Ukwazisa: Isiseko somGaqo-siseko solawulo

Ulwalamano phakathi kweBhunga neSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu luyinxalenye esisiseko yenkqubo yezobupolitika eMelika. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko, abaphaphele amandla aphambili, ngabom bayila urhulumente onamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo asabelana ngamagunya. IQela Ndinika iKhomishini yonke igunya lowiso-mthetho, kodwa abaseki bakwaqonda ukuba imithetho iyodwa ayinele kwaye imele ixhaswe ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kulapho ulawulo lweququzelelwano luvela njengomsebenzi obalulekileyo. Ngokuva, uphengululo, kunye namandla engxowa, amacandelo eBhunga, amagosa, ingcebiso, kunye nokuphembelela izenzo zeSebe eliphetheyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umongameli kunye nabameli borhulumente bahlala benoxanduva ngokufanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kobungameleli, inkqubo yokuhlola nolungelelaniso olufanelekileyo, nokulawula kolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi iya kuba buthathaka.

IBhunga lase-U.S., eliyilwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, linendima ephambili ekunyamekeleni isebe eliphetheyo. Oku kuvelela akuyonto nje esebenzayo; yinkqubo eqhubekayo, eqhubekayo elawula inkqubo kwaye ithintela ukuxhatshazwa. Kulo hlalutyo lwandisiweyo, sihlolisisa iindlela, iziganeko zembali, imingeni, kunye nekamva lolawulo lombutho-ngquthela.

Ukuqonda Ulawulo Lweengqungquthela

Ulawulo lweKhomishini lubhekisela kwinkqubo apho iKhomishini ijonga khona iNkqutyana yeSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu, kuquka amasebe karhulumente, amasebe, kunye neNdlu eWhite. Isiseko somgaqo-siseko sobuveleli sifumaneka kwiQumrhu I, elinika iNkqulu yeeKhosamandla okwenza imithetho, kunye nebinzana elifanelekileyo nelifanelekileyo (Icandelo 8, iCandelo lika-Celausce I, elibonisa igunya lokuphanda ngemicimbi enxulumene nomthetho. Ngokubhekele phandle, indima yeNtsimbi ye-Cantene ekuqinisekiseni ii-mfene neesivumelwano ezinika omnye umaleko wokulawula. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ixhasa ububanzi bani bamandla e-Austriavenve, njengoko kujongwa kwiimeko ezifana [FLDict:0]. uDaugra. v [FT.27] kunye ne-R.][2]

Ubuchule Bokulawula

IiKhomishini zisebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuze ziphumeze iimbopheleleko zazo. Inkqubo nganye ifeza injongo ekhethekileyo kwaye inokusetyenziswa ngokudityanisiweyo ukuze kubonwe imigaqo yesebe eliphetheyo.

  • iikomiti zeBhunga-ngqungquthela zingenisa uwonke-wonke okanye zivale ukubuzwa amagosa aphezulu, iintloko zeenkampani, neengcaphephe. Ezi ntlanganiso zinokuba zezongquzulwano okanye zezentsebenziswano, kodwa zisoloko zijolise ekuqokeleleni ulwazi nokucinezela ukuze ziphendule. Imizekelo iquka ubungqina obuvela kuonobhala beKhabhinethi bokuzalisekisa inkqubo okanye ukubhenqisa impempe ebhenca ububi.
  • Ingcebiso: IBhunga lingaqalisa uphengululo olusesikweni kwisebe eliphetheyo elithelekisa ukuziphatha okubi, inkunkuma, okanye ukuxhatshazwa. Ii-axinariti ezincinci zinyanzela ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu nobungqina. Uphengululo olukhulu, olufana nolo lwengxaki yemali yowama-2009 okanye ukuphendula kwi-COVID-19, luye lwaguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke-wonke kunye nesenzo somthetho.
  • Ulawulo lwezicwangciso: Ngamandla engxowa-mali, iBhunga liyavuma okanye liyakhanyela ukuxhasa ngemali iinkqubo zesebe. Eli gunya lilelona lisebenzayo ukukhangela/ukusika, ukulibazisa, okanye ukubeka izicwangciso, iBhunga zinganyanzela abameli ukuba batshintshe ikhondo okanye bamisele imisebenzi ethile. I-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoRhulumente (GAO) inceda ngokuphicotha imali yolawulo lukarhulumente.
  • [[NTL:0] Isiqinisekiso kunye neSigqibo: Indlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli ngokwezikhundla eziphezulu kunye nabagwebi besizwe. Le nkqubo yokuziphindezela iqinisekisa ukuba oomatshini bafaneleke kwaye banetyala kwiBhunga ngexesha lokulawula kwabo.
  • Jikelele i-Insteevator: Congress emiselwe yiNjenganiso Jikelele (IGs) kumasebe amaninzi azimeleyo njengeenja. IGs inikela ingxelo kwiintloko zeziko kunye nakwiNgqungquthela, inika ukuqukuqela okuqhubekayo kweengxelo zobuveleli kunye nezilumkiso zobuqhetseba.
  • I-Vito ePhakamileyo kunye nezigqibo: Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha phantsi iveto yewignol kwiINS v. Chadha [19983], iBhunga lisasebenzisa imfuno ze-statory ekuxeleni, amalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga, kunye nezigqibo zokungamkeli (umz., phantsi koMthetho weNgqungquthela) wokuphembelela ulawulo lwequmrhu.

