Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-United States sinkqubo elungiselelwe ngabom neyilwe ngobuchule yokukhusela ukuxineneka kwamandla nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo. Njengoko kuchazwe kuMgaqo-siseko, amandla ahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo: iMithetho-siseko, iSigqeba, kunye ne- Justivior. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya, asekelwe kwiinjongo zokukhanyiselwa, neencwadi zeMontesquieu, yayiyintsabelo esingqalileyo kumalungu oonorhulumente baseburhulumenteni kunye nolawulo lwamaBritane. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko babefuna ukudala urhulumente okwazi ukusebenza kakuhle ngoxa benokulumkela inkululeko nganye. Ukuqonda iindima ezahlukileyo, iimbopheleleko, kunye nokudlala amasebe ngamanye amasebe akuyo nje izifundo; ulwazi olubalulekileyo kuye nabani na ubani onqwenela ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Kubafundi kunye nabafundi, ezi ntlobo zobundcudiogn, iingxelo zabo zezo zezobupolitika, neengxoxo zabo, ezithethanazo zezopolitiko.

Isebe Lomthetho: Injini Yokwenza Imithetho

Isebe loMthetho, elimiselwe kwiGatya I loMgaqo-siseko, lelona khonkco lingqalileyo phakathi kwabantu norhulumente wabo. Umsebenzi walo oyintloko kukwenza imithetho yohlanga. Kodwa ke, indima yalo ingaphezulu kakhulu kunomthetho olula; lisebe leBhunga, elimiselwe ngokumelo, ulongamelo, namandla esingxowa-mali. Isakhiwo sesebe, esahlulwe saba ngamagumbi amabini, sasingukulungelelanisa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane, esaziwa ngokuba kukunxaxha.

Iindlalo Ezimbini Zeengqungquthela

Indlu Yabameli

Ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba yindlu esezantsi," indlu yabameli yenzelwe ukuba ibe yigumbi elikufutshane nabantu. Abameli basebenzisa amabinzana amabini aneminyaka emalunga namashumi amabini kwaye banyulwa ngokusekelwe kubemi borhulumente, ngamnye emele isithili esithile. Ngenxa yamazwi abo amafutshane, abameli basabela kakhulu kwinkxalabo ekhawulezileyo yabo. Indlu iphethe amagunya akhethekileyo: iqalisa zonke iindleko zemali (irhafu kunye nokuchitha) kwaye inamandla okungangeni amagosa aseburhulumenteni. Ngamalungu angama- 435 akwiqumrhu lovota, liqulunqe elikhulu elihamba ngokukhawuleza, apho iqela elikhulu lilawula izicwangciso zabo ngeKomiti yeMimiselo.

IBhunga

IBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi, ngokwahlukileyo, yi-"indlu ephezulu" kwaye yenziwe ukuba ibe yeyona ilungeleleneyo nengaguquguqukiyo. Imo nganye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abantu, ithumela amaSenator amabini, asebenza amabinzana aneminyaka emithandathu. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinane anelizwi alinganayo kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Indlu yeCantenet, ivumela abaquququzeleli ukuba bathathe imbono ende, ixesha elide. Indlu yendlu yemikhosi ibamba amandla akhethekileyo: icebisa kwaye ivumela ukumiswa komongameli (umz. umz., ooMasipala, abagwebi borhulumente, abamanyeneyo, abagwebi bomthetho-omatilo-omatilo-o-omatilo-o-ninzi. Ikwanceda abachopheleyo kwiimvavanyo ezithengi.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo Idweliswe

