Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni wenza isiseko sobomi boluntu, ubumba yonke into ukususela kukhuseleko lwezitrato zethu ukuya kumgangatho wezikolo zethu zasekuhlaleni. Kubafundi nabafundisi-mfundo ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indlela ezi qumrhu zilawulayo ezisebenza ngayo, asiyonkqenkqeza phambili nje yemfundo ephambili. Kuyimfuneko esebenzisekayo ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ngoxa imicimbi yezobupolitika yesizwe ilawula imixholo ephambili, ikwiqondo apho izigqibo ezininzi ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla zinokwenziwa khona: ukubeka imithetho yemihla ngemihla, ukuhlawula iirhafumfa, iinkonzo zempahla, kunye nezithuthi zikawonke wonke umntu. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga isakhiwo, imisebenzi, kunye nocelomngeni sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ngolwalathiso olusebenzisekayo ngendlela ephumelelayo. Ngokuqonda ezi zizathu ezingundoqo, abemi bangaba ngabameli abanolwazi ngakumbi kubameli abanolwazi ngeendawo babo kunye namagosa-odvintath

Yintoni Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni?

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni liqumrhu lolawulo olulawula ummandla othile womhlaba oncinci kunephondo okanye iphondo, ngokufuzisela isixeko, idolophu, isithili okanye isithili. Igunya lawo lithathwa lisuka kwimigangatho ephakamileyo karhulumente, ngokuqhelekileyo ingurhulumente okanye iphondo, kodwa linenkululeko ephawulekayo ekulawuleni imicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badalwa ukuze bacombulule iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zoluntu, banikele iinkonzo ezinikezelwa ngokunempumelelo kumlinganiselo wasekuhlaleni. Ngokungafaniyo noorhulumente borhulumente okanye urhulumente, ogxininisa kwimigaqo-nkqubo ebanzi nezokukhusela isizwe, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ugcina izithuba zendlela, ugcina izithuba, uqokelela inkunkuma, ivumela ulawulo, kwaye uqhuba iinkundla zoluntu. Oku kwenza ukuba kube kokunye ukufikeleleka nokungena kwemeko olulu hlobo lolawulo.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni akafaniswanga ehlabathini lonke. EUnited States, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baquka oomasipala (izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophana), ubalo-mali, iilokishi, isithili esikhethekileyo, kunye nesithili sesikolo. KwiBhunga loManyano, amagunya asekuhlaleni asebenza njengamabhunga adibanisa iibhunga, amabhunga ephondo, okanye amabhunga esithili. Nayiphi na isakhiwo esikhethekileyo, umgaqo osisiseko uyaqhubeka unjalo: urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukho ukuze akhonze abemi bengingqi ekhethekileyo, ngokufuthi namagosa anyuliweyo kunye nabaphathi-ofisi bephondo abasebenza kunye.

Isiseko sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Nangona iinkcukacha zokwakha zingafani, uninzi loorhulumente basekuhlaleni luneenxalenye ezintathu eziqhelekileyo: isebe elilawulayo, lezowiso-mthetho, nelokugweba. Noko ke, ilungiselelo elikhethekileyo kunye nolungelelwaniso lwamandla lwahlukile ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lukarhulumente owamkelweyo.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho, ukuphatha imisebenzi yemini ukuya kweyokusebenza, kunye nokuvelela abasebenzi. Intloko yegunya eliphetheyo isenokuba ngumphathi-mikhosi (okhethwe ngqo okanye unyulwe libhunga) okanye umphathi wesixeko (umlawuli onobuchule oqeshwe libhunga). umlawuli wemikhosi onamandla [[FLT:]] inkqubo yenkqubano, umphathi-dolophu unegunya elibanzi kunye namandla onamandla. [[FLT:] ubumba umgaqo weBhunga osezantsi [[FLT]], umlawuli wedolophu uyakwazi ukwabelana nomlawuli wezomthetho osetyenziswa yimeko yesixeko, kwaye usoloko esetyenziswa kakhulu yimeko yezomthetho. [[FLD:4]

Isebe loMthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho liyibhunga lesixeko, ibhodi yedolophu, okanye ikomishini yephondo. La magosa anyuliweyo enza imithetho yasekuhlaleni (izivumelwano), avumela uqingqo-mali, amisela irhafu, kwaye ajonge izigqibo zezolawulo. Amalungu eBhunga adla ngokumela isithili okanye amagumbi athile, nangona amanye enyulwa kulwandiso. Inani lamalungu ahlukahlukeneyo ukusuka kwamathathu kwiidolophu ezincinane ukuya kutsho kwizixeko ezilishumi elinesihlanu okanye ngaphezulu. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho idla ngokuquka ukuchonga kwasesidlangalaleni, ukuhlola iikomiti, kunye nokufunda okuninzi phambi kwevoti yokugqibela.