Inkqubo nganye inamandla kwaye ilinganiselwe. Ukuva kunokubangela imixholo yemidlalo kodwa maxa wambi kungamabala aphezulu kwimidlalo yezopolitiko. Uphando lufuna ixesha kunye nezinto. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali ithe tha kwaye ithe qwa. Ngoko ke ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukuxutywa kwezixhobo, ukhokelo lwekomiti oluzingisileyo, kunye nentsebenziswano ye-bipartisan.

Ukubaluleka Kokuxilonga Nokulungelelana

Ingcamango yokuhlola nokulinganisela ingundoqo kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngokuvelela iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu, iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye likarhulumente elinamandla kakhulu. Olu lungelelwano lubalulekile ekukhuseleni imigaqo yedemokhrasi nasekulondolozeni ukuthembana kwabantu kurhulumente. UJames Madison waphikisana kumlawuli weFederal No. 51 ukuba "Isigqibo kufuneka sicetywe ukulwa namabhongo." Ukulawula kusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwalo mgaqo: iBhunga, iqumrhu elinyuliweyo elinamandla alo linesiseko salo, linozisusa negunya lokuthintela ukulawulwa kwegunya eliphetheyo.

Ukulawula kukwasebenza indima ebalulekileyo yolwazi. IBhunga alinakusebenza ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kokuqonda indlela ephunyezwa ngayo imithetho ekhoyo. Ukuva nokuphanda kutyhila iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, ukungaphumeleli kolawulo, kunye nemimandla apho kuyimfuneko umthetho omtsha.

Imbali: Ukumiselwa Kweliso

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, bekukho amaxesha abalulekileyo agxininisa indima yeNgqungquthela ekujongeni iSebe eliLawulayo.

  • Iteapoke Dome Scampal (1920s): [[FLT] Umququzeleli uThomas Walsh wakhokela ekuphandeni okufihlakeleyo kokuncitshiswa kwe-oyile egcinwe emkhosini kwiinkampani zabucala. Ijenali yabhenca urhwaphilizo kulawulo oluqinileyo kwaye yaphumela ekuqinisekisweni nguNobhala weSizangaphakathi Albert Fall .] Ilungu lokuqala leKhabhinethi elivalelwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho eofisini.
  • ITruman-MacArthur Conflict (1951):[FLT] Emva kokuba uMongameli uTruman etshise uGeneral Douglas MacArthur ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, iBhunga laphulaphula ukuvavanya ihambo yemfazwe. Iindlebe zacacisa ulwalamano lwemikhosi yasekuhlaleni zaqinisekisa umgaqo wokulawula umkhosi wabemi.
  • [[NTL:0] Watergate (1973-74): Uphando kuqhawulo-phu lweWatergate kunye nogqumo olulandelayo lwakhokelela ekuchotshelweni kwembali yombutho. IKhomishoni yeCandelo i-Matergate, ebekwe nguSam Ervin uMphathi, yaveza ipakethelo lokuxhatshazwa eyanyanzela uMongameli Nixon ukuba arhoxe. Oku kuhlala kungumzekelo obalulekileyo wokukhusela umGaqo-siseko.
  • Iran-Contra Affiir (1986-87): Congress yaphanda ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo zomsholotho eIran, iziphumo zayo zaye zaphethulelwa kwabavukeli beContra eNicaragua ngokophula umthetho. I-Iran-Contatra yaphula idebe lomgaqo wobuzwe kwaye yakhokelela kutshintsho kulawulo lobuntlola.
  • Imposiso yoMphathiswa (1998, 2019-20): Ukwamkelwa kooMongameli Clinton noTrump obekiweyo amandla apheleleyo eBhunga eliphetheyo okugcina intloko izakuphendula ngenxa yehambo engalunganga. Nangona kungaphumela ekususweni, iinkqubo zavavanya imida yolawulo kunye nokuphendula kwezobupolitika.

