Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: uMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye neGunya labo loMgaqo-siseko

Isebe elilawulayo lorhulumente wase-United States yi-injini ephumeza kwaye inyanzelisa imithetho yesizwe. Limiswe liQela II lomGaqo-siseko, likhokelwa nguMongameli kwaye lixhaswa nguMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye nothungelwano olukhulu lwamasebe karhulumente. Eli sebe liguqulela injongo yomthetho ukuba isebenze, lilawule ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, liyalele umkhosi, kwaye lijonge ulawulo lwemihla ngemihla lukarhulumente wesizwe. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sayo kunye nemisebenzi yayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo yolawulo lwaseMelika esebenza ngayo − kwaye nendlela amandla alo akhangelwa ngayo kwamanye amasebe. Eli nqaku linikela ingqwalaselo egunya, ukucaciswa kwemisebenzi ye-Complistcissive, umbutho, kunye nemisebenzi yesebe eliphethe isebe eliphethe i-maMelika.

Umongameli: Intloko kaRhulumente noRhulumente

UMongameli we-United States usebenza kwimisebenzi emininzi ngexesha elinye .intloko yesigqeba, umphathi-ntloko, umphathi-mikhosi, umphathi-mthetho, inkokeli yowiso-mthetho, kunye nentloko yorhulumente. Olu hlomelo lwembopheleleko lwenza umongameli abe yenye yee-ofisi ezinamandla ehlabathini, ukanti unyanzelwa luvavanyo lomgaqo-siseko kunye nezinto zezobupolitika. UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine kwi-Electoral College kwaye kufuneka abe neminyaka engama-35 ubudala, ummi wendalo, kunye nowakhiwo we-U.S.

IGama eliPhezulu

Njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo, uMongameli ujongene nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente "iphumezwe ngokuthembeka". Oku kuthetha ukuba umalathisi wesebe eliphetheyo, eliquka abasebenzi abangabemi abaphezulu abamalunga nezigidi ezisisi-2, eziquka iizigidi ezisisi-2, (okwabelana nomkhosi). UMongameli umisela iintloko zamasebe olawulo oluphezulu ali-15, kunye namawaka amagosa aphezulu, abagwebi besizwe, kunye nee-opostile. UMongameli ukwanegunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo, elilathisa indlela amaziko asebenza ngayo. UMongameli uFranclinlin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu ukumisela oomatshini bolawulo olutsha, loburhulumente bolawulo, loburhulumente uJoe Biden usebenzise ukukhuthaza imozulu kunye nemithetho-omatilo.

Umyaleli- ngaphakathi- kwiNtlanganiso

UMgaqo-siseko umisela uMongameli njengenkokeli yemikhosi exhobileyo, ebeka bonke abasebenzi bomkhosi, uMkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi womkhosi, uMkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wesibhaka-bhaka, kunye noKhuselo lonxweme (ngexesha lemfazwe). (ngolawulo lwaselunxwemeni). Eli gunya liquka ukuyalela amajoni ukuba alwe, amisele ubuchule bomkhosi, kwaye agunyazise imisebenzi yokuhlasela. Noko ke, iBhunga ligcina amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe nokuxhasa umkhosi, ukwenza uxinzelelo olunamandla. Imizekelo engacacangakho iquka umongameli u-Rorry Truman (iwims) wesigqibo sokungenelela eKorea ngaphandle kokubhengeza imfazwe, kunye noMongameli George W. Igunya lika-Bush lokuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan emva kohlaselo lwe-Afghide kunye nolowebhusayithi.

Intloko

Kwinkqubo yamanye amazwe, uMongameli usebenza njengonozakuzakuzaku omkhulu wesizwe, omela i-United States phesheya, ethetha ngezivumelwano (ezifuna iNdlu yeNtlanga yesithathu ngevoti ezimbini), kwaye emisela amanxusa. UMongameli angasayisayina kwakhona izivumelwano zegunya namazwe asemzini ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga, isixhobo esisetyenziselwa urhwebo nokhuseleko. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli unamandla okuqaphela oorhulumente bamazwe asemzini. Umzekelo, uMongameli Richard Nixon's ukutyelela eChina emva kwamashumi eminyaka ekwanti, kwaye uMongameli uDonald Trump waqaphela iYerusalem njengekomkhulu lakwaSirayeli ngo-2017, esusa i-US.

