Table of Contents

Imithetho elawulayo ingumthetho osisiseko womgaqo-siseko olawula umhlaba olawula imeko-bume nophembelela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi, abaninizo bezoshishino, nabaphuhlisi. Igunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni njengeebhunga zesixeko, iikomishini, kunye neebhodi zokucwangcisa, la mithetho ichaza indawo enokwenziwa kuyo, indlela izinto ezintsonkothileyo ezinokuphuhliswa ngayo, kwaye imisebenzi evunyelwayo kwisithili ngasinye. Ngaphezu kokuba kuvunyelwe imiqathango yemihla ngemihla, inkqubo yemiqathango, ukubeka iliso yebutho labantu ngenxa yokukhula kwalo kwixesha elizayo, ukuhambelana kwezoqoqosho, ukuphatha imekobume, kunye nokungalingani kwentlalo-ntle. Ukuqonda indima karhulumente ekudaleni nasekumiseleni imithetho yelizwe, ibalulekile kuye nabani othabatha inxaxheba ekucwangcisweni kwebutho labantu, nokuba ngumziko womsebenzi, inkqubo yezobugcisa, okanye umxhasi welinye imo yemeko yemeko yexesha elizayo, kunye nemithetho yemithetho yelizwe, kunye nemithetho yemithetho yelizwe yorhulumente yasekuhlaleni esetyenziswayo.

Iyintoni Imithetho Engalawulekiyo?

Imithetho elawulayo yimithetho yasekuhlaleni eyahlula umasipala ube zizithili (ii-ozoni) ze ichaze iintlobo zomhlaba ezisetyenziswayo kwisithili ngasinye. Zifumana igunya lazo elingokwasemthethweni kumandla amapolisa ephondo.

Ingcamango yale mihla yokuhlanganiswa kweendawo yavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ngesiXeko saseNew York esamkela isigqibo sokuqala esibanzi sokulawula ubude kunye nobuninzi bezakhiwo eziphakamileyo ngo1916 kunye nokwahlula imisebenzi engangqinelaniyo njengemizi - mveliso kunye neenkqubano. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ixhasa ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko wokuhlanganiswa kwemeko yonyaka ka-1926 kwe-Euclid v. Ambler Far Co., imisela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amapolisa kuyimfuneko ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okusebenza logama kunxulumene nempilo kawonke wonke, ukhuseleko, nokhuseleko. Ngoko, ukususela ngoko, ukulungiselela isixhobo esikhoyo eMelika, kunye nohlobo ngalunye lolwambutho oqulunye lwe-Centreagean.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balungisa imithetho engqalileyo kwimimandla yabo, amanani, kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, ihlomela-dolophu elikhula ngokukhawuleza lingasebenzisa ukukhusela imimandla yeentsapho enye ngexesha isalathisa inkqubela-phambili yezorhwebo kwiipaseji ezinkulu, ngeli lixa isiseko sedolophu esakhiwe ngokuxineneyo sisenokusebenzisa isiseko sokukhuthaza inkqubela-phambili yezithuthi kunye nemisebenzi edityanisiweyo. Ubuchule kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni olusekwenziwa ekuhlaleni luyenze ibe namandla, kodwa kwakhona libe lisixhobo socwangciso-ntlalo.

Injongo Nokubaluleka Kwemithetho Yokubhala

Ukuqonda ezi njongo kunceda kucace isizathu sokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikele ngezinto ezininzi ukuze benze nokulungisa imigaqo yabo yokucoca.

Uphuhliso olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nokuthelekiswa komhlaba

Injongo ephambili yokulungisa indawo kukukhusela umhlaba ongahambelaniyo osetyenziswayo ekuhlaleni. Ukubeka umzi - mveliso omkhulu ecaleni kwesikolo okanye indawo yokuhlala ethuleyo kungenza inkathazo enjengengxolo, ungcoliso, ukuxinana kweenqwelo-moya, neengozi zokhuseleko. Ukwenziwa kwendlela yokuphuhlisa ngokudibanisa izinto ezifanayo ngokudibanisa kunye, imimandla ekude kwemizi - mveliso enzima, imimandla yezorhwebo ecaleni kweendlela zobugcisa, kunye nezithuba ezivulekileyo kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo. Le nkqubo yokulawula inciphisa ingquzulwano kwaye ikhuthaza ulungiselelo olusebenzayo lwezakhiwo zikawonke wonke ezifana neendlela, amanzi, kunye nemichiza.

