Ukuziswa Kumgangatho Karhulumente

Urhulumente wase-United States usebenza njengenkqubo egqunywe ngomaleko elungiselelwe ukulinganisa amandla nokunceda abemi kulo lonke umgangatho. Ukusuka kwibhodi yesikolo sengingqi ukuya kwii-Iasethi zeBhunga, ithala ngalinye (lonk, lommandla, kunye norhulumente) unezixanduva ezahlukileyo kwaye unxulumana noluntu ngeendlela ezikhethekileyo. Ukuqonda le mida ibalulekile kungekuphela nje kukufundisa uluntu ukufunda nokubhala kodwa kwakhona ukukhuthaza ngempumelelo utshintsho, ukufikelela kwiinkonzo, kunye nokugcina amagosa anyuliweyo ebekelwe kwityala. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo lunika ukujonga okucacileyo kumagunya, imisebenzi, kunye nokunxibelelana kukarhulumente kumgangatho ngamnye, kunika imizekelo eqinile nesebenzisekayo yokufumana ubumi

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Usondelelane Kakhulu Nabantu

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usisiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngeenkonzo ezifana nokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, isikolo sikawonke-wonke, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni, nezigqibo zolawulo lwezomthetho. Kukho amaqela karhulumente asekuhlaleni angaphezu kwama-90 000 eUnited States, kuquka amabala, oomasipala, iilokishi, imimandla yesikolo, iintlanganiso zephondo, neebhunga zesikolo.

Imisebenzi kaRhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezibangela intlalo-ntle yoluntu.

  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic:[ amasebe amapolisa, iinkonzo zomlilo, ukusabela kongxamiseko, kunye nokulungiselelwa kwentlekele. Amaziko asekuhlaleni asoloko emisela amaxesha okufika kwexesha, imithetho yeetrafiki, kunye nemimiselo yengxolo.
  • Imfundo:[ Izikolo zikawonke-wonke zilawula iK-12, ziqesha othisha, zimisela imigangatho yokufundisa phantsi kwemigaqo yorhulumente, kwaye zinikezela ngoqingqo-mali. Iibhodi zesikolo zinyulwa ngqo kuninzi lwengingqi.
  • Isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi kawonke-wonke: ugcino lweendlela zasekuhlaleni, iindlela, izibane zesitrato, izikhuseli zokusebenzisa amanzi, iinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi amdaka, iipaki, kunye namathala eencwadi kawonke-wonke.
  • [[NT.:0] Isiqabu kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu: amasebe onyango lwasekuhlaleni aqhuba iikliniki zokugoma, iivenkile zokutyela, ulawulo logutyulo, kunye nokubonelela iinkqubo kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, kunye nonyango lokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuzinika nomhlaba Umsebenzi: iibhodi zokucwangcisa kunye neekomishini yokulungisa indawo zigqiba ngendlela umhlaba onokusetyenziswa ngayo/ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe, kwezorhwebo, kwemizi - mveliso, kwezolimo, kwezolimo. Ezi zigqibo zibumba ubume bobume bengingqi, ubukho bezindlu, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho.
  • Irhafu yempahla ingumthombo oyintloko wengeniso kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ezinye irhafu ze-ving okanye irhafu yengeniso yasekuhlaleni. Izigqibo zoqingqo-mali zichaphazela iinkonzo ezifana neepaki, ukulungiswa kweendlela, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Ukunikela Ngoncedo lweeHolo zeDolophana Neentlanganiso zamaBhunga

Iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophana ziphawuleka ngedemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni. Zinika abemi i-compum ukuba babuze imibuzo, baphakamise inkxalabo, banikele amagalelo kwimibandela esukela kwinkqubo yokulungisa ipaki ukuya kutshintsho olucetywayo oludityanisiweyo lwendawo. Ukuganana okunempumelelo kuhambelana nangaphezu kokuya kwiintlanganiso: abemi bayakwazi ukusebenza kwiibhodi zolawulo, ukubalekela eofisini, ukujoyina imibutho yasekuhlaleni, okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kumaxesha okuphendula esidlangalaleni. Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni ngoku bahlala ezintlanganisweni kwaye bayawamkela amagqabaza, benza ukuba igalelo lufikeleleke ngakumbi. Ukuqonda umjikelo wemali wasekuhlaleni, xa kusenziwa ngabahlali belizwe ukuze babe nempembelelo yokwenene ekusebenziseni imali.