Ezi ziganeko zibonisa ukuba xa iNkqulu ibonisa ngamandla igunya layo lokuvelela, inokuwahlola amandla aphakamileyo kwanaxa kukho umoya onamandla wezobupolitika.

Uhlolisiso Lolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Uhlolisiso olungqalileyo lwetyala lunokubonisa ukuphumelela nocelomngeni lobungangamsha bobubutho. Ityala ngalinye lityhila amandla ahlukeneyo asebenzayo — ukuxhasa, iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni, nendima yamajelo eendaba.

Uphando Olubangelwa Ngamanzi: Umzekelo Wophando LwaseBipartisan

Ihlazo leWatergate laqala njengesaphulo kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic kodwa ngokukhawuleza laya lifikelela ekusebenziseni kakubi igunya. Indlu yeMathena Yokukhetha Ikomiti kwiMisebenzi yeCandelo loMongameli, ephethwe nguSam Ervin (D-NC), waqhuba iindlebe ezithe zajoliswa ngemfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mthe. Amangqina angundoqo, kuquka nesokuqala kwendlu emhlophe yeNdlulekiswano uJohn Dean, wanikela ubungqina malunga nokugqunywa kwesombululo. Umsebenzi wekomiti, udityaniswe nomphengululi okhethekileyo womtshutshisi we-Spresentethi, wakhokelela ekukhutshweni kwe-tein-tein yemipul, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwemithetho yoRhulumente. Imeko yamanzi ibonisa indlela ulawulo lombutho-ntle olusebenza ngayo ngokunelisayo, umlawuli we-depo, kwaye uxhasa ekuphandle.

I-Iran-Contra Affir: Ubuchule bokulawula phantsi koqeqesho

Ngo-1986, kwaphuma iindaba zokuba ulawulo lukaReagan lwathengisa izixhobo ngokufihlakeleyo eIran (emiselwe njengomxhasi wesizwe wabanqolobi) ukukhusela ukukhululwa kwabathinjwa eLebhanon. Iziphumo zanikwa abavukeli baseContra eNicaragua bechasene nokuthintelwa kwenkxaso-mali. IBhunga laphendula ngokuphandwa yiKomiti yeNdlu neBhunga leNtsimi elawula iNdebenzo neNtlalo elawulayo nekomiti elawulayo ekhetha ikomiti ekhethekileyo. Noko ke, iindlebe zabhenca ijelo zabhenca ijelo lokusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo okuqhutywa yiBhunga lesizwe ngaphandle kwemijelo eqhelekileyo. Eli tyala laphumela ekumangalelweni kwamagosa amaninzi, kuquka no-Oliverence North, kwaye lakhokelela ekuvelisweni komthetho woLawulo lwezikhundla lwezenzo zodumo.

I-Trump Impetances: Ukujongwa phambili kwiXesha leNqanawa

I-2019 ukuphengululwa koMongameli Trump ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye nokuthintelwa kweBhunga, kulandelwa kukucetyiswa kwakhe kwesibini kokuxhokonxa imvukelo ngo-2021, kwabalaselisa indlela ukuphengululwa kolawulo ngocalucalulo. Uphengululo lokuqala olusekelwe kwisicelo sikaTrump sokuba iUkraine ihlole umbangi wobuzwisiswano wezobupolitika. Indlu yaqhutywa kwaye yachola amanqaku okungathobeli kwimigca yeqela. IBhunga leNtsimbi laphela ngokuvalela. Ngokunjalo, i-Capitol i-mthetho yesibini isenokuyilawula iNdluvovo kodwa i-Hlund i-Hlue-emele. Ezi zenzo zibonisa ukuba xa ulawulo luba luneede lungakhutyeki kakhulu, lungalahlekelwa yimpembelelo yayo kwaye ibe sisixhobo sezixhobo. Noko ke, baphinda baqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lobundla lokuhlola igunya lokuhlola kunye nesiphumo se-Stempriant.