Isebe Lejaji

Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni basebenzisa iinkqubo zabo zenkundla ukusingatha imicimbi emincinane engokwasemthethweni, imicimbi emincinane, ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni, nokuchotshelwa kweenkundla kwangaphambili kolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu kakhulu. Ezi nkomfa zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zikamasipala, iinkundla zamapolisa, okanye iinkundla zamajaji. ABagwebi banokunyulwa okanye bamiselwe, kwaye izigqibo zabo zinokubhencwa kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo. Ngoxa zingezo zonke iinkundla zasekuhlaleni (abanye baxhomekeke kwiphondo okanye kwiinkundla zikarhulumente), abo banikela umsebenzi obalulekileyo ekucombululeni iimbambano ngokukhawuleza nasekuhlaleni.

Iintlobo zoBume bukaRhulumente woLongfo

Emva kokuqhekeka kwamasebe, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamkela enye yemizekelo emininzi yezakhiwo:

  • [[FULT:0] IMayor-Council: usodolophu usisigqeba esiyintloko, kwaye ibhunga liyindlu yowiso-mthetho. Iqheleke kwizixeko ezinkulu njengeChicago neLos Angeles.
  • ICouncil- mphathi-Njingalwazi: Ibhunga elinyuliweyo limisela inkqubo, kwaye umphathi oqeshiweyo uqhuba ulawulo. Iqhelekile kwizixeko ezisembindini njenge-Austin, Texas, kunye nePhoenix, Arizona.
  • Ukukhupha imvume: Abameli abakhankanyiweyo basebenza njengabenzi bomthetho kunye neentloko zamasebe olawulo. I-Rare namhlanje, isasetyenziswa kwezinye izixeko ezincinane kunye nobalo.
  • Intlanganiso ye- Ethe ngqo idemokhrasi apho abemi balapho bevota kwiibhanki nakwimigaqo, esoloko isetyenziswa kwiidolophu zaseNew England.

Iintlobo zomkhosi worhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokucalucalulwa babe ziintlobo eziliqela ngenxa yobukhulu, injongo nomthetho.

Urhulumente

Oomasipala bakwizixeko okanye iidolophu ezidityanisiweyo nezinamaqumrhu abo alawulayo. Banegunya elithe ngqo kwiinkonzo zasedolophini-"indawo ezibupolitiki, umlilo, ugutyulo-gutyulo, iipaki, kunye nokucwangcisa. OoMasipala banokuphinda bahlulelwe ngabantu: izixeko ezinkulu, izixeko eziphakathi, iidolophu ezincinane, kunye needolophana. Inye ingumthetho yayo echaza amagunya ayo.

Ii-Colories

I-Countium (okanye izifunda zecawa eLouisiana, amaqumrhu eencwadi e-Alaska) ngamaqela olawulo lwephondo eligubungela imimandla emikhulu, ngokufuthi kuquka oomasipala abaninzi kunye nemimandla engafakwanga mganyana. I-Colaries isingatha iinkonzo ezinceda ummandla obanzi: iinkundla, iintolongo, impilo kawonke-wonke, izibonelelo ezifana neebhulorho neendlela ezinkulu, kunye nohlolo lwerhafu. Kwezinye iindawo, ubalo lukwalawula unyulo luze lugcine iingxelo ezibalulekileyo. Ulwalamano phakathi koomasipala noomasipala luyangquzulana, maxa wambi ziyaquququzelelana, maxa wambi ziyaququzelelana, zikhuphisana ukuze zifumane imithombo.

Inqanawa yedolophana

Oorhulumente bamadolophana bakhona ngokuyintloko eMidwest naseMntla-ntshona weUnited States. Bancinane kuneengingqi kodwa bakhulu kunoomasipala, badla ngokulungiselela ukulungiswa kweendlela zasemaphandleni, ukuhlaliswa nokukhuselwa komlilo. EPennsylvania naseNew Jersey, iilokishi luhlobo oluphambili lukamasipala.