Ukukhusela imilinganiselo yempahla kunye nobume bemibutho yoluntu

Imimiselo eqinisekisiweyo nethelekelelwayo yokusebenzisa umhlaba inceda ekukhuseleni amaxabiso empahla ngokuqinisekisa ukuba utyalo-mali lwendlu aluthotyelwa lulwakhiwo lwendawo esetyenziswa yi-athom okanye ivenkile yokuthengisa i-oyile-oyile esecaleni komnyango. Ukukhusela imbonakalo yommandla ngokulawula umphakamo wokwakha, iindlela zokwakha, ubungakanani obuninzi, kunye nobunzima. Umzekelo, ikhowudi yokubeka izithuba isenokufuna ukuba amakhaya amatsha kwisithili lembali agcine iimpawu ezithile zoyilo okanye izakhiwo zokuhlala zilinganiselwe kwiindawo ezikufuphi nemizi yothutho. Ngokumisela imilinganiselo engaguqukiyo, inika abani bempahla intembelo yokuba indawo ezikungqongileyo zihlala zihleli ixesha elide.

Impilo Kawonke-wonke, Ukhuseleko Nentlalo - ntle

Ukuzibophelela negalelo ngqo kwimpilo yoluntu nokhuseleko ngokulawula ukwakhiwa komgangatho wokwakha ukuqinisekisa ukukhanya, umoya, kunye nendawo evulekileyo; ngokugcina ooshishino abayingozi kude kwiindawo zokuhlala; nangokufuna ukuba izithuthi zokupaka nokufikelela kwizithuthi zongxamiseko. Imithetho emininzi yezolawulo iquka amalungiselelo okulawula izikhukula, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi asesikhukulani, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemithi, ngaloo ndlela kuphelisa iingozi zendalo nokukhuthaza impilobume bemekobume.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nokuzinziswa

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa ikomkhulu ukutsala amashishini, ukwenza imisebenzi, nokwandisa isiseko serhafu. Ngokwenza intengiso, iofisi, kunye namacandelo oshishino, uphawu loomasipala kubanikeli apho inkqubela ikhuthazwa khona. Imilinganiselo yemisebenzi . "njengemida" yengxolo, i-athom, kunye nezithuthi zenqwelo-mafutha ) yenza imimandla yoshishino ikwazi ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi ekufuphi. Kwangaxesha linye, ukuhlanganisa iprojelo kungakhusela iipaseji zezorhwebo ekususeni umchamo ngokufuna umgangatho wokulungisa, izibambiso zokutyikitya, kunye nemimiselo yezamfashoni yeza. Imithetho elungele ukusetyenziswa kwemichithi elungele ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba yobomi, ukunceda abantu baphumele ixesha elide ekulondolozeni ukulondolo lwexesha lokusebenza.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo nolondolozo

Imithetho elawula indawo engqongileyo iya iquka iinjongo zokusingqongileyo. Imimandla ebanzi ingakhusela iindawo zendalo ezichukumisekayo njengendawo ezimanzi, amathambeka, kunye neepaseji zezilwanyana. Iinkqubo zokuthomalalisa zivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba banike ingqalelo ekwakheni inxalenye encinci yemeko-bume yesiza, ukugcina eziseleyo njengendawo evulekileyo. Abanye abantu baye basebenzisa imigangatho yokwakha eluhlaza kwimithetho yokulungisa, ifuna ukwakhiwa okutsha ukuze bahlangabezane nempumelelo yamandla okanye imilinganiselo yolawulo lwamanzi. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usebenzisa ukunciphisa iimayile ezihambayo ezihambayo ngokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziseziko.

Iindidi zohl_elo lokuzilungisa

Ngeli xesha umasipala ngamnye edala iindidi zakhe zokuhlala, inkoliso iwela kwiindidi ezimbalwa jikelele. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kungundoqo ekutolikeni imaphu yokulungisa nokuqhuba inkqubo yenkqubela.