" urhulumente wengingqi apho irabha idibana khona kwindlela kwidemokhrasi. Ummi angabona ingxaki kummandla wabo("ikhanyiso olungenayo isitrato, umngxuma, umngxuma wokhuseleko(iindlela ecacileyo yokuyithetha nelungu lebhunga lesixeko okanye umalathisi wemisebenzi kawonke-wonke."

URhulumente WeRhulumente: Imikhosi yeDemokhrasi

Oorhulumente banendima enamandla kwinkqubo karhulumente wase-U.S. phantsi koMgaqo-siseko we-U.S., amagunya angowanikwanga urhulumente worhulumente okanye angavunyelwanga kumazwe agcinelwe oorhulumente okanye abantu. Oku kunika igunya elibanzi ngemfundo, ezothutho, imithetho yezonyango, umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, intsapho, kunye nemigaqo emininzi yezoqoqosho. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho, isebe elilawulayo (igovernor kunye namanye amagosa aseburhulumenteni) kunye nenkqubo yenkundla.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zorhulumente

  • Imfundo: Amazwe amisela imigangatho yemfundo yesizwe ngokubanzi, anika uvavanyo olusezantsi, ajonge uvavanyo, agunyazise uqeqesho, anike inkxaso-mali kwimimandla yesikolo. Amazwe akwalawula iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke neekholeji zoluntu.
  • I-'transport':[ amasebe karhulumente ezothutho okwakha nokugcina iindlela zikarhulumente, iibhulorho, iinqwelo-moya, iintambo zoololiwe, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke.
  • Imali ephambili: Amazwe anika iMedicaid (phantsi kolwalathiso lukarhulumente), aqhuba iirabhorato zempilo kawonke-wonke, alawula izibhedlele namakhaya asebeza, kwaye aphumeze iintengiso ze-inshorensi yezempilo. Amasebe ezempilo karhulumente afumana izifo ezasulelayo kwaye alungelelanisa ukusabela kongxamiseko.
  • Unikezelo lomthetho kunye nezilungiso: Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni ajikeleza kwiindlela zelizwe kwaye anika inkxaso yomthetho kumasebe asekuhlaleni. Amasebe okulungisa urhulumente asebenza iintolongo kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha isigwebo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho nawabemi, kuquka umthetho wentsapho, izivumelwano, kunye nokwenzakala kobuqu.
  • [[NTL: 0] Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho: Amazwe anika izisusa zoshishino, iinkqubo zoqeqesho lomsebenzi, iinshorensi yokungaqeshwa, kunye nenkxaso yezoqoqosho. Akwalawula ushishino olunjenge-oyile negesi, ezolimo, kunye nezithengiso.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume: Amazwe amisela umoya nomgangatho womgangatho wamanzi, alawule ubuncwane bendalo, ajonge ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, kwaye anyanzelise imithetho yemeko-bume esetyenziswayo isebenzisana ne-Arhente yoKhuselo lwemekobume (EPA).
  • Unyulo:[ Ama- States anika urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni(ukubhalisa abavoti, ukumisela iinkqubo zokuvota, ukuzoba izithili zowiso-mthetho, kunye neziphumo ezigunyazisayo.

Indima yaBagwebi neZilawuli zikaRhulumente

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe (ngaphandle kwenkqubo yeNebraska engangeni magumbi amabini) ziquka amagumbi amabini: indlu esezantsi (esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yiNdlu yabameli okanye iNdibano) kunye nendlu ephezulu (iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso). Zidlulisa imithetho karhulumente, zivumela uqingqo-mali, zivumela ulawulo lukarhulumente, ziqinisekisa ukumiswa kwamadinga, kwaye ziyakwazi ukukhupha amatyala aphezulu. Irhuluneli isebenza njengomphathi-ofisi oyintloko, ummiselo wemithetho-mthetho, imiyalelo yegunya lesizwe, kwaye inika umthetho wesizwe imvume. Inkqubo eyomeleleyo [[[FLT:] i-[FLT] isebenza kunye nomlinganiselo we-lifect: i-aviced, i-gconfto, i-gconftive, i-condscces, kwaye i-mthetho-octivess, i-octivesss.