Izidibi ezizodwa

Izithili ezizimeleyo zezorhulumente ezizimeleyo ziyilwe ukuze zenze umsebenzi othile, onjengemfundo, ulawulo lwamanzi, ukhuseleko lomlilo, okanye ezothutho zikawonke-wonke. Zinegunya lazo lokurhabanisa kwaye zinyulwe okanye zinyulwe iibhodi. Izithili zezikolo zezona ziqhelekileyo, kodwa zikwakho nazona zibonelelo-mali-mali, imimandla yethala leencwadi, kunye nabaphathi bee-ofisi zokuthutha. Ngokutsho kwe-U.S. Censurees Bureaunication, amaphondo akhethekileyo angaphezulu kwazo zonke ezinye iintlobo zikarhulumente basekuhlaleni zidityanisiwe, zibonisa imfuneko yokunikezelwa kwenkonzo ephumelelayo.

Imisebenzi kaRhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Imisebenzi yakhe inokubekwa kwimimandla emininzi engundoqo:

Ukhuseleko

Amasebe amapolisa amisa imithetho, ajongene nolwaphulo-mthetho, asebenzele ukukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho. Amasebe omlilo acima umlilo, anika iinkonzo zonyango, aqhuba uhlolo longxamiseko lomlilo. Kwamanye amaqela aneeofisi zolawulo longxamiseko ezicebela iintlekele zemvelo.

Imfundo Nemisebenzi Kawonke-wonke

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakha baze bagcine iindlela, iibhulorho, iindlela, izitrato, izibane, iimpawu zeetrato, amanzi kunye nenkunkuma eqinileyo, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo. Kwakhona bayakwazi ukuphatha amanzi aphuma amanzi anesichotho kunye nolawulo lwezikhukula. Ezi nkonzo zifuna ingeniso enkulu yemali eninzi kwicandelo elibalulekileyo loqingqo-mali kamasipala. Amasebe oluntu asoloko enxibelelana namaqumrhu emali nemithetho karhulumente.

Imfundo

Nangona izikolo zidla ngokuba ngamaqumrhu azimeleyo, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni (ingakumbi amaqumrhu oomasipala) unendima ekuxhaseni imfundo. Oku kuquka ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali yokwakhiwa kwesikolo, ukulungiselela amathala eencwadi, ukuqhuba iinkqubo zasemva kwesikolo, yaye maxa wambi ulawulo lwemfundo yabantu abadala. Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wasekuhlaleni neebhodi zesikolo lunokuba lunzima, ingakumbi xa kufikelelwa ekuhlawuleni irhafu nakusetyenziso lwelizwe.

ISebe lezeMpilo neleMisebenzi

Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni alungiselela ukugoma, ukujongwa kwezifo, ukuhlolwa kweevenkile zokutyela, kunye nemfundo yempilo. Uninzi lwezibhedlele ezisebenza kwikliniki zabemi abafumana imali ephantsi. Iinkonzo zabantu ziquka iinkqubo zabantu abakhulileyo, abantu abaneziphene, abaneziphene zokungabi namakhaya, kunye namanyathelo okufumana izindlu ezithengwa ngemali. Abanye oorhulumente basebenzisa izibhedlele zabo okanye amaqabane abo ngaphandle kwengeniso yokuzinyamekela.

Imizi, Ukuzonwabisa Nezithethe

Amasebe epaki alawula iindawo eziluhlaza, iindlela, iindawo zokudlala, iindawo zemidlalo, amaziko abantu, amaqula okudada. Alungiselela iinkqubo zokuzonwabisa, iinkampu zasehlotyeni, nemisebenzi emikhulu.

Ukucwangcisa, ukuhomba, nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho

Isebe lokulungiselela ukuphuhlisa idolophu ngokuyila izakhiwo ezibanzi, ikhowudi yokubhalisa, kunye nemvume yokwakha. I-Zoning ilawula usetyenziso lwelizwe(indawo yokuhlala, ezorhwebo, ezoshishino) ukuqinisekisa ukukhula kocwangco nokukhusela amaxabiso ezinto. Ii-ofisi zenkqubela-mali ziqinisekisa ukutsala amashishini, ukwenza imisebenzi, nokwandisa isiseko serhafu. Zinganikela izikhuthazo ezifana nenkcitho okanye inkqubela phambili yesiseko somsebenzi.