Ukuzimela

Iingingqi zelizwe ezihlala abantu ziqhelekile. Zilawula uxinano lwezindlu .-R-4 zivumela izixhobo zokuhlala ngehektare okanye ngobukhulu obuncinci beendawo. (neentlobo zezakhiwo ezivunyelweyo. Imimandla yeentsapho enye (R-1) ivumela kuphela amakhaya ahlukeneyo kumaqashiso, ngelixa iingingqi ezininzi zentsapho (R-3, R-4) zivumela izixhobo zedolokhwe, izindlu zeedolophu, kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala. Amanye amaziko amakhaya aquka amalungiselelo okungena kwiyunithi (ADU) okanye amakhaya amaqela. Iibhonasi kunye neemfuno zokufuduka zinokudityaniswa kwimimandla ehlala abantu ukuze zikhuthaze izindlu ezinokufikeleleka.

Intengiso

Iindawo zorhwebo zihlala izitore, iiofisi, iivenkile, iihotele, namashishini enkonzo. Ziquka imigangatho yezorhwebo enxulumene noshishino lwasekuhlaleni (ukuthumela abemi basekuhlaleni) ukuya kutsho kumaziko eevenkile kunye nemimandla esembindini yezoshishino. Urhwebo ludla ngokulawula umgangatho womgangatho (FAR), ubude bokwakha, isayina, ukumisa iimoto, kunye nokuvala imiqathango esuka kwiindawo zokuhlala.

Ushishino lokuziphilisa

Imimandla yezoshishino igcinelwe ukwenza, ukuthutha iinqwelo-moya, ukusasaza, kunye nezixhobo zophuhliso. La macandelo aqhele ukubekwa kude neendawo zokuhlala kunye nakufutshane noololiwe, iindlela, okanye amazibuko enqanawa. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zezemizi - mveliso kusenokuphinda kwahlulwe kwimizi-mveliso elula (umz., izakhiwo zendibano, iimizi-data zogcino-lwazi) kunye noshishino olunzima (umz., izityalo zemichiza, iintyalo zokuconga) kunye nemigangatho engqongqo yokwenza izinto ezikhoyo ukwenzela ubugcisa.

Ukuhombisa izityalo

Indawo yokulima ikhusela amafama ekuphuhlisweni kweendawo zokuhlala ezithe kratya okanye kwezorhwebo. Ivumela ukulima, ukufuya, nemisebenzi enxulumene nayo kwaye ingakwalela ukusetyenziswa okungeyo-farm. Ubuncinane bobukhulu bemali budla ngokuba bukhulu (umz. iihektare ezingama-20 okanye ngaphezulu) ukulondoloza ukusebenziseka kwemisebenzi yokulima. Amanye amacandelo ezolimo aquka ukudluliselwa kwamalungelo okuphuhliswa (TDR) kwiinkqubo zokuthengisa inkqubela yabo kubenzi belizwe kwiindawo ezimiselweyo zokukhula.

Usetyenziso- oluxutyiweyo kunye ne-Purpose Zoing ekhethekileyo

Imithetho emininzi yale mihla edibanisa iingingqi ezidityanisiweyo ezivumela ukudityaniswa kwemibutho yokuhlala, yezorhwebo, kunye neminye imizi yoshishino elula eyisebenzisa kwisakhiwo esinye okanye kwisithili. Ukuxuba-sebenzisa i-hozo kukhuthaza ukuhamba, imimandla echukumiseke kwaye kunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kweenqwelo-mafutha. Imimandla ekhethekileyo iquka inkqubela-phambili yeyunithi yeyunithi (i-PUD), evumela imilinganiselo yendalo ethambileyo kwimisebenzi emikhulu, phezu kwemiqathango yookrwelo esebenzisa imimiselo eyongezelelweyo (umz., ukulondoloza intlekele yembali, okanye uhlolo oluyilo) ephezulu kwesiseko esisisiseko somganothi; kunye nemimandla engalungiswangalungiswangahlawulwanga de kube ngumnini wempahla isebenza kuyo.

Inkqubo Yokuzimilisa: Indlela Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni Awusebenzisa Ngayo Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Ukudalwa, ukulungiswa, nokugcinwa kwemithetho yokwahlula kubandakanya inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo elungelelanisa uhlalutyo lobugcisa, ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu, nokwenza izigqibo zobupolitika. Le nkqubo ingumsebenzi ongundoqo wamasebe ocwangcisa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, amaqumrhu okucwangcisa, kunye namaqumrhu owiso-mthetho.