Abahlali bangabandakanyeka kumgangatho karhulumente ngokuqhagamshelana nommeli okanye ummeli wequmrhu labo, ekuququzeleleni iikomiti zezowiso-mthetho, ekunikeleni ubungqina kwiityala ezicetyisiweyo, ekuvoteleni kunyulo lwephondo (kuquka iPrimerimes yerhuluneli nendlu yowiso-mthetho), kwaye kwanokwenza amanyathelo okufaka izicelo kumazwe amaninzi. Amakomkhulu ephondo asoloko efikeleleka ngakumbi kuneWashington, D.C., ewenza asebenze ngokungqalileyo ukubhalisa imvume.

UmGaqo-siseko weRhulumente kunye naMagunya agciniweyo

Urhulumente ngamnye wamkela umgaqo-siseko wakhe, osoloko unikela ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunoMgaqo-siseko wase-U.Ngomzekelo, umgaqo-siseko omninzi worhulumente uqinisekisa ilungelo lemfundo, lomgangatho wemekobume, okanye ilungelo lokuzimela okugqitha kwimigangatho karhulumente. La maxwebhu alinganisela amandla karhulumente kwaye akhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. 10] IsiHlaziselo soMphetho [ ku-U.S. umGaqo-siseko ocacileyo uqinisekisa ukuba kunegunya lokugcina amagunya kumazwe, njengamandla okulawula ushishino lweziko-state, unyulo, unyulo, kunye nokuseka oorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Urhulumente woManyano: ISicwangciso

Urhulumente wesizwe ungowona mgangatho uphakamileyo karhulumente eUnited States, ojongene nemicimbi yesizwe neyomhlaba wonke. Amagunya awo adweliswe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., onika igunya kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukhuselo lwesizwe, urhwebo lwamazwe, imali, ukugunyazisa, umgangatho womelo, kunye nenkqubo yeposi. Urhulumente wesizwe udlala indima enkulu kwimimandla efana nentlalo-ntle yoluntu, amalungelo asekuhlaleni, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, nomgaqo wezoqoqosho ngako kuMgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi isi-gaqo-siseko [[FLT: 0]] i-ammente yomthetho kunye efunekayo [FLT]] nemithetho efanelekileyo].

Amasebe Karhulumente Womanyano

UmGaqo-siseko wahlula amasebe amathathu amandla orhulumente, ngalinye linee-checks kwamanye:

  • Isebe elisebenzayo: Likhokelwa nguMongameli, onyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, oyalela inkqubo yamanye amazwe, usebenza njengoMyaleli-iNkulumbuso wemikhosi, umisela iijaji kunye namalungu ekhabhathi (ngokuqinisekiswa kweCatenat), kwaye angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya. Isebe eliphetheyo liquka amasebe equmrhu alishumi elinesihlanu ekhabhatene (umz., uRhulumente, uBugqeba, uLawulo, iDawula, iDasko-mfundo) kunye namakhulu abameli abafana ne-Federal Bureauniauniaunt of Avestigation, kunye ne-Sinkonzo seSizwe se-Monga.
  • Isebe elinomthetho: Iqumrhu leBhunga-ngqungquthela(100 amalungu, ababini) neNdlu yabameli (amalungu angamashumi amane anesihlanu, ahlulwe ngabantu). IBhunga lenza imithetho, iirhafu, igunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali, ivakalisa ukuba imfazwe ilawula urhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle, kwaye iyakwazi ukususa uMongameli okanye abagwebi besizwe. INdluneli iyaqinisekisa ukumiswa nokuququzelelwa nokuqulunqwa kwezivumelwano.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Isebe leMithetho yeKhomishini: Iphethwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, neenkundla zesiphaluka ezili-13 zezibheno kunye neenkundla zesithili 94. Iinkundla zoManyeneyo zichaza umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho yephondo, zicombulula iimpikiswano phakathi koorhulumente, kwaye zihlola ubugqeba bomgaqo-siseko kunye nezenzo zolawulo. Amandla uphengululo lwezobucukubhede [iiiiiiinkcukacha-mthetho] , i-Marbury v. Madison[[FLD:5] [183]]) ivumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imigaqo echasene nomGaqonga.

