulu ekhutshwayo ehlabathini, ngelixa i-Alaska House ine-40 kuphela. Ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zidibana ixesha elipheleleyo (umz., iKhalifoniya, iNew York), ngoxa ezinye, njengeTexas kunye neMontana, zibamba iintlanganiso zemali ezimiselwe yimiqathango elinganiselwe kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Iqela elilawula indlu yowiso-mthetho limisela izihlalo zeekomiti kunye nokuhamba kwemithetho, yenza imivolo entle yephondo.

Umsebenzi ongundoqo wendlu yowiso-mthetho ngamandla esi ngxowa-mali: kufuneka igunyaze yonke imali nerhafu. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuva, ukunyusa iikomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kwaye ekugqibeleni ivoti. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zikwanamandla okungawasebenzisi amagosa karhulumente, kuquka irhuluneli.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Iinkundla zikarhulumente zitolika imithetho karhulumente nomgaqo-siseko, amatyala angokwabantu nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye zinika imigaqo yokulungisa iingxabano. Le nkundla iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] iinkundla zezobuGcisa — ezisoloko zibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla eziphezulu, ezijikelezayo, okanye ezizisithili — apho amatyala aqala khona kwaye kunikelwe ubungqina.
  • Iinkundla ze-intermediate exambuliweyo — zikhona kumazwe amaninzi ukuphinda uhlolo lwezigqibo zenkundla evavanyiweyo (imodeli yequmrhu iyafana).
  • Inkundla ephakamileyo yesizwe — inkundla yamatyala okugqibela abandakanya umthetho karhulumente. Izigqibo zayo zigqibele ngaphandle kokuba ifaka umthetho karhulumente, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isenokungena khona.

Abagwebi bakhethwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: abanye banyulwa ngabavoti (ngokufuthi kunyulo olungelulo ucalulo), abanye bamiselwa yirhuluneli ngoqinisekiso lwemithetho, kwaye abanye bakhethwa ngenkqubo yokukhetha elungileyo (isiCwangciso seMissouri). Iinkundla zelizwe ziphatha uninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni e-U.S., ukusuka kumathikithi emoto ukuya kumthetho wentsapho ukuya kudibanisa iimpikiswano.

Imisebenzi yoorhulumente bakarhulumente ye-Core

Amandla oorhulumente bakarhulumente achaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi. Ngelixesha urhulumente wesizwe egxininisa kwimicimbi yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe, amaphondo ngabona balawuli abaphambili bemicimbi yasekhaya. Ngasezantsi yimida engundoqo apho isenzo sikarhulumente sinempembelelo enkulu.

Imfundo

Ngokunokwenzeka imfundo yeyona mbopheleleko ibiza imali eninzi nebekwe ngokwezobupolitika karhulumente. Ama-odolo ase-othom aseburhulumenteni axhasa izikolo zikarhulumente zeK-12 (ngokufuthi ngemigaqo elungelelanisa iirhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni), imisela imigangatho yokufundisa, inkxaso-mfundo, kwaye inike uvavanyo olusezantsi. Amazwe nawo ajonge iikholeji zikawonke-wonke kunye neeyunivesithi, ezisoloko zilungelelaniswe kwinkqubo yeyunivesithi elawulwa liqumrhutho labaxhasi okanye abathembekileyo. Iinkqubo zezemali ezisemali eziphezulu zichaphazela amanani enteleko, ubuchule bophando, kunye nokufikelela kubafundi abafumana imali ephantsi. [[FT.FLT:0]] IKhomishini yokufundisa ye-Ecustoliti ye-United States

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Amasebe esizwe esicwangcisa izinto zokuthutha, ukwakha, nokugcina iindlela, iibhulorho, izikhundla zenqwelo-moya, amazibuko, kunye neenkqubo zothutho zikawonke-wonke. Alawula uthungelwano lwendlela yohola wendlela, asasaza imali yoorhulumente, kwaye aqhube izithuthi ezingasebenziyo, kwaye alawula iindlela zokubhalisa imoto kunye nokunika isantya, acwangcise isantya, anyanzelise imilinganiselo yokhuseleko, abaphathi bezibuko kunye nabaphathi beendawo zokuthutha. Imeko yendlela kunye neebhulorho zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amaxesha, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, kunye nokhuseleko. Umzekelo, uMbutho we-American ye-Inginegers’s Ikhadi le-Inginetrablic LickerComment[