Ukulungiselela okuzinzileyo njengesiseko

Ukuzingela akusenzeki kwi-athom. Kusekelwe kwicebo elisisiseko elidityanisiweyo (elikwabizwa ngokuba sicebo jikelele okanye isicwangciso esilawulayo) elicacisa umbono wexesha elide woluntu wokukhula, ukuphuhlisa, ukulondoloza, kunye nesiseko senkqubo. Isicwangciso sokusungula iinjongo nemigaqo yokusebenzisa umhlaba, izithuthi, indawo yokuhlala, ukuphuhlisa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Amasiko okuzinzileyo kufuneka ahambisane nesicwangciso esibanzi sokungaqikelelwa ngokomthetho. Phambi kokuba amkele okanye athathe imaphu yokulungisa ingcala, ugcino-zixhobo, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngokufuthi uhlaziya ucwangciso lwabo olubanzi ngenkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Ukutyhala Nokuvuselela Ingxowa - mveliso Ebangela Ubuhle

Abasebenzi bokucwangcisa (ngokufuthi bancedwa ngabacebisi kunye nesiluleko somthetho) .ukulungisa umthetho wokubekwa kweendawo kunye nemaphu. Lo msebenzi ubandakanya ukuqhuba uludwe lwamanani, ukuhlalutya iprojekthi yelizwe kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho, ukuxhobisa ubuchule bezibonelelo, kunye neemeko zokukhula kwexesha elizayo. Ungeniso lukawonke-wonke luqokelelwa kwiinkampani zoluntu, uhlolisiso lwe-intanethi, kunye nokuchotshelwa kwabantu phambi kwekhomishini yokuceba. Umthetho wedrafti uyaphinda uhlaziywa libhunga lesixeko okanye ibhodi yephondo, elinokugcina iindlebe ezongeniswa phambi kokuba ifumaneke.

Ukungaguquguquki, Ukusetyenziswa Kwemibandela Nemvume Ekhethekileyo

Kwanekhowudi elungiselelwe kakuhle ayinakuyilindela yonke imeko. Ukunikezela ngobubhetyebhetye, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baseka iindlela zokukhululeka. uvumela umnini womhlaba ukuba aphambuke kwimfuneko ethile (umz., isithintelo okanye umlinganiselo wobude) ukuba ukunyanzelisa okungqongqo kudala ubunzima obungeyomfuneko. ukusebenzisa okufunekayo (okanye umahluko okhethekileyo) uvumela ukusetyenziswa okungavunyelwangaqhelekanga kwingingqi, okunokubeka phantsi kweemeko ezinciphisa iziphumo zayo. Ezi zigqibo zizenza ngokuqhelekileyo ngebhodi yezicelo (B) okanye ucwangciso lwe-'acconsole).

Unyanzeliso kunye nonikezelo

Xa umthetho wokubeka indawo ubekwe, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayawunyanzelisa ngemvume yokwakha, uhlolo, kunye namagosa okuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zisebenza. Abanini bezinto abaphula imithetho yokuhlaliswa kweendawo (ngokomzekelo), ngokusebenzisa ishishini kwingingqi ehlala abantu okanye kwisakhiwo esingaphaya kobude obuvumelekileyo, bangafumana isaziso sokwaphulwa, intengo, okanye kwanemiyalelo yenkundla yokuyeka imisebenzi. Ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzelwa komsebenzi kuyinto enzima, kwaye isoloko iphantsi kwemisebenzi eqinisekisa ukuthembeka kombono woluntu.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kokuzingca

Nangona kusetyenziswa kakhulu, ukubhalisa izakhiwo kunezi mpikiswano. Abahlalutyi bathi ukusetyenziswa kweendawo ngokwesithethe kunegalelo kwiingxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo zentlalo, zezoqoqosho nezemekobume. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka balwe nezi ngxaki njengoko behlaziya imigaqo yabo.

I-Ecclion Zoning kunye neNdlu eHlanganisiweyo

Enye yezigxeko ezizingisileyo zeendawo zokuhlala yindima yazo ekuqhubekiseni ucalucalulo lobuhlanga noqoqosho. Imisebenzi yezolawulo [ . njengamancinane omlinganiselo wemali enye okanye ngaphezulu, ukuvalwa kwezindlu ezininzi, kunye nemida ethintelayo yobunzima obusezantsi bezindlu, iziphumo zezindlu, kunye nemiqathango ephantsi kwemiqathango kunye nabantu abanombala abasuka kwimimandla ethile. Le mithetho, isoloko ikhuselwa njengokulondoloza “uphawu lwendawo yokwabela,” idityaniswa neengxaki zezindlu kwiindawo ezininzi ezibanzi. Iinkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe ziqalisela imingeni ephantsi, kunye namanye amazwe (umzekelo, i-Ofreansday, ne-Washington) amaqela ekwanemiqatha elungele ukuvini kwezindlu zasekuhlaleni kunye nezindlu zasekuhlaleni.