Amagunya Noxanduva

  • Ukhuselo lohlanga: Isebe lokhuselo lilawula imikhosi exhobileyo (Umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi womoya, umkhosi wamanzi, iMerine Corps, uMkhosi weNtlanganiso weNtlanganiso). IBhunga kuphela lingavakalisa imfazwe, kodwa uMongameli angathumela amajoni iintsuku ezingamashumi amathandathu phantsi kweSigqibo semfazwe.
  • [[NTL:0] Imicimbi yasebuRhulumenteni: ISebe leSizwe liqhuba uthethano, lisingatha izivumelwano, amaphulo okundwendwela, kwaye lilawula ulwalamano kunye namanye amazwe. UMongameli uququzelela izivumelwano (ekubhekiseleni ekudityanisweni kweCandelo) kwaye wenza izivumelwano zegunya namazwe asemzini.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Inkqubo yezoshishino: ISebe leNgxowa-mali liqokelela iirhafu, lilawula izimali zesebe, lishicilela imali, linyanzelise imimiselo yemali. IFederal Reserve (inkonzo ezimeleyo) imisela inkqubo yemali. IBhunga linikezela uqingqo-mali nemithetho yerhafu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukhuseleko lokhuseleko nokhuseleko lweMedica: Ulawulo loKhuseleko lweNtlalo lunika intlawulo yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kunye neenzuzo zokukhubazeka. Iziko leMedicare & Iinkonzo zeMedicaid ziqhuba i-inshorensi yezempilo yabakhulileyo, abantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye neentsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi.
  • Amalungelo e-Civil: ISebe lamaLungelo eSizwe liqinisekisa imithetho echasene nocalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, isini, ukukhubazeka, unqulo, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe. I-Unime Accomplication Opportountion Commission (EOC) isingatha ucalucalulo lwasemsebenzini.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukhuseleko lwe-Environmental: I-EPA imisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yomgangatho womoya namanzi, ilawula izinto ezinetyhefu, kwaye ijonge ukuhlanjululwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi. Amazwe adla ngokumisela iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo zelizwe phantsi kwegunya elinikezelweyo.
  • Ulwahlulo kunye neZiko: Isebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS) lilawula ukhuseleko lomda, ulungiso-mthetho lokufuduka, ukwenziwa kwendalo, kunye namasiko. Iinkundla zolwamkelo ziyinxalenye yeSebe loBulungiseleli.

Unxulumano lwamanqanam kaRhulumente

Akukho mgangatho karhulumente osebenza ngokuzimela. Imithetho yomanyano imisela imilinganiselo encinci enokuthi idlule (umz., ingeniso encinane, imimiselo yokusingqongileyo). Amazwe anikela iinkqubo ezininzi ze-oventili karhulumente, njenge-Medicaid kunye nokungaqeshwa. Urhulumente wongingqi uzalisekisa iimfuno zikarhulumente zemfundo, impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Le nkqubo yokudibanisa ibizwa ngokuba yi- inkqubo yombutho yesizwe yequmrhu.

Imizekelo yeeNdlela zokuXhasa

  • Ukunika urhulumente wezwe unika intlawulo-innity kwimimandla neendawo zeendlela, imfundo (Isihloko I, I-IEA), impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nenkxaso yentlekele. Izibonelelo ezininzi ziza neemeko (imiyalelo epheleleyo ekufuneka ilandelwe ukuze ufumane imali).
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ii-arhente ezilawulayo: Ama-United States amisa imithetho yemeko-bume phantsi kwe-EPA igqiza. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni anganyanzelisa imithetho yeziyobisi ngemikhosi yemisebenzi. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kusoloko kusebenza ngeFBI kunye ne-DHS kuphando lwamalungu.
  • Inyathelo eliphambili: Ama-United States angavelisa iinkqubo ezintsha (umz., imilinganiselo engqongqo yezithuthi ezikhupha imoto) ephembelela imithetho karhulumente. Urhulumente wengingqi angakhulula imithetho karhulumente kwimimandla yegunya elipheleleyo, njengendawo yokufuduka okanye ukurhwexa.
  • Izihlanganisi zeInterstate:[ Ama-United States angafaka izivumelwano kunye, ezivunyiweyo yiBhunga, ukuphatha ubuncwane obabelweyo njengamalungelo amanzi, ukunyanzeliswa kolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., i-Interstate Identificiation Index), okanye iipaseji zezithuthi.

Isifundo Setyala: Uhambo Olusuka kwiHolo Yedolobha Luye Kwindlu Emhlophe

Qwalasela indlela inkxalabo yasekuhlaleni ngokusela okungakhuselekanga enokuthi ikhule ngayo ngomlinganiselo karhulumente: Ummandla waseFlint, eMichigan, ekuqaleni waphakamisa inkxalabo kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu malunga namanzi asetyenziswayo. Amagosa asekuhlaleni ayengenabo oovimba belothe. Ngoko ke umba othunyelelwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, eyaphikisanayo ngenkxaso-mali yesiseko samanzi. Amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni (EPA ne-HUD) aphengulula amacebo, kwaye kamva iBhunga lamanzi iInfractive Reformations for the National Act. Ekugqibeleni, uMongameli wanika uncedo loMphathi-ongameli wanika uncedo lwexesha-mcimbi. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela iingxaki ezikhoyo emazantsi ezinokubangela ngayo ukusetyenziswa koncedo lwamanzi kwintlawulo lonke lorhulumente.