  • Inkqubo yomthetho: Umthetho kufuneka udlulise omabini amaziko afanayo phambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli. Iqala njengecebo, iziswa lilungu, inikwe kwikomiti yokunyusa nokuva, ize ixubushe kwaye ivotelwe kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Ukuba igqithiselwe, ishenxa kwenye igumbi, apho inkqubo efanayo iyenzeka khona. Umahluko uconjululwa kwikomiti yengqungquthela, kwaye isiphelo sokugqibela sisiya kuMongameli.
  • Ukugqithisa kunye nophando: ijonga isebe eliphetheyo ngokuchongwa kweekomiti, uphando, kunye nezicelo zamaphepha. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumezelwe ngokwenjongo kwaye isebe lihlala linetyala. Imizekelo engacacanga iquka uphengululo lwe-Watergate, uphando lwe-Iran-Contate, kunye nemibuzo yakutshanje kwizenzo zegunya.
  • Amandla ePulese: Akukho mali inokuchithwa ngurhulumente ngaphandle komthetho odluliswa yiBhunga. Eli gunya kuqingqo-mali lwezwe linika iCongress isixhakamfulo esibalulekileyo solawulo lweSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali, nangona idla ngokuthanda ukuxabana, liyinkqubo yokuqala apho iBhunga lilawula ngayo inkqubo yesizwe.
  • Unikezelo kunye neeNkonzo zoMbutho: Amalungu eKhontrakthi asebenza njengonxibelelwano phakathi kwabemi ngabanye kunye nequmrhu elikhulu lorhulumente. Anceda icandelo elinxulumene nemicimbi enxulumene noKhuseleko lweNtlalo, iinzuzo zamagqala, kunye namatyala okufuduka, okwenza isebe lowiso-mthetho lifikeleleke kwaye lisabele ngokobuqu.

Funda okungakumbi ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kumphathi-mthetho .Gov webhsayithi.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Umlawuli noMphathi

ISebe eliLawulayo, elichazwe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko, linembopheleleko yokuqinisekisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente, ephethe uludwe lwamagunya adlulele kude lee kumthetho onyanzeliswa. Isebe elilawulayo lale mihla lingumatshini omkhulu wolawulo, oquka abasebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezine, kuquka abasebenzi basemkhosini, kwaye ujonge imisebenzi yemini ukuya kutsho kwintloko karhulumente worhulumente.

UMongameli noMongameli onguSizwe

UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine edlula kwi-Electoral College, inkqubo eyenzelwe ukulungelelanisa ukuvota okuqhelekileyo nomelo lukarhulumente. UMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo unyulwa kwithikithi elifanayo kwaye ukhonza njengoMongameli weBhunga, evota iintambo zokwaphula. UMongameli ongumongameli kwakhona uhlala ekulungele ukuthatha ubumongameli xa kunokwenzeka ukufa kukaMongameli, ukuyeka, okanye ukuthatha ipecapa.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo Idweliswe

  • Unyanzeliso lweMithetho: uMongameli uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente i-"efeziwe ngokuthembeka"" Oku kuquka ukwalathisa isebe elikhulu lesizwe, kuquka amaqumrhu afana neSebe loKhuselo loBulungiseleli, iSebe le Homeland, kunye ne-Agency yoKhuselo lweNzaleko, ukuzalisekisa nokunyanzelisa imithetho.
  • Inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko neTreasure: UMongameli ungoyena myili wezobugcisa wenkqubo yamanye amazwe. UMongameli uququzelela izivumelwano (ezifuna iNdlu yeeNtsimi), umisela oothunywashe, kwaye umela uhlanga kwiingqungquthela zezobuzwe. Izivumelwano zegunya, ngeli xesha zingafuni kuvunywa iBhunga, zikwanendima ebalulekileyo kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe.
  • Umyalelo ocacileyo: Njengomphathi-oyintloko wemikhosi exhobileyo, uMongameli unegunya lokukhokela imisebenzi yomkhosi, ukuqesha imikhosi, kwaye aphendule kwiingozi zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngelixesha iBhunga kuphela elinokuvakalisa imfazwe, ooMongameli basoloko besebenzisa umkhosi ngaphandle kwesaziso esisemthethweni, umbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko.
  • Amandla okuBonisa: uMongameli umisela amawaka amagosa karhulumente, kuquka amalungu eKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe (kuquka iijaji zeNkundla Ephakamileyo), kunye noothunywa. La madinga, afuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNtlanganiso, abumba indlela yenkqubo kunye nejaji kangangamashumi eminyaka.
  • Imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo kunye nePardons: UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo ukukhokela imisebenzi karhulumente wezwe lonke ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. Le miyalelo kufuneka isekelwe kumthetho okhoyo okanye kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko woMongameli. Eli gunya lokuxolela livumela uMongameli ukuba anike umphanga-gosa womthetho wesizwe, isixhobo esinamandla sokulungisa nenceba.