ISebe lezeMpilo neleMisebenzi

Oorhulumente balawula inkqubo ye-Medicaid (i-inshorensi yempilo ekhoyo yengingqi yephondo), ilawula iimarike ze-inshorensi yezempilo, iingcali zonyango lwezezonyango, iphethe izibhedlele zikawonke-wonke kunye nezakhiwo zezengqondo, kwaye iqhube amaphulo kawonke-wonke. Bakwalawula intlalo-ntle yabantwana, ukunyanyekelwa, kunye neenkonzo zokukhulisa abantwana. Isebe lezempilo lesizwe lihlola ukuqhatha kwezifo, ukuqinisekisa ukusela amanzi acocekileyo, kunye nokuhlola iivenkile zokutyela. Ngexesha le-COVIID . I-19, iijajijini, iijaji-jaji, amabamba, amagosa ezonyango esizwe enza izigqibo ezigxeka iirokhwe, amaphulo okuthintela, kunye nemisebenzi yezibhedlele, ukuqwa kwendima ephakathi yamazwe karhulumente kwimiqatha yempilo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni (kuquka umkhosi weendlela) anyanzelisa imithetho yeetrato kunye neyolwaphulo-mthetho, ngoxa amapolisa asekuhlaleni esebenza phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi kwaye zimisela isohlwayo, kuquka isohlwayo sokufa kwezo ngxelo zihlala zinjalo. Iinkundla zezorhulumente zisingatha amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho, ukusuka kumatyala angekho mthethweni ukuya kumatyala anzulu. Amasebe esizwe oqeqesho asebenza kwiintolongo, amaqumrhulubhlawulo agqiba ukukhululwa kwasekuqaleni, kunye namasebe ajongelathisa ityala equmrhulukwano.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nomgaqo-nkqubo woshishino

Amazwe aququzelela amashishini ngokukhutheleyo ngentshukumisa yerhafu, iinkqubo zokuqeqesha abasebenzi, kunye neeprojekthi zezenkqenkqele. Alawula i-inshorensi, izinto eziluncedo, kunye noshishino lwezorhwebo. Amasebe asebenzayo aseburhulumenteni amisela imithetho encinane yemivuzo, imithetho yokhuseleko, nembuyekezo yokungaqeshwa kwabasebenzi. Kwakhona anika inkxaso yezakhono zemisebenzi esukela kwabachebi ukuya koogqirha. Amazwe amaninzi anemivuzo encinane kunemivuzo ephantsi kwemali ephantsi kwegunya likarhulumente, ebonisa iindleko zemali zezoshishino zezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni.

Imithombo Yemvelo Nemekobume

Amazwe alawula amazwe kawonke-wonke (iipaki zasemasimini, amahlathi, kunye nemimandla yezilwanyana zasendle), alawula umgangatho womoya namanzi (ngokufuthi phantsi kwamathumelo asuka kwi-U.S. Ulawulo lwemigodi kunye nokumbiwa kwe-oyile, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yokuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona kwe-oyile. Amaphondo alawula amathafa neendawo zokuloba. Amasebe ezobume zendalo akwalo akwakhupha imvume yemizi - mveliso kunye nomgangatho wongcoliso wongcoliso. Ngokomzekelo, iKhalifoni, ithelekelelo olungqongqo oluneyo oluchaphazela wonke ushishino lwezithuthi ze-omatshini.