Inkokeli eLawulweyo

Nangona uMongameli engeyolungu leBhunga, umGaqo-siseko unika impembelelo ebalulekileyo yowiso-mthetho. UMongameli angacebisa umthetho . (Ngomzekelo, uRhulumente wedilesi ye-Union usoloko emisela imimiselo yemithetho-(/a kwaye angawakhupha amatyala emali adluliswe yiKhongozeli.) Umongameli wale mihla uyakwazi ukuvalwa kuphela ngemali yamavote amabini-35, nto leyo enqabileyo. UMongameli unamandla okubiza iCandelo lomthetho othile kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo kunye nokumisa amagumbi ukuba abangakwazi ukuvumelana ngexesha elithile. Umongameli wangoku usebenzisa iqongameli abaxhuzulanisi belizwe ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo nabantu abadlula kwisixhobo sokugcina ulwazi ukuba benze umsebenzi. Umongameli uCylton B.Slonto yaziwayo ukusebenzisa ubuchule bakhe bokukhupha umthetho oMkhosi ka-Obacksonksstiki xa esetyenziswa kwizenzo zolawulo loburhulumente.

Inkokeli Yezoqoqosho

UMongameli udlala indima ephambili ekulungiseni inkqubo yezoqoqosho. UMongameli unika izicelo zoqingqo-mali zaminyaka le kwiKhomishini, echaza izinto eziza kuqala kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. UMongameli ukwamisela isitulo seFederal Reserve (ukuthobela uqinisekiso lweNtsimbi) kunye namalungu eBhunga le-Economic Advisers. Ngexesha lamanqam ezoqoqosho, uMongameli angacebisa iindleko, imigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo, kunye neenguqu zolawulo. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFrank Franklin D. Rooselt's New Seart wasungula iindleko ezinkulu zikarhulumente ukulwa noMongameli George W. Bush noMongameli Wobama woma woma womabini woma womawakawakawaka-waka etyikityikisiweyo izibheno zemali ngexesha lengxaki yemali yowama 2008 kunye ne-202020OVD.

Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli

Ngeli xesha uMongameli ongumPhathiswa osisiXhosa esoloko ebonwa njengendima exhasayo, iofisi ithwala umGaqo-siseko kwaye isebenza. Umongameli onguMongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtsimbi, evota ngokudibanisa ii-ovethi, kwaye uqala kulandelelwano loMongameli ukuba angakwazi ukukhonza. Abaphathi abathathi-nxaxheba abathathi-nxaxheba baye baphumelela kumongameli emva kokufa kukamongameli okanye ukuyeka umsebenzi wakhe, kuquka uTheodore Rooselt, uHarry Truman, noLydon B. Johnson. Kubaphathi beziko zangoku, uMongameli wengikazi usoloko efumana imigaqo ethile ekhethekileyo (umz., Kamara Harris ibhekisa phambili kumalungelo okuvotiswayo nokufuduswayo ukusuka kuMbindi woMbindisela-Melika) kwaye usebenza njengesitshixo sokusebenza kunye noMongameli. Umongameli unyulwayodwa kuphela kodwa uyakwazi ukususwa.