Iinkonzo zokusingqongileyo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abaninzi bathatha amanyathelo okuzinzisa: iinkqubo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe, imisebenzi yombane evuselelwayo, ikhowudi yokwakha eluhlaza, kunye neenjongo zemozulu. Balawula ulondolozo lwamanzi, umgangatho womgangatho womoya, kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma. I-ICICILE – uthungelwano lwengingqi lwezogcino-mandla lunceda amadolobha ehlabathini lonke amkele ezona zenzo zilungileyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokubandakanyeka Kwisityalo Secapuca

Ukudityaniswa kwe-Cvic `ukuthathi-nxaxheba okusebenzayo kwabemi kubomi boluntu oluqhelekileyo' kuyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni ephilileyo. Ngaphandle kokuba nolwazi nabemi ababandakanyekileyo, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unokuzikhetha kwiimfuno zoluntu. Ukudibana kwemali kubandakanya iindlela ezininzi:

Ukukhankanya kwiMidlalo yasekuhlaleni

Unyulo lwengingqi ludla ngokuba nonyulo oluphantsi kakhulu kunolwesizwe. Kodwa ezi ntlanga zigqiba ukuba ngubani omisela irhafu yempahla yakho, ukuba lunjani uqeqesho lwesikolo sakho, kwaye ngubani oqesha intloko yamapolisa. Ukusebenza kwibhunga lesixeko, usodolophu, ibhodi yesikolo, kunye nonyulo-mali yelo candelo yeyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuphembelela inkqubo yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuya Kwiintlanganiso Zasesidlangalaleni

Kukho iintlanganiso eziye zasetyenziswa kwikhompyutha, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kube lula ukufumana iintlanganiso ezikufuphi nawe, jonga iiwebhsayithi okanye ikhalenda karhulumente.

Ukusebenza Kwiibhodi NakwiiKhomishini

Iibhodi kunye neekhomishini zamatsha - ntliziyo ._ukumisa iplani, indawo yokuhlala, iipaki, ithala leencwadi, indlela yokuziphatha , `inikela umlinganiselo onzulu wokubandakanyeka. Amalungu adla ngokutyunjwa ngusodolophu okanye libhunga kwaye asebenze ngokwemigaqo emiselweyo. Le yindlela enkulu yokuphembelela iindawo ezithile zemigaqo-nkqubo ngaphandle kokubalekela eofisini.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwimibutho Yasekuhlaleni

Iintlangano zasekuhlaleni, amaqela afundisayo, kunye neenkqubo ezingezinzuzo zasekuhlaleni zilungiselela ukwenza umsebenzi obumbeneyo. Bangaxhasa ukuphuculwa, ukunyuselwa kwemali yeeprojekthi, nokwakha umanyano lwentlalo. Uninzi loorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisana ngokukhutheleyo nezicombululo ezinxulumeneyo.

Ukunxibelelana namagosa ngokungqalileyo

Kuyamangalisa ukuba ukubhalelana, ukubiza okanye ukudibana nelungu lebhunga lakho okanye usodolophu kuyasebenza. Amagosa amaninzi asekuhlaleni ayafumaneka kwaye ayasabela kuba asebenzisa imvume encinane. Lichaze ngokucacileyo inkxalabo yakho, ucebise isicombululo, yaye ulihlonele ixesha lawo.

Ukufumana inxaxheba ephumelelayo, uManyano lweSizwe lweZixeko lunika ubuncwane kunye nezikhokelo.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Noorhulumente Basekuhlaleni

Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunceda abemi basekuhlaleni balindele izinto ezisengqiqweni baze bakhuthaze izicombululo ezifanelekileyo.

Iinkqubo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ulwa nemithombo yengeniso elinganiselweyo. Iirhafu zempahla, iirhafu zentengiso, kunye noncedo lukarhulumente zidla ngokusilela kwiimfuno ezikhulayo. Iimfanelo zemali, iindleko zonyango ezinyukayo, kunye nezibonelelo ezixhasa inkqubo yezoqoqosho ziyayidibanisa le ngxaki. Ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, iimali zasekuhlaleni ziyehla kakhulu ngoxa iinkonzo zoluntu zinyuka, zinyanzelisa ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu. Amanye amaphondo amisela imida yerhafu nenkcitho ethintela imilinganiselo yemali yezomfaneleko yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Kwanakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, ukwahlukana okuchaseneyo kunokuthintela intsebenziswano. Iingxoxo ezifana nokulungisa izakhiwo, inkxaso-mali yamapolisa, kunye nophuhliso lwamapolisa zidla ngokuqhekeka ngokweengcamango. Xa amalungu ebhunga ejolise ingqalelo engakumbi kwimicimbi yesizwe kuneemfuno zasekuhlaleni, ukuthembana. Noko ke, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banamathuba okumisela incoko eyakhayo.