Ukulawula kweNtsabelo yeCOVID-19

Ngexesha lesifo se-COVOID-19, iikomiti ezininzi zengqungquthela. Njengendlu Ekhethiweyo kwiNdlu Yeziqendu zeKhompyutha eCoronavirus Crisis . kwaye yakhuthaza ulawulo lwe Trump nolweBiden iimpendulo. Iindlebe zahlola ukuqengqeleka kovavanyo, ukufumaneka kwe-PPIE, ukusasazwa kwemiqhano, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali. Le migudu yakhokelela ekuchongeni kokungaphumeleli kwemithetho kunye nokuyilwa komthetho wokunikela uncedo olandelayo. Noko ke, ukuphikisana ngobungakanani bophando kunye nokungalawuleki kwamagosa athile ukuze anikezele okanye anikeze amaxwebhu athintela. Ubeko lwamava abonisa imfuneko yokusebenza kwemiqatha, imithombo ekwazi ukuqhela ukumelana nokukhawuleza kwemeko.

Ucelomngeni Lokulawula Iimbutho

Nangona iBhunga linegunya lokuvelela iSebe Elilawulayo, lijamelene nocelomngeni oluninzi olunokuthintela ukuphumelela kwalo.

  • Iparisanshi: Ukunyuka kwentsebenziswano yezobupolitika kungalinganisela intsebenziswano ye-bipartisan efunekayo ukwenzela ulawulo olunempumelelo. Xa izihlalo zekomiti neNdlu emhlophe zikwiqela elahlukileyo, uvelela kusenokuba yinjongo encinci. Ngokuchaseneyo, urhulumente odityanisiweyo angakhokelela ekuyekeni uphando, njengoko kuboniswa ngexesha lolawulo lokuqala lweTrump xa iiRiphabliki zilawula omabini amagumbi kunye nokusondela kumongameli.
  • Ilungelo lokuphumeza: Oomongameli bangabiza ilungelo eliphezulu lokungalufumani ulwazi kwiBhunga, becaphula imfuneko yecebiso eliyimfihlo okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Nangona elo lungelo linesiseko esisemthethweni, liye landiswa kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje ukuvala uludwe oluninzi lwamaxwebhu nobungqina. Iimfazwe ezingaphaya kwelungelo lolawulo oluphezulu zingalilibazisa uphengululo kangangeenyanga okanye iminyaka, ngamanye amaxesha ziphela ngemithetho yenkundla engasombululi ngokupheleleyo impikiswano.
  • Iziphene ezisisiphelo: Iikomiti zoNcedo zisoloko zingenabo oovimba kunye nabasebenzi abafunekayo ukuqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo. Inani lamalungu abasebenzi abangoogcisa kwiikomiti zobuveleli liye lehla ngokunxulumene nobukhulu besebe eliphetheyo. Ngaphezu koko, iikomiti kufuneka zikhuphisane ukuze zifumane ingqalelo, uqingqo-mali, kunye nezithuba zeekomiti. I-ofisi ze-akhawunti zikaRhulumente kunye nee-Ascesterers General helpercorent help, kodwa azinakuthabathela indawo yebungameli bekomiti ephakamileyo.
  • Imisebenzi ye-Arhente elawulayo yale mihla ikhulu kwaye inzima. Iziphumo zequmrhu zininzi kwaye zinzima. Icandelo lemimiselo, zilawula uqingqo-mali oluninzi, kwaye zisebenza kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo. IBhunga lidla ngokuzama ukugcina isantya, lixhomekeke kwimiba elinganiselweyo kunye neendlebe ezigquma inxalenye yomsebenzi.
  • Ukuvuthuza okukhawulezileyo: Ngelixesha abavuli-mlozi befuneka ekutyhileni iingxaki, basoloko bejongene nempindezelo. Ingqungquthela idlulise imithetho efana noMthetho weWottlecupper Protection Act, kodwa ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlala kungafani. Ukunqongophala kwesiqhagamshelanisi esikhuselekileyo sokutyhilwa kungadimaza abangaphakathi ekuzeni phambili.
  • Ulwazi olugqithisileyo kunye nokugcwala okudibeneyo: Kwixesha leendaba ezingama-24 nee-media, uphando lombutho-ndaba, ukukhuphisana kwengqungquthela ukuze kuqwalaselwe uluntu. Ukuva okugqithisileyo kungagqunywa zezinye iziganeko, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kumphathi-ntloko ukuze athobele. Ngaphezu koko, amajelo-ndaba angamisela imisebenzi yokuphatha njengohlaselo lwe-ratyatyasi kunokuba afake ii-chekezo zomthetho, ukuphelisa ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke.

Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kufuna utshintsho lwamaziko kunye nokutshintshwa kwenkcubeko ukuya kubeka ityala kuncedo lwabanqolobi.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Njengoko isimo sezobupolitika sitshintsha, indima yeKhonkquko yokuvelela iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu iza kuqhubeka ibalulekile. Ukuphumelela kwalo mphathi kuya kuxhomekeka ekuzimiseleni kwawo omabini amaqela ukubeka ityala elibalulekileyo naxa ebonakala kakuhle kurhulumente, kwanaxa kunzima ngokwezobupolitika.

