Imvelaphi Nenjongo Yeekomiti Zobumbano

Inkqubo yekomiti ligumbi le-injini leBhunga lase-United States. Xa iKhomishini yokuqala yahlanganiswa ngo-1789, umsebenzi wawuthoba, yaye umsebenzi omninzi wowiso-mthetho waqhutywa yiNdlu epheleleyo okanye iNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala. Njengoko ilizwe landisa kwaye urhulumente wesizwe wathatha iimbopheleleko ezintsha . Ngokufana nokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, ukulawula amazwe kawonke-wonke, kunye nokwakhiwa kwamatyala . . . .entlabanzi beminyaka yeenkulungwane ye-19, omabini awazi ukuba kufuneka amaqela aphantsi akhethekileyo ukusingatha ubuntlola bolawulo.

IiKomiti zamiselwa ngokusemthethweni ukuvumela ulwahlulo lomsebenzi. Endaweni yamalungu onke eNdlu yabameli (435 amalungu) okanye iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso (elikhulu) ziphikisana luhlu ngalunye lwemali, iikomiti zithatha unyuso olunzima. Zihlolisisa umthetho ocetyiweyo ngeenkcukacha, zibiza amangqina, ziqokelela ugcino-lwazi, zize zincomela utshintsho. Esi sakhiwo senza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isebenze kakuhle kwaye sivumela amalungu akhulele ubuchule obunzulu kwiindawo ezithile zenkqubo ethile, ukusuka kwezolimo ukuya kwimicimbi yamagosa.

Inkqubo yekomiti ikwasebenza njengomgcini wesango. Inkoliso yeminxeba ayizenzi ziphume kwikomiti. Lo msebenzi wokudityaniswa komgangatho uthintela ukusonganyelwa zizicelo ezicingisiswe kakubi okanye eziphantsi. Kwangaxeshanye, iikomiti zinikela i-fomm kwiimbono ezincinci. Nokuba ngaba iqela lilawula uninzi, amalungu ekomiti eqela elincinane anokunikela ezinye iimbono, icebisa ukupheliswa, kunye nengxoxo kawonke-wonke kwimibandela edidanayo.

Iindidi Zeekomiti Zicacisiwe

IBhunga lilungelelanisa umsebenzi walo ngeendidi eziliqela ezahlukeneyo zeekomiti, nganye inemisebenzi nexesha elithile. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kunceda abemi bafumane ukuba liliphi iqela elinoxanduva loko.

Iikomiti Ezimileyo

Ezi zizinto ezisisigxina ezikhoyo ukusuka kwiNgqungquthela ukuya kwenye. Zii-ashera zesebe lowiso-mthetho. Ikomiti nganye emileyo ilawula kwindawo ebanzi yenkqubo `njenge Komiti yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlela kunye neMathetho[ (irhafu nengeniso), iKomiti esebenzayo kwiMasigqeba kwiiMany Relations, okanye iKomiti yendlu ye-Agriculture. Amalungu asoloko ekhonza kule komiti iminyaka emininzi, ukwakhiwa kolwazi. Ikomiti exhasayo inegunya lokunikela umthetho kwigumbi elipheleleyo, kwaye inazo ezinye iipropati ezidiethi ezithene.

Khetha iiKomiti

Kwakhona ezi zibizwa ngokuba ziikomiti ezikhethekileyo, ziziqumrhu zokwexeshana ezenziwe ukuphanda umba othile okanye ukufundisisa ingxaki engaphandle kolawulo lweekomiti ezikhoyo. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu Yokukhetha Indlu Yokwenza Ingxelo yohlaselo lwaManyano kuManyano ye-United States Capitol yaba yikomiti ekhethiweyo. Xa ikomiti ekhethiweyo igqiba uphando lwayo ize inikezele ingxelo yokugqibela, iyacima. Khetha ikomiti azisoloko zinawo amandla okuxela umthetho, nangona isenokuncomela ukuba ikomiti emileyo ngegunya elinxulumene nemithetho ithathe isenzo.

IiKomiti ezidityanisiweyo

Ezi komiti ziquka amalungu avela kwiNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo. Zisetyenziselwa ukusingatha izinto ezichaphazela omabini amagumbi, ukuququzelela ulawulo lombutho wobuququzeleli boorhulumente abathile, okanye ukufundisisa imibandela ephindaphindwayo. Imizekelo iquka iKomiti eLawulayo kwirhafu kunye neKomiti ePhawulayo kwiThala leencwadi . Iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo zisoloko zinikela ingxelo yemithetho ngqo; endaweni yoko, zikhupha iingxelo okanye zixolelanisa ngokwahlukeneyo ngokwethu. Kodwa, zinokuba nempembelelo kwiKomiti edityanisiweyo kwirhafu enika uqikelelo lwerhafu.

IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Xa iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlela ikhupha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti yengqungquthela isekwa ukuze ilungise ukungafani. Le yindawo yolawulo yexeshana eyenziwe ngamalungu aphezulu avela kwiikomiti zolawulo kwigumbi ngalinye. Ikomiti yengqungquthela ivelisa ulalaniso olunye, oluthi ngoko lubuyele kuwo omagumbini omabini ukuze kulungiswe ivoti-edesi. Iikomiti zengqungquthela zinyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, inika inkoliso yeqela kwigumbi ngalinye ithuba lokugqibela lokulungisa iziphumo.

Indlela Iikomiti Eziwuphembelela Ngayo Umthetho

Iikomiti azihloli nje kuphela iindleko; zilungisa ngokukhutheleyo. Le nkqubo ilandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo.

Ukubuya Kwentliziyo Nokuva

Xa kuvezwe ityala kumacala amabini, umphathi-mikhosi olawulayo ulibhekisa kwikomiti efanelekileyo esekelwe kumbandela wayo (inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-testaral). KwiNdlu, iSpeaker ilawula kakhulu ii-metals, ngoxa iseKhenate, umphathi olawulayo ulandela imithetho yegumbi kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ehlonela imigca yekomiti elawulayo. Emva kokuba ikomiti iyakwazi ukuva ukuba inkcazelo iqokelelwe. AmaNgqina anokuquka iingcali, amagosa karhulumente, abameli bezoshishino, kunye nabameli bamashishini. Izakhono zivulelwe eluntwini kwaye zisoloko ziqulutyelele i-intanethi, zinikela ukukhanya kwinkqubo yokwenza imithetho. Abahlali be-Propolathisi bangafaka ubungqina obubhaliweyo okanye kwanesicelo sokuvela kumntu oomantwini abathile.

Ukuphawulwa Nokuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango

Emva kokuvakala, ikomiti isiya “kwinkcazelo-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono apho amalungu engxoxo e-intexs kwilayini yephepha. Ukuphawula kusenokubande kwaye kubenengxabano. Isitulo sidla ngokulawula ucwangciso kunye nomyalelo wesilungisi, kodwa iqela elincinane linganikezela ezinye iindlela. Uguqulelo lwemali ephuma ekuchongeni idla ngokwahluka kakhulu kwisiqalo sokuqala. Oku kulapho umthetho ulalanisa kuxokelelwano. Umzekelo, isibhengezo somgaqo wemeko yemeko yemeko-meko- bunganceda ekuqiniseki ukugcinwa komthetho ngexesha lolwaniso lolwandolo lolwando lolwando lolwando lolwalo lwezigqibo.

Ukubonelela

Xa iqukumbela, ikomiti ivota ukuba inganikela ingxelo yokuba ityala lifanele ukubhaliswa (ngendlela okanye ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa) kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Abaninzi bagqithisa imali ngaphandle kwekomiti. Ikomiti ngoko ikhupha ingxelo echaza injongo yetyala, iintengiso ezenziwe, kunye nokuqiqa emva kwazo. Ukuba ityala lichazwa ngokungafanelekanga (ukunconywa ukuba igumbi alifuni) linokuziswa phantsi, nangona inqabile. Ityala elininzi lifa kwikomiti ngenxa yokuba isitulo siyangafuni ukucwangcisa umbulelo okanye ukuvota. Oku “ukubonakala kwangaphandle kwetyala” kusisixhobo esinamandla seqela elikhulu lokubulala umthetho ngaphandle kokuvota.

Imisebenzi yeKomiti kunye noomatshini

Ukufumana kwikomiti elungileyo sesinye sesigqibo esibaluleke kakhulu esenziwa lilungu leBhunga. Isabelo sisekelwe kubukhulu, kukhetho lwenkokheli, kunye nezilangazelelo zobuqu kunye neemfuno zesithili zelungu. Ummeli wesithili solimo uzakufuna indawo yokuhlala kwiKomiti ye-Agriculture. I-sentenetor esuka kurhulumente wonxweme isenokujolise kurhwebo okanye kwimekobumebume kunye nemisebenzi kawonke wonke.

Inkokeli zeqela kwigumbi ngalinye ."iNkokeli yeNdlu kunye neMajorty Hole kwiBhunga-marker/nesithethi sokugqibela sokuba ngawaphi amalungu ahlala kuwo iikomiti. Zikwagqiba ukuba umlinganiselo woninzi lwamalungu amancinane. Kwindibano, iqela elikhulu lilawula isitulo sekomiti nganye. Isitulo simisela ucwangciso, sigqiba xa kuvela ukuva nokuchonga, kwaye silawula abasebenzi bekomiti. Ilungu elikwisikhundla esiphezulu (lelonalona lungu leqela likhulu) liphambili likhokela kwikomiti.