IKhabhinethi noBuphathi-mikhosi boMbutho

IKhabhinethi iquka uVimba onguMongameli oPhakathi kunye neentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, anjenge-Rhulumente, uKhuselo, uNkcubeko, kunye neeNkonzo zezeMpilo-ntle nezoluntu. La majelo-mthetho (okanye ama-Athorney jikelele ukwenzela ubulungisa) atyunjwa nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiBhunga. I-ofisi equka amakhulu-asebe kunye neenkokeli eziphumeza imisebenzi ethile, ukusuka ekulawuleni iimarike zemali (SEC) ukuya kuhlola isithuba (NASA). Lo rhulumente usoloko ujoliswe ekugxekweni okuqhelekileyo, ukanti ufanele kuququkelwe iNgwebo, ukanti yemithetho entsokothile.

Xa ujonga ngokunzulu kumbutho wesebe eliphetheyo, tyelela iphepha elisemthethweni lendlu emhlophe.

Isebe Lejaji: Umququzeleli noMlawuli

ISebe lezeeJaji, elimiselwe kwiGatya III lomGaqo-siseko, lincinane kwidemokhrasi kwezintathu, kodwa alilulekanga kangako. Indima yalo yokuqala kukuchaza imithetho kwaye iqinisekise ukuba isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo nangokungagwetyelwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo ime kwincopho yejaji yesizwe, enamandla okuhlola, eyenza ukuba ingakwazi ukuphelisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya alibhalwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa lamiselwa ngumzekelo womqondiso [[FLT: 0]. [FL:]

Ukwakhiwa KweeNkundla Zomanyano

Inkqubo yenkundla yorhulumente yeyokuqala eneziqu ezithathu:

  • IiNkundla zeLifa leMveli:[ Kukho iinkundla zesithili ezingama- 94 kulo lonke ilizwe, zisebenza njengeenkundla zamatyala ezingoonotyala bokuqala betyala elininzi, kuquka imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Iijaji zisebenza apha ukusombulula iimpikiswano.
  • Amatyala ezibheno: Iinkundla zesiphaluka ezili-13 zezibheno ziva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili kummandla wazo wengingqi. Aziqhubeli tyala litsha; endaweni yoko, amacandelo abagwebi ahlola izigwebo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ezi nkundla zidla ngokuba ligama lokugqibela kumatyala amaninzi karhulumente, njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha inxalenye encinane.
  • INkundla ePhakamileyo: Inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe, eqanjwe ngamaJaji asithoba (kuquka neJaji enye). INkundla inegunya lantlandlolo kwiimeko ezimbalwa ezinqabileyo (umz., iimpikiswano phakathi kwamatyala) kunye negunya lolawulo kuwo onke amanye amatyala karhulumente kunye norhulumente abandakanya umGaqo-siseko. Inkundla ikhetha amatyala ngetyala e-cerit yetyala le-certarir[, ifuna ukuba ubuncinane amatyala amane agwebo avumelane ukuva ityala.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo Idweliswe

  • [[NTLL: 0] Impinda yeJodicial: Amandla okubhengeza umthetho okanye isenzo solawulo oluphezulu. Oku kuvavanya kwejaji enamandla kwamanye amasebe. Imizekelo yeLandmark iquka [ Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954], eyabetha i-like i-culture ephakathi kweentlanga ezikolweni, kunye [[FLT: 4.] Roev. [[FLT:]][FLT]] [777]]], eyamkela umGaqo wokukhupha isisu.
  • Sta translatey threction: IiNkundla zichaza intsingiselo yemimiselo edluliswa yiBhunga. Xa ulwimi lomthetho ludida, iinkundla zikhangela kwiinjongo zomthetho, isalathisi, kunye nezinye izixhobo ukumisela indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo kwiinkcukacha ezithile.
  • Isigqibo seSigqibo seQumrhu iinkundla zoMasipala zisombulula iimpikiswano phakathi koorhulumente noorhulumente borhulumente, naphakathi kwabantu abasuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Zikwasingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, ukubhaliswa kwamalungelo, kunye nomthetho waselwandle.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo ngamanye: IBhili yamaLungelo kunye nezinye iziphendu zomgaqo-siseko ziqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko. Iinkundla zisebenza njengesikhuselo sokukhusela urhulumente ophathwe kakubi, zikhusela amalungelo afana nenkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Hlola imbali yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nezigqibo kwiwebhsayithi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Inkqubo yedangatye lomanyano