IKhabhinethi EnguMongameli

IKhabhinethi liqumrhu lolawulo lobungangamsha eliyiqulethwe ziintloko zamasebe aphetheyo ali-15, kunye namanye amagosa amakhulu anjenge-White House House of Staff, i-U.S. UMmeli woTrade, kunye noMlawuli we-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlawulo. Amalungu eKhabhinethi amiselwa nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiBhunga. Akhonza kwinkoliseko kaMongameli, anokugxothwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Imvelaphi yeKhabhinethi ibuyela kuGeorge Washington, owabuzana noNobhala we-Thomasson Jefferson, uNobhala weTreathermarket Hamilton, nabanye. Namhlanje, iKhabhinethi idibana nemigaqo kunye nolawulo lwayo, nangona ixhomekeke kakhulu kumongameli bekhampasipala, ngoxa abanye besenza izigqibo kwindlu ye-Whithi.

ISebe likaRhulumente

Iqanjwe ngo-1789, iSebe leSizwe likhokela inkqubo yamanye amazwe kunye nemigudu yobuzwe. Lilawula izigunyaziso kunye neesivumelwano soburhulumente emhlabeni wonke, liquke izivumelwano, iingxelo zemiba yokuphuma kwenqanawa kunye neemvume zokubhalisa, limele iU.S. kuMabhalana weSizwe lilungu eliphezulu elibekwa kwindawo ephezulu emva koMongameli oPhawuli-Mongameli kwaye lisesine kumgca wolawulo lwe-mongameli. Ongenakubalulekanga baquka uJohn Quincy Adams, u-Clinton, kunye no-Antoly Biltenten. Uqingqo lwesebe lumalunga ne-R6 amawaka ezigidi ze-R3, umbangonyaka ngamnye, ukuxhasana nokunika uncedo kunye neenkqubo zamazwe angaphandle.

Isebe lokhuselo

ISebe Lokhuselo (DoD) lijonge umkhosi nokhuseleko lwesizwe, nekomkhulu elisePentagon. Lilisebe elikhulu ngoqingqo-mali (iizigidi ezingama-$800 zezigidi nge-2023) kwaye lisebenzisa malunga nezigidi ezisisi-1. UNobhala wokhuselo, omele abe ngumsitho wamajoni (ngokusemthethweni, ubuncinane iminyaka esixhenxe ukususela kwinkonzo esebenzayo), ucebisa uMongameli kumaqhinga omkhosi kunye nemisebenzi. I-DoD iquka umkhosi, umkhosi wamanzi, uMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi, uMkhosi waseMalane, kunye noMmandla wePhondo wePhondo, kunye noMmandla weNdawo-onke, kunye neMiboniso ye-DoD edityani equlukileyo ye-S. Imizekelo yesenzo iquka ukuhlasela kwe-Iraqhwebi le-Iraq ngo 2003 kunye noncedo lwendalo emva kwentlekele yendalo.

ISebe loNondyebo

ISebe lezezimali lilawula izimali ze-odoli yeSebe lezezimali: ukuqokelela irhafu nge-IRS, ukukhupha amatyala (amaqhina e-Treasur), ukushicilela imali, nokucebisa kwiinkqubo zezoqoqosho. Kwakhona ijonge iNkonzo yeNkundla (ekuqaleni ukulwa nokukhohlisa) kunye ne-Mali ye-Entelligence Crimes Enforcementmentment Network. Unobhala weMondyezo-mali ngummeli ongundoqo wezezoqoqosho, ngokufuthi okhokela ingxubusho yemali yehlabathi lonke. Imbali yesebe iquka ukusekwa kwebhanki yesizwe ka-Alexander Hamily nokumiselwa kwe-IRS yanamhlanje ngo191313.

ISebe leMithetho eLuntu

ISebe leMithetho yeJaji (DOJ) linyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente lize limele iU.S. likhokelwa nguSosiba we-Attorney, liquka iFBI, i-DEA, i-ATF, kunye ne-U.S. i-DOJ ivavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamagunya, ikhusela imithetho karhulumente enkundleni, kwaye ijonge iintolongo zikarhulumente. UNjengelelo-mikhosi uhlala kwiCampbenethi kaMongameli kodwa ulindeleke ukuba asebenzise umgwebo ozimeleyo; isithethe se-DOJ gestry sivavanyiwe kwezobupolitika zale mihla. Izenzo eziphezulu ziquka ukuphengulula ii-mthetho zikaJanuwari 6 Brea kunye neemeko ezichasene nobugcisa.