Amandla phakathi kwekomiti akasasazwa ngokulinganayo. Isitulo singasebenzisa amandla e-subpulpoena [ ukunyanzela ubungqina okanye amaxwebhu, ucwangciso okanye izithintelo, ulawulo okanye ubuncwane. Izihlalo ezingaphantsi zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo. Unyuko lusekho, kodwa ukunyaniseka kweqela kunye nokuxhasa intlawulo kubaluleke kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Iikomiti ezinamandla zibizwa ngokuba “A".[8] iikomiti (zibandakanya iikomiti, Iindlela kunye ne-AProphithis, Iindlela kunye (Indlu) / Imali (Indlu) ingumthetho, iMimiselo, kunye norhwebo. Amalungu ale komiti athenjiswe kwimpembelelo yokusebenzisa iindleko, iirhafu, kunye nemithetho.

Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke

Iikomiti zeKhomishoni ze-Congregational zenzelwe ukuba zivuleke kuluntu ngokubanzi, nangona iqondo lokubona ngaphaya komahluko. Iikomiti ezininzi zivakala ngowonke-wonke kwaye zisasazwa kwii-website ezisemthethweni zegumbi ( Indlu.gov kunye ne [FLT] . .[FLT] .GOV[[[FLT]]] .GOSHMBIIINTH'A.[[[FLT:]][2][FLT]]

Abahlali banokuba nenxaxheba ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • Ifaka isiqinisekiso phambi kwekomiti: Ngelixesha amangqina amaninzi emenywa sisitulo okanye ilungu eliphezulu, abemi abaqhelekileyo maxa wambi bangacela ukungqina. Amaqela anomdla asoloko elungelelanisa ubungqina kumabali obuqu anxulumene nomthetho.
  • Amagqabaza abhaliweyo: Iikomiti zisoloko zivuma ugqabaza lukawonke-wonke malunga nomthetho olindele okanye imiba ephantsi kofundo. La magqabaza aqukiwe kwirekhodi esemthethweni.
  • Xa ufuna ukuchongwa: Uninzi lweendlebe luvuliwe kuwonke-wonke. Khangela i-website yekomiti ukwenzela ucwangciso nokhuseleko.
  • Ukudibanisa ummeli wakho okanye umququzeleli wakho: unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo ne-ofisi yelungu lungaphembelela izinto eziza kuqala kwiikomiti. Abasebenzi abasebenza kwisabelo sekomiti yelungu basoloko belandela uonobumba abazayo, ii-imeyili kunye nonxulumano.

Noko ke, asinguwo wonke umsebenzi wekomiti obonakalayo. Owona msebenzi uphambili wengxoxo udla ngokwenzeka emva kweminyango evaliweyo, phakathi kweenkokeli zeqela nezihlalo zekomiti. Amatyala edrafti angagqitywa kwintlanganiso yabucala, ashiye uwonke ungenathuba lininzi lokuphembelela okubhaliweyo ngaphambi kokuba kube ngumthetho. IKomiti yendlu yeMimiselo, umzekelo, isebenza ngeqondo eliphezulu lokufihla imfihlo. Igqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afumana ixesha elide, ukuba lide kangakanani na ithuba lokuthetha, kwaye oko kupheliswa kuvumelekile kuvumelekile, kwaye kuvumelekile kuvumelekile njani ukumisela imithetho yendlu yonke igumbi.

Indaleko yeeKomiti

Inkqubo yekomiti ayizange ikhule ibe yiyo ngokupheleleyo. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1800, iKhomkomfa yaxhomekeke ku “khetho lwekomiti” lokwexeshana kwityala ngalinye. Oku kwangqineka kungasebenzi kakuhle, yaye ngoo1820, omabini amagumbi aqalisa ukuyila iikomiti ezimileyo. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, inkqubo yakhula yaba ziikomiti ezingaphezulu kwe-100 kunye neekomiti ezincinci. Umthetho wokwandiswa kwemiqathango ka- 1946 wanciphisa kakhulu inani lawo kwaye wacacisa izakhiwo zale sakhiwo sangoku. Iziguqulo ezithe zangenye kweziququ ezigunyazi eziphezulu zonyaka we-70, ukubonakala okuphezulu, ukubonakala, kunye namandla alinganiselweyo ekomitini.

Namhlanje, kukho iikomiti ezili-19 ezimileyo kwindlu kunye ne-16 kwiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kunye neekomiti ezininzi ezincinci kunye neekomiti ezikhethiweyo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka iguquka. Umzekelo, Jan. 6 Khetha iKomiti [ kwiBhunga le-117th eliqhutywa phantsi kwemithetho engaqhelekanga, yaye lamiselwa nguSithethi--luvo, yaye lalingenamalungu amancinane emva kweNdluphene leNdlukwano engazange ivume ukuba nenxaxheba. Oku kwabonisa ukuba ekugqibeleni ikomiti ingukhetho lwezobupolitika, hayi imfuneko yomGaqo-siseko.