I-NIMBYSM kunye nokuxhathisa koluntu

Inguqu ezicetyiswayo zokuhlala, kwaye zingakumbi ezo zinokunyusa ubunzima okanye zivumele uhlobo olutsha lophuhliso . oluxhaphakileyo ludityaniswa nabemi abakhoyo. Le nto, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-NIMBYS (“Ayikho kwiNdawo Yam Yangasemva”), inokuba nolibaziseko okanye iprojekthi yokususa izinto ezifana nezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, iindawo zokufihla intloko, amakhaya amaqela, okanye iindawo zombane ezinokuhlaziywa. Ngoxa ukubophela kommi kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yocwangciso, iNIMBY kungabonakalisa ukuxhathisa okulungeleleneyo kokuthintela amagxa ambalwa eemfuno zoluntu.

Ubuntsonkothile Nofikelelo

Ikhowudi yokuzingela idume ngokuntsonkothileyo, idla ngokusebenzisa amakhulu amaphepha antsonkothileyo anetafile kunye nesixhobo esisemthethweni. Oku kuntsonkotha kungenza kube nzima kubemi abaqhelekileyo, abaninizo beshishini abancinane, kwanabaphathi-mikhosi basekuhlaleni ukuqonda imithetho. Ngenxa yoko, izigqibo zenkqubela-phambili zingalawulwa ngabaphuhlisi abaxhobi abaphezulu nabameli abasebenzisa umhlaba, ngelixesha abahlali namaqela asekuhlaleni bezama ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo. Uluntu esininzi sisebenzela ukwenza lula nokudibanisa imigaqo yaso yokuphucula ukukhanyazeka nomanyano lwasekuhlaleni.

Izixhobo zokusingqongileyo nezorhwebo

Uzilo lungaba neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Umzekelo, ukuhlala kwiindawo ezisemadolophini kukhokelela ekuncipheni kwemeko-bume etshabalalisa umhlaba, ukwandisa umkhuhlane wezithuthi, kunye neziqwenga zokuhlala kwezilwanyana zasendle. Ngokuchaseneyo, imigudu yokugxininisa kwimiphakathi yasedolophini ngokunyuswa kweendawo ezithile inokubangela inkcaso kubahlali abaxhalatyiswe kukukhuselwa nokusheka. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondolozwa kwemekobume, ukuhlawulwa kwezindlu, kunye nophawu lwasekuhlaleni kusengucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kurhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kwisilwanyana

Xa sihlolisisa indlela eziye zasondela ngayo izixeko ezihlala abantu abahlukahlukeneyo, sifumanisa amandla nemigibe yale sixhobo sokulawula.

IsiXeko SaseNew York: Indawo Yokuzalelwa Kwezi Ziko Lanamhlanje

Isisombululo soqikelelo sonyaka ka1916 wesiXeko saseNew York sasiyindawo ephawulayo ekucwangcisweni kwedolophu, siseka umphakamo kunye nezithuba ezisithintelayo ezabumba imithetho ye-oyile yesixeko. Kwiminyaka engamashumi eminyaka, ukuhlanganiswa kwesixeko kuye kwatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ngo1961, uhlaziyo olubanzi lomgangatho womgangatho ohlaziyiweyo (FAR) kunye nezithuba zikawonke-wonke. Kutshanje, isixeko siye saqhubeka sisukela “ukuhlala kwindawo ezithengiselwa imali eninzi" ngemithetho yezindlu eziyimfuneko ukudibanisa imimandla emitsha engakwazi ukufikelela kuyo. Ngaphandle kwale migudu, iNew York iyaqhubeka ukuzama ukumelana nokufumaneka kwezindlu kunye nokungabikho, ukukhupha iminxeba yolungiso, njengoko sivumela ukuhlazinzisa kwisixeko esiphakathi.