Ukwanda Kwabemi Nokuxinana Kwasezidolophini

Izibonelelo zokukhula ngokukhawuleza ngezantsi kwezixhobo zokukhula kwenqanawa ngezantsi, inkqubo yamanzi, izikolo, kwaye zingakhokelela ekuxinzeleleni kweenqwelo-moya, ukunqongophala kwezindlu, kunye nomonakalo wemeko- bume. Ukukhula kudinga ucwangciso olucoselelo, olunokuba luxanduva lwezobupolitika. Ngokuchasene noko, iindawo eziye zancitshiswa irhafu, iimpahla ezingenamntu, kunye neenkonzo ezincitshisiweyo. Zombini ezi meko zifuna iindlela zokuzilungisa.

Iingxaki Zemekobume Nemozulu

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakwimida yangaphambili yotshintsho lwemozulu. Kufuneka balungiselele ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle (izixeko zasentshona), imililo yemililo yelanga, izikhukula, ubushushu, kunye neziphango ezinamandla. Imigudu yokwehla komoya iquka ukunciphisa ukhupho-moya lwekharbon, ukwandisa amandla avuselelwayo, kunye nokuphucula amandla. Iindlela zokulungisa ziquka ukunyuka kwamanzi ombane, ukwenza iinkqubo zamafu apholileyo, nokugcina izithuba eziluhlaza. Umbindi wemeko yemozulu kunye neMinyango ye-Emperejiko unikela uphando lwemeko yemozulu.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuzinziswa

Njengoko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni besenza iinkonzo zobuchule, baba ngamaxhoba ohlaselo lweziphene kunye nezixhobo zokukhulula. Oorhulumente abaninzi abancinane abanazo izinto zokuqesha abasebenzi abanobuchule be-IT. Iinkqubo ezikhutshweyo zandisa ukuchanabeka. Ubugcisa bokunyusa izakhiwo bubiza imali eninzi kodwa bubalulekile kwimpumelelo, ukubonakala, kunye nokhuseleko. Amanyathelo esixeko esikrelekrele .

Ukulingana nokulingana

Ngokwembali, iinkqubo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni maxa wambi ziye zakhuthaza ukungalingani kobuhlanga kunye noqoqosho. Ukungahlangani, ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo ezingafaniyo kuye kwadala ukungalungisi okuhlala kuhleli. Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi basebenzela ukucombulula le miba ngemigaqo esesikweni yezindlu, iingxelo zeziphumo zentsebenziswano, ukudibana kwebutho labantu namaqela aphantsi kwamaqela akhoyo, kunye nokulungisa iinkqubo zokusesikweni. Ukufumana ulungelelwaniso kudinga umgudu oqhubekayo kunye nobuncwane.

Isiphelo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uliqondo ledemokhrasi elisichaphazela kakhulu. Ukusuka kumanzi esiwaselayo ukuya kuduladula, ukusuka kukhuseleko lwezitrato zethu ukuya kwimfundo yabantwana bethu, la maqumrhu abumba indalo yethu yemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zawo, imisebenzi yawo, kunye nocelomngeni kusinika amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokufezekileyo, hayi nje njengabameli abangeyontsebenzi yoncedo, kodwa njengabameli abakhutheleyo bengingqi yethu.

Kubafundi nabafundisi- ntsapho, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unika ilebhu etyebileyo, efikelelekayo yokufunda malunga noluntu, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, namandla okusebenza kunye. Ngokuya kwintlanganiso yebhodi yesikolo, ukufunda uqingqo-mali lwengingqi, okanye ukunikela uncedo kwikhomishini, nabani na ungenza umahluko wokwenene. Izinto ezisisiseko ezigutyungelwe apha zinikezela isiseko; inyathelo elilandelayo libandakanyekile kuluntu lwakho. Ukuqhubeka ukufunda, .S. ugcino-data lwe-Cuncate kumarhulumente asekuhlaleni lunika izibonelelo ezithe kratya, kunye iS] iSixeko seSixeko seze-S.