Imida Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Yekomiti

Ngoxa iikomiti zibalulekile, azinaziphazamiso. Abahlalutyi bakhomba iingxaki eziliqela eziphindaphindwayo:

  • Ilock ye ``````I-'0] nokulibazisa: izihlalo zekomiti zingavala umthetho ngokungenasiphelo. Umthetho othandwayo ungafa ngaphandle kokuvota ukuba isitulo siyawuchasa.
  • Impembelelo yenzala ekhethekileyo: amalungu eKomiti afumana inkxaso engalinganiyo kwiphulo loshishino phantsi kolawulo lwawo. isiphumo sesango elibophelelayo" sithetha ukuba iqela lamalungu lingathintela utshintsho oluza kwenza umonakalo kwabanikeli abanamandla.
  • Imisebenzi yeKomiti yokwahluka-hluka: iphenjelelwa kakhulu kukukhula, okuthetha amalungu amatsha (ithetha ukuba) abonakalisa ngcono ngakumbi ukumila kwelizwe, qha angenampembelelo. Amabhinqa namalungu amancinane abekwe ngokungenakulinganiswa “kwizikhundla eziphezulu”, njengalawo aqhubana nemicimbi yentlalo kunokuba akhusele imali okanye inkxaso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwenza kube luncedo: Inkokeli zeQela zidlula ngokuqhubekayo iinkqubo zesithethe zekomiti. Iinkokeli zingasebenzisa “ukususa ukubetha igalelo lokumisela” okanye ukuseka imithetho evaliweyo ethintela abambalwa ekunikezeleni iintengiso kumgangatho. Oku kunciphisa umsebenzi owenziweyo weekomiti.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, iikomiti zihlala zisesona sithuthi siphambili sokuyila inkqubo encinci kwiBhunga.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa I-oda Yekomiti

Kubalulekile ukuba abemi abafuna ukulandela ityala elithile okanye umbandela othile, baqhubeke bephambili kumsebenzi weekomiti. Nawa amanyathelo asebenzayo:

  1. Yazi ikomiti ngokulawula. Sebenzisa iiwebhsayithi zekomiti yeNdlu neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso .Inkoliso yoluhlu lolawulo lwayo, i-roster eyilungu, kunye nokuchotshelwa kwetyala okuzayo.
  2. Hlola iCult Record yoMkhosi wamanzi kunye nokucofa kweekomiti. Iikomiti ezininzi zibhengeza uphawu kunye nokuva iveki enye ingekadluli.
  3. Sebenzisa iingoma zesithathu njenge GovTrack.us okanye .gov ukufumana izilumkiso kwizenzo zekomiti.
  4. Hlala uhleli okanye uphulaphule iindlebe ezigciniweyo kwimijelo Yakho elondolozwa ziikomiti ngazinye okanye kwiNdlu esemthethweni nakwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso equkuqelayo.

Ukuqonda iikomiti kunika abemi amandla okuba baphendule abameli babo. Xa amathematini emali enziwe, isizathu sisoloko sisithi isitulo sekomiti asivumi ukucwangcisa ukuvota. Ukwazi ukuba sisiphi isitulo sekomiti esinembopheleleko, kwaye ukuba bamela yiphi isithili okanye urhulumente, bavumela abavoti ukuba basebenzise ingcinezelo ngexesha elililo.

Ikamva Leekomiti

Ubugcisa buye batshintsha umsebenzi wekomiti. Iindlebe ngoku zisoloko zihlala zihleli, kwaye amagqabaza kawonke-wonke angafakwa kwi-intanethi. Ugcino-lwazi luvumela iikomiti ukuba zilandele impembelelo yomthetho ngokuchanekileyo. Noko ke, amandla angundoqo (ii-palitiki, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokuxambulisana okukhethekileyo). Njengoko iBhunga lizama ngenkqubo entsha efana nobuchule bokuyila, iikomiti zingafuna ukutshintsha ulawulo lwazo kunye nezakhiwo zalo. Abanye abameli babiza iikomiti ezidityaniweyo ukuba zinyanzelele ukunyanzela intsika ezidityaniswe kwimidathanga yekomiti ukunciphisa ukuxinzeleka kwamandla. Nokuba kutheni na kuvela iinguqulelo, iikomiti ziya kuhlala kwintliziyo yenkqubo ye-gcontrogen, kwaye ziqondane zimele zibubuchule obubalulekileyo kuko nakuphi nako nako nako obukhoyo.