Inkcubeko yomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ixhomekeke kukwahlula amandla kungekhona nje kuphela kodwa ekunikeni isebe ngalinye iindlela zokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana ithintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni urhulumente. Itafile nemizekelo elandelayo ibonisa imidlalo edityanisiweyo:

Imizekelo Yokuhlola Nokulungelelana

  • [[UMTLL: 0] Ingqikelelo-mali kwisebe eliphetheyo: [[FT:2]
  • ICembu] ingqwili ingagqitha umongameli weveto ngesithathu soninzi kumagumbi omabini.
  • INdlu yeeNtsimi iqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli ize ihlawulise izivumelwano.
  • IBhunga lilawula ukuxhasa ngemali (amandla esi sikhwakhwa).
  • IBhunga linokumsusa uMongameli.
  • IBhunga linokuyila amasebe namasebe karhulumente.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] Iziphumo zokukhangela kwimithetho:
    • uMongameli angawagqithisa amatyala emali eekhonte.
    • UMongameli unokubiza iCongress ukuba ibe kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo.
    • Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli weBhunga leNtsimbi kwaye angavota amavoti okonakalisa iqhina.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] INkundla ePhakamileyo ijongisisa imithetho negunya:[[FT:1]
    • iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemigaqo-siseko (uphengululo lomthetho).
    • Abagwebi bamazwe, abakhe baqinisekiswa, basebenza kwimimiselo yobomi bonke, bewakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.
    • Iinkundla zinokumisela ukuba izenzo ezilawulayo zingaphaya kwegunya lomgaqo - siseko.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] UMongameli umisela iijaji zesizwe nezolawulo oluphezulu kwiJaji:
    • IBhunga linokumisela ubungakanani beNkundla Ephakamileyo (nangona imiswe kwisithoba ukususela ngowe - 1869).
    • IBhunga linokucebisa ngezindululo zomgaqo - siseko zokudlula izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo.
    • IBhunga linokukhupha iijaji zesizwe.

    • Ezi ziganeko zohlolo azingokwenziwa nje ngengcamango. Iimeko zembali ziquka uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's ayizange iphumelele ukuzama "pack" iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo1937 emva kokubetha kwenkqubo ye-New Dec. Umongameli Richard Nixon's wabonisa amandla okulawula uwiso-mthetho kunye nokungagunyazi. Kutshanje, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- i-RANDment of Homeland Security v. Regents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia[[FLT] [20020]) wahlola umyalelo wesigqeqeshi solawulo sokufuduka, ngoxa iBhunga lomthetho lisebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe amandla emali kwinkqubo yemali kwimo yelizwe lasemzini.

    Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuqonda Amasebe

    Amasebe amathathu karhulumente wase-United States awahlukanga kodwa azimeleyo kodwa azimeleyo kwinkqubo enye, elungeleleneyo. Isebe Lesebe Elilawulayo lenza imithetho, iSebe elilawulayo liyayinyanzelisa, kwaye iSebe lezeejaji liyayichaza. Inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso iyaqinisekisa ukuba amandla anamandla, akhuphiswa, kwaye ekugqibeleni amele aphenduleke ebantwini. Kubafundi nabafundisi, abaqonda ukuba ezi zenzo ziyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela echane ngayo inkqubo, indlela akhuselwa ngayo, nendlela amalungelo akhuselwa ngayo, nendlela aguquka ngayo. Kwixesha elikhulayo lokuhlazinziswa kwezobupolitika kunye nezenzo eziphakamileyo, ulwazi lwezakhiwo zomgaqo-siseko lunika abemi amandla okuqhuba ngokufanelekileyo, ukunyanzela abantu ukuphendula, nokukhusela imigaqo-demokhrasi apho uhlanga lwasekwa khona. Ngokufunda amasebe, asifundi nje indlela asebenza ngayo, kodwa sifunda indlela sisebenza ngayo, kodwa siyenza ngayo yonke into.