Isizathu Sokuba Nibandakanye Imibandela Kuwo Onke Amanqanaba

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kurhulumente akupheleli ekuvoteleni kunyulo lomongameli. Enyanisweni, iiofisi zasekuhlaleni kunye nolorhulumente zisoloko zinempembelelo ekhawulezileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla: iirhafu zempahla, umgangatho wesikolo, izenzo zamapolisa, ukuhlahlela okuchaphazela ukufumaneka kwezindlu, nemeko yeendlela nepaki. Kodwa umvoti uvulela umgangatho wonyulo lwasekuhlaleni ungaphantsi kwama-25%. Ukuqonda amagunya kumgangatho ngamnye kwenza abemi bahlasele ityala ngokunempumelelo: ukuqhekeza izitrato yingxaki yesixeko, umgaqo osisiteshi esikwimeko karhulumente enxulumene ne-DOT, kunye nesivumelwano sokuzikhusela kumele ukukhuthazwa kweBhunga.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokusebenzisana Ngayo Ngaphandle Kokuncoma Abanye

  • Intlanganiso zikawonke-wonke ezithe zathelekelelwa:[ ibhunga lesiXeko, ikomishini yengingqi, ibhodi yesikolo, ikomishini yokucwangcisa, ukuchongwa kwekomiti yowiso-mthetho karhulumente. Ngoku ezininzi zixutyiwe.
  • Igqabaza likawonke-wonke: Abameli abaninzi bamkela amagqabaza abhaliweyo kwimithetho ecetyisiweyo. Kwimimiselo karhulumente, sebenzisani imimiselo.gov.
  • [[FLT: 0] Unxulumano lwamagosa anyuliweyo: A myalezo omfutshane, obuqu usebenza kakhulu kunokwenza oonobumba. Fumana amagosa akho e USA.gov.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwiibhodi kunye neekhomishini: iibhodi ezininzi zasekuhlaleni kunye norhulumente (indawo, iipaki, ithala leencwadi, imigaqo-mthetho) zinezihlalo zabemi. Izivumelwano zisoloko zenziwa ngumphathi-dolophu, irhuluneli, okanye ibhunga.
  • Icandelo lokubala: Ubalo-manani oluphelelisiweyo lumisela ukumiswa kombutho wombutho kunye nemali engamawaka ezigidi kwimali karhulumente. Imigudu yokubalwa kwabantu basekuhlaleni ifuna amatsha - ntliziyo.
  • UPhumelela kwiofisi: Ukuqala ngebhodi yesikolo, ibhunga lesixeko, okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe iyindlela yokwenene yokuphembelela inkqubo.

Isiphelo: Ukuba ngummi Onikwe Amandla Kufuna Ukuqonda Umaleko

Ukusuka kwiholo yedolophu yasekuhlaleni ukuya kwiWhite House, amagunya karhulumente asasazwa ngabom ukuqinisekisa ukusabela, ukukhusela inkululeko, nokuvumela uhlaziyo. Akukho mgangatho mnye ungacombulula yonke ingxaki. Izakhamuzi eziyiqondayo le sakhiwo zingaqhuba i-ofisi, zigcine amagosa ephendule, kwaye zimele zikhuthaze iinguqu eziphuculayo kuluntu lwazo. Inkqubo ye-U.S. ayisoloko isebenza kakuhle, kodwa yenzelwe ukuba ifikeleleke. Ngokuyazi apho zinokulathisa khona amandla azo. //iiiindawo yesakhiwo sesixeko, i-sentenentene, okanye isincedi-orhulumente sorhulumente, okanye i-Americans zingenza amalizwi abo aviwe kwaye zilungise imigaqo elawula ubomi babo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-U.S., jonga kuMathala oMkhosi woMkhosi woBuzwe: umGaqo-siseko kunye ne Conrever.gov iqonga lolwazi lomthetho. Ulawulo lwemeko lufumaneka ngewebhthi nganye yegunya lorhulumente.