Portland, Oregon: Ilabhu Yokuqhubela Phambili

Izibuko lelizwe lidume ngokubanzi ngokuhambelana nokuqalisa kwalo ukuhlanganiswa kweendawo. Ukwanda kwalo kwemida yasedolophini (UGB), okumiselwe ngo1979, kuthintela ukukhula ngokulinganisela kwindawo emiselweyo nokugcina umhlaba ongqongileyo. Kulo nxweme, Portland ikhuthaze inkqubela-phambili yokuhamba, ukuxuba okuxutywa, kunye nokwenza ikhowudi ezisekelwe kwisiseko solwakhiwo olulawula ukumila nokubekwa kwesakhiwo kunokusetyenziswa nje kuphela. Inkqubo yokudibanisa isixeko neendawo zokuhlala ifuna ukuba inkqubela-phambili entsha yezindlu ezinamakhaya anokufikeleleka. Amava ePortland abonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinamandla zokufikelela usukelo, kodwa kwakhona ijongeneengxaki zokunyuka kweendleko kunye nokurhoxandezela.

ILos Angeles: Ukuhlala Ezindaweni Ezinengxaki

ILos Angeles inenye yezona ngxaki zinzima zokuhlala eUnited States, iqhutywa ngokwenxenye yikhowudi ekwalelwayo ngokwembali izindlu ezininzi zeentsapho kwi 75% yelizwe elihlalayo. Ngenxa yoko, isixeko sithathe utshintsho olubalulekileyo, kuquka i 2019 “Measue JJ." ukuba idityaniswa kufuphi nokuthunyelwa kwemfuno yezindlu ezifikelelekayo, kunye ne-2021 “Indawo elungele ukuhlaziywa" yokuhlaziya ekwakheni amakhaya amatsha akwizigidi ezi-5,2029. Ezi nguqu zibangele impikiswano enzima phakathi kwabaxhasi abaphuhlisayo, abaphikisa ukuba unikezelo olungakumbi, nabahlali, abasoyika ukufuduka nokulahlekelwa kobuntu. I-Los Angeles ibala lemeko yezopolitiki elungele ukuhlaziweyo kwizixeko ezizinziwa ngokwahlukeneyo.

IHouston: Intlungu KaZoning Nemiphumo Yayo

IHouston isaziwa njengesixeko esikhulu sase-U.S. esinemithetho ebanzi yokulungisa. Endaweni yoko, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kulawulwa ngentlaninge yemiqathango yezandla, imimiselo encinci, kunye nemithetho yesixeko yokwakha imiqobo, kunye nokulondoloza imbali. Ngoxa obu bugocigoci busezantsi kwemiqobo yokuphuhlisa kwaye bugcine iindleko zezindlu zinokulingana, kwakhona kuye kwakhokelela ekukhuleni ngokungalungelelaniyo, ukungqubana phakathi kwemisebenzi engahambelaniyo, nokunqongophala kwesakhiwo sedolophu. Imeko kaHouston inika indawo ephikisanayo ukuze kubekwe izixeko ezikwindawo ezisisithuthu esineziqikelelo kwaye ibonisa iinzuzo kunye nezithintelo zelassez-faire.

Ikamva Lokuzivelela: Imikhwa Eyandayo Notshintsho

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kulo lonke eli lizwe ucinga ngokuphinda alwenze utshintsho olungokwesithethe olufana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukufumaneka kwezindlu kunye nokutshintsha kwenani labemi.

Ikhowudi esekelwe kwifomu

Ngokungafaniyo nokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kweendawo, ikhowudi esekelwe kwisiseko somsebenzi ijolise kuhlobo olubonakalayo lwezakhiwo(ukuphakama kwazo, ukuxinana, ukudamba, ukudambisa, kunye nefeçade projekti] kunemisebenzi ethile ekhoyo kuzo. Le mithetho izimisele ukwenza imimandla ehambayo, engqibeleneyo yabantu ngokugxininisa ulwalamano phakathi kwezakhiwo nommandla kawonke-wonke. Ikhowudi esekelwe kwisiseko iyasetyenziswa kakhulu kwimimandla ekwimimandla ekwimimandla ekwimimandla eqengqengqele, iiphaseko, kunye nophuhliso lokuzala.