Ukhetho nolawulo lokunika inkxaso

Oorhulumente bamisela imithetho yonyulo, kuquka imiqathango yovota, amaxesha okuvota angaphambili, ii-posi jnin boloti, kunye neemfuno zovoti. Batsala kwakhona ingqungquthela kunye nemfuno yephondo emva kobalo ngalunye lomthetho — inkqubo enokuba yeyokurhoxa kakhulu. Amatyala karhulumente aqhele ukuba ngamagosa onyulo ayintloko kumaphondo awo. Ezi zigqibo zinempembelelo enkulu ekuvoti-godule nasekwenziweni kweziphumo. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yoluvo lomthetho woRhulumente inguquluko lwemithetho yonyulo ngaphaya kwamatyala.

Indlela Oorhulumente Ababuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Kulula ukutyeshela indlela oziqhelisa ngayo izinto oziqheliselwayo ngokomthetho nenkqubo karhulumente. Qwalasela usuku oluqhelekileyo: uvuka kwikhaya elakhiwe ngokwemithetho yokwakha; amanzi owaselayo ahlangabezana nemilinganiselo yobunyulu karhulumente; uqhuba inqwelo - mafutha ukuze usebenze kwiindlela zikarhulumente usebenzisa ilayisensi yomqhubi ekhutshwa ngurhulumente; isikolo umntwana wakho afunda kuso ulandela iimfuno zoludwe lwezifundo zikarhulumente; ishishini apho usebenza khona uhlawula irhafuzo zengqesho-o yerhafu yamazwe yaye ulandela imithetho yempangelo; yaye ngokuhlwa, unokubukela irhafu yerhafu okanye irhafu yerhafu elawulwa yinkonzo yerhafu yentsapho. Kwano mtshato, ukuqhawula umtshato, ukugatya umntwana, ukugcinwa kwelifa — lilawulwa kakhulu ngumthetho wezomthetho.

Iinkqubo zerhafu zikarhulumente ziyahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe, njengeTexas neFlorida, akanayo irhafu yengeniso yobuqu kodwa axhomekeke kwirhafu ephezulu yempahla. Ezinye, njengeKhalifoniya neNew York, zinerhafu ehamba phambili nerhafu elungeleleneyo. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela ingeniso oyifumanayo, indleko yezindlu, nomgangatho weenkonzo zikawonke-wonke okhoyo kuwe. Ngokufanayo, imithetho karhulumente ephathelele ubunini bemipu, ukuqhomfa, ukulingana kwe-cannabis, kunye nomlinganiselo womtshato uyahluka kakhulu. Ukuhamba kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye irhafuthezo kusenokuvakalelwa njengokunqumla ilizwe elahlukileyo ngokuphathelele le miba.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Korhulumente Norhulumente Womanyano

Oorhulumente basebenza kwisakhiwo solawulo lorhulumente, esidala ulwalamano olunamandla noluthanda ukuxabana norhulumente wesizwe. UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika urhulumente worhulumente ukuba adweliswe (umz., ekhupha imali, evakalisa imfazwe, elawula urhwebo lwamazwe) kwaye agcine ezinye eziseleyo kumazwe. Ngokuqhelisa, umgca ungafiphaza. Umthetho weSizwe uphakamile phantsi koMgaqo-siseko ka-Supremacy Claus — xa urhulumente norhulumente ungquzulana, umthetho worhulumente uyalawula, kodwa kuphela ukuba iBhunganiso lusebenza kwigunya lawo lomGaqo-siseko.

UMthetho weNkxaso kaManyano usoloko unamaqhina adityanisiweyo. Umzekelo, uthi ukwamkela imali yohola wendlela kufuneka kwamkele iminyaka encinane yokusela eneminyaka engama-21, inkqubo enyanzelisayo ukuba amazwe athobele nangona enegunya lawo elingokwesithethe kumgaqo wotywala. Ngokufanayo, i-Affordal Care Act efunekayo kumazwe ukwandisa iMedicaid (okanye ukuphulukana nemali karhulumente) — imfuneko yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni ayisayi kunyanzelwa ngokuhlawula yonke imali. Le mizabala ihla ihla-mthetho ihlaziywa rhoqo, kunye nokulungele ukutshintsha kweenguquko kwezobupolitika eWashington nakumakomkhulu ephondo.