Iinkalo ezininzi ziya kubumba ikamva lobuveleli: ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kwemiyalelo yegunya ukudlula kwiKhomishini, ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha kunye nenkqubo yobugcisa, indima ekhulayo yorhulumente wolawulo, kunye nokunokwenzeka kwempikiswano efuna ungenelelo lwemeko-bume yasemva kokujikeleza komnyango.

Utshintsho Oluza Kubakho

Ukuze baqinise ulawulo, iingcali nabaqulunqi bomthetho baye bacebisa utshintsho oluninzi:

  • [[NT.:0] Ukulawula i-Bipartisan sebenzisana: Ukwakha iikomiti zolawulo ezidibeneyo okanye ukufuna abasebenzi bobupartisn ukwenzela uphando oluthile lunganciphisa iqhina le-grid. Inkokeli ezisuka kuwo omabini amaqela kufuneka zivumelane kwimithetho esisiseko yezicelo zoxwebhu kunye nobungqina.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukunyuka kweNgxowa-mali kunye nezibonelelo: Ingqungquthela kufuneka inikezele imali eninzi kubasebenzi bekomiti, ingakumbi kuphando. I-ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo, i-Accounting Office yoLawulo kaRhulumente, kunye neNkonzo yoPhicotho-zincwadi lweKhompyutha eMkhosi-Mkhosi kufuneka ixhaswe ngokuqhubekayo ukubonelela uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo.
  • Ukusungula iziKhokelo eziBalulelayo kwiLilungelo elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: IBhunga lingakhupha umthetho ocacisa umlinganiselo welungelo lokulawula nokufuna iimpendulo ezifike ngexesha kwi-topoenas. Ukuseka inkqubo yokugweba ekhawulezileyo yengxubusho kungathintela iminyaka yokulibaziseka.
  • Ukhuseleko lweWhistlepulter oluqinisayo: ukwandisa imijelo yokunika ingxelo ekhuselekileyo nokuqinisekisa inkululeko yeeNyanga ezijongeneyo jikelele zingakhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba baxele ukunganyaniseki ngaphandle koloyiko. Imivuzo yokuvunywa kwemivumo eqinisekisiweyo inokuba nobuveleli obuphakathi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicwangciso ezithe rhoqo zokulawula: Ikomiti nganye ingafuneka ukupapasha ucwangciso lobuveleli lwaminyaka le, ukuchaza amacandelo aphambili kunye namasebe. Oku kuya kwandisa ukubonakala nokugxininisa koovimba.
  • Ubuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka-xhaka: Ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukukhangela ukwenziwa koshishino nokuva ii-amondys zingadibanisa iindlela zolawulo lwesithethe. Ingqungquthela kufuneka ifake kwizixhobo zemivo ukwenzela ulawulo loxwebhu kunye nohlalutyo.

Ezi nguqulelo azipheleli nje, kodwa zimela isiqalo sokuqinisekisa ukuba iNkomfa inokuyiphumeza imisebenzi yayo yomgaqo - siseko kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Isiphelo

Ekuqukumbeleni, indima yeKhomishini ekunyamekeleni iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu ibalulekile ekulondolozeni imigaqo yedemokhrasi nokuziphendulela kurhulumente. Ukusukela kusungulo lolawulo lwezobundlobongela kwiimeko ezinkulu zembali yaseMerika, ukuvelela kuye kwaba sisiseko sokwahlukana kwamagunya. Iinkqubo zokuva, uphando, ulawulo, kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linezixhobo zokuhlola amandla olawulo oluphezulu, kodwa zisebenza kuphela njengoko kuza kuthanda. Njengoko ubuchule bokulawula, ilungelo eliphetheyo, kunye nokusikelelwa kwemali kusemgangathweni, kubalulekile ukuze iNgqungquthela ilungelela imicimbi nokuqinisa amandla ayo okuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lweziko lusoloko lunokuphendulwa ngabantu. Ikamva likarhulumente we-Riphabliki lixhomekeke ekuphaphaphaphelweni.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, bona i I-Conal Service yophando.gov isiseko sesiseko semithetho, i-ofisi ye-odoli yokwalathisa ye-Project yophicotho-zincwadi kunye neengxelo, i-[[FLT] Inkonzo yophando-phando [[FLT]] kumthetho wobuveleli, kunye i-ConilGeneral General General Host kuMfezeko kunye nobuchule ukwenzela uphatho.