Izindlu Eziphakathi Eziphezulu Nezingekhoyo

Ukulungisa ukunqongophala kwezindlu, izixeko ezininzi ziqengqeleka phakathi kwezindlu , zivumela “izindlu eziphakathi” `njengezikhitshana, ii-dolophana, izindlu ezincinane, kunye nezakhiwo ezincinane zedolophana(imimandla ekwakubekwe kuyo imiqathango yeentsapho enye. Oregon, California, neWashington zidlulise imithetho yelizwe ephelisa ingingqi yekhaya elinye, ngoxa izixeko ezifana neMinneapolis, Charlotte, kunye nePortland zishe imimandla nje kuphela. Ezi nguqulo ziqaphela ukuba izithethe zokuhlala zikhuselwe ngokwamaqela.

Imozulu ithanda ukutshintsha

I-oyile iyatshintshwa ukuze ifikelele iinjongo zemozulu. Imizekelo iquka ukufuna izibonelelo zezithuthi zombane ezihamba ngemichiza emitsha, ukufulisa uphahla oluluhlaza kunye nophahla olupholileyo kwiindawo ezikwiziqithi ezishushu zasedolophini, nokuseka iindawo ezikhukuliseke iimpuphuma ezilinganisela ukukhula kwemimandla ephezulu. Ezinye iindawo ziye zamkela “ukuzinza” okubangela ukuba kwakhiwe imibhobho kunye nomlinganiselo wokukwazi ukutshintsha. Ukungaboni kungayinciphisa igesi ngokufumana indawo yokuhlala kufutshane nemisebenzi kunye nothutho, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa imigama ehambayo.

Uphicotho-zincwadi Lwezobulungisa

Inani elandayo loorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqhuba iikhowudi zabo zokubhala ngokulinganayo zokuchonga nokususa amalungiselelo aqhubele phambili ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ngokwembali. Umzekelo, izixeko zihlola ubuncinane bobukhulu bemisebenzi, iimfuno zokupaka, kunye nokuhlala okuthintela ngokungenakulinganiswa imibala yabantu. Injongo kukudala imigaqo epheleleyo equkayo nekhuthaza ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwezindlu, njengoko kufunwa ngumthetho-zweni iFair House Act.

Ukuzimiliselwa kwamanani kunye nocwangciso logcino-lwazi

Ubuxhakaxhaka benza kube lula ukufikelela. Ngoku izixeko ezininzi zinika iimaphu ezisebenzisanayo, ii-intanethi ezivumela ii-portes, kunye nokushwankathelwa kwemithetho ecacileyo. Iinkqubo zolwazi lwe-GOCT (GIS) zivumela abacebi ukuba bahlolisise iziphumo zeenguqu ezicetywayo kwiinqwelo-mafutha, kwisiseko senkcitho, nakwizinto zokusingqongileyo. Iizixhobo zamanani zikwanceda abantu bathathe inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zenyani nakwingxelo yentlalo-ninzi.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yokuzimela ingaphezulu kakhulu kunemimiselo yobugcisa; zizinto eziboniswayo zemilinganiselo yebutho labantu kunye nomnqweno wekamva lalo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa le mithetho ukubumba indalo, intlalo, kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho, ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo ukuze kuphunyezwe uphuhliso olucwangco, ukukhusela imigangatho yempahla, nokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle kawonke-wonke. Kodwa ukuhlahlela kukwangumthombo wengxwabangxwabangxwa, abagxeki bechaza indima yayo ekuqhubekiseni ukungalingani, ukulinganisela ukunikezelwa kwezindlu, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemeko.

Njengoko abantu beqhubeka bebhenela, ikhowudi yokulungisa indawo kufuneka iphinde iphinde iphinde ilungiswe. Eyona ndawo isebenzayo ayihlali kodwa iyaguquguquka kugcino-lwazi olutsha, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu, nokutshintsha izinto eziphambili zikawonke-wonke. Ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokulungisa indawo. /ukuya kwimo yekontini----indawo ngokufaka amagqabaza ngomthetho wedrafti, okanye ukusebenza kwelona gunya lifanelekileyo kubemi ukuphembelela imimandla yabo kwixesha elizayo. Ngokuqonda indlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ayisebenzisa ngayo, abantu ngabanye, kunye nemibutho enokuba ngabaxhasi abasebenzayo ngayo, abachukumi, abalungele ukuququzelela, nabahlala beqeqeshiwe.