Phezu kwazo nje iinkxwaleko, ulwalamano lwaseburhulumenteni lukwasebenzisana. EUnited States izalisekisa iinkqubo ezininzi zelizwe (umz., uMthetho woMgaqo woLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle, uMthetho weManzi, uKhuseleko loKhuseleko noMgangatho we-Occupal) kwaye ifumana izibonelelo zenkxaso-mali kuphuhliso loluntu, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle. USA.gov umgaqo wolwazi lwesizwe we-unika izixhobo zokuhamba la mithetho yahlukeneyo.

Indlela Yokusebenzisana Norhulumente Wakho

Urhulumente wephondo ufikeleleka ngakumbi kunorhulumente wesizwe, kwaye ukuthembisana kwabemi kunokuba nempembelelo ecacileyo. Nazi iindlela eziliqela ezisebenzayo zokuthabatha inxaxheba:

  • Ukuvota kwesizwe. Izizwe zemithetho ne-gabernarial zisoloko zingena ngezantsi kunonyulo lomongameli, ithetha ukuba uvotelo lwakho luthwala ubunzima obungaphezulu. Iinkqubo ezininzi zikarhulumente zigqitywe ngamanyathelo okuvota okanye ama-arhente, apho ungavota ngqo kwimithetho.
  • Jonganisela abamisi-mthetho besizwe sakho. Amalungu endlu karhulumente kunye ne-senate amela isithili esincinane kunesithili sombutho, ezibangela lula ukufikelela. I-imeyili okanye umnxeba owenzelwe ukufowunelwa kakuhle unokuba nempembelelo kwisikhundla sawo kwirejista. Yazi abameli bakho ngewebhsayithi yendlu yowiso-mthetho.
  • ivavanywa ekuchotshelweni kukawonke-wonke. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zikarhulumente ziva amatyala ajingayo. Ungasayina ukunikela ubungqina ngomlomo okanye ukhuphe amagqabaza abhaliweyo. Le yindlela engqalileyo yokuxhasa imiba oyikhathaleleyo, ukusuka kwimali yesikolo ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume.
  • Athemide iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu kunye neendawo zasekuhlaleni. Abamisi-mthetho abaninzi bamazwe baba neziganeko kwisithili sabo ngexesha lekhefu. La ngamathuba okubuza imibuzo, ukuvakalisa inkxalabo, kunye nenethwekhi kunye nabanye abemi abathenjiweyo.
  • Ngenela iqela loluntu okanye lobugqwirha. Intlangano ezifana noManyano lwaManyano lwaMasipala, Isizathu Esiqhelekileyo, kunye namaqela orhulumente acacileyo enkupho anika uqeqesho, ukulungelelanisa imigudu, kwaye kwabelana ngeenkcukacha ezingemiqathango yowiso-mthetho.
  • UPhumelela kwiofisi yobulali okanye yesizwe. iibhodi zesikolo, amabhunga ezixekweni, kunye nezihlalo zikarhulumente zowiso-mthetho zindawo ezifikelelekayo zokungena kubantu abatsha kwezobupolitika. Ubuchule nolwalamano olwakhelwe kula manqanaba lungakhokelela kwisikhundla esiphezulu kunye neenguqu zenkqubo ezinentsingiselo.

Isiphelo

Oorhulumente bangaphezulu kakhulu kunezixhobo zokulawula zenkqubo karhulumente — banamandla, bangamaqumrhu azimeleyo amisela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wemfundo yakho, ukhuseleko lweendlela zakho, ixabiso lerhafu yakho, kunye namalungelo akho. Ngokuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo, oko kuthe kwanempembelelo ekwakukukuyiphumeza ngayo ezo zigqibo, uba ngumxhasi ongonolwazi olungakumbi kwidemokhrasi. Ukuba ukhetha kumlinganiselo wendlela yokufumana imvume, ungqina kwimali, okanye ngokulula ukugqiba ukuba uhlala phi, izenzo zikarhulumente wakho ziwalungisa amathuba akho nekamva lakho. Ukusebenza norhulumente wakho akuthethi nje ukuba ufanele uthethe ukuba kusini na kusini na olawula ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.