Amanye amaSebe eKhabhinethi

Amasebe ali-11 aseleyo aquka iinkqubo ezithile: Izangaphakathi zilawula amazwe orhulumente kunye nobuncwane bendalo (umz., iipaki zemvelo); ezolimo zezokondla ukutya, ezokuxhasa imfuno yefama, neenkqubo zokuxhasa imfuno yezonyango; ezorhwebo zikhuthaza urhwebo, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokwenza uphando; iNgxelo yoMsebenzi igunyazisa imithetho yomsebenzi nezoshishino zezoqoqosho; iMibutho lezeMpilo-mali neMinyango yoLuntu iqhuba iMedicare, iMedicaid, iFlavid, neNH; imfundo isasaza nolawulo lwezemfundo yasekuhlaleni; iMimandla alawula izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nophangalo lwezenyukrwelo; i-RGray ilawula imicimbi yezindlu nenkqubela yoluntu, i-mirportat travey, i-moreat, kunye ne-moduration; i-Alandss, i-Admiggn, i-agest, kunye ne-ance, i-agess

Izicelo neeKhomishini ezizimeleyo

Ngaphaya kwe-15 yamasebe eKhabhinethi, isebe elilawulayo liquka amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo anikela ingxelo ngqo kuMongameli okanye asebenza ngenkululeko ethile. La maqela aquka i-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), i-Arhente yeNkcubeko yokuKhuselwa Kwemekobume (EPA), i-National Aeronautics and Administration Administration (NASA), i-Mac), iKhomishini encinci yoBulungiseleli beBhovisi Bezimalisi (SBA), kunye neFC) kunye neKhomishini yeFrefederal Trecial Bobutho (SC), kunye neyamastial Reserveactive Boactive Boardendial kwaye isoloko ikhokelwa ziibhodi ze-bistate zokunciphisa impembelelo yezobupolitika. Umongameli bee-onjineli, kodwa abakwazi ukuthoba i-ofisi, bayakwazi ukuthoba i-ongqala kulawulo lwabo.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo yesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho nokusetyenziswa

Umsebenzi oyintloko wesebe eliphetheyo kukusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Oku kubandakanya ukuguqulela izindululo zomthetho ezibanzi kwimimiselo ethile, ukugweba, nokunika iinzuzo. Umzekelo, emva kokumiswa koMthetho wesibonelelo weAffordcutable Act, isebe eliphetheyo labhala amakhulu amaphepha emimiselo elawula iintengo ze-inshorensi yezempilo, inkxaso-mali, nomqeshi. Amasebe omanyano asebenza ngoorhulumente aqhuba uvavanyo, anika intlawulo, aze azise amatyala amakhaya okanye alwaphulo-mthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela. Lo msebenzi unika isebe eliphetheyo amandla asebenzayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka ekukhuseleni ukutya ukuya kumgangatho wenkonzo.

Uzalisekiso lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nomiselo

Izicelo zivelisa imithetho eneenkcukacha yokumisa imithetho kwinkqubo yolawulo lwamazwe. Oku kubandakanya ukupapasha imithetho ecetyiweyo kwi-Federal Register, ukwamkela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kunye nokumisela imithetho yokugqibela enamandla omthetho. I-Federal Register iqulathe amashumi amawaka amawaka amaphepha emimiselo emitsha nyaka ngamnye. Umzekelo, i-EPA imisela imiqathango yokukhutshwa komphunga kwizithuthi kunye neziko lamandla, iSebe lezokuthutha imisela imigangatho yokhuseleko kwiinqwelo-nqwelo-mafutha, kunye ne-FMP evumela iziyobisi ezintsha kunye nezixhobo zonyango. Eli gunya lolawulo liyimfuneko kwimingeni-mpumeko yangoku kodwa likwafuneka kuvavanywa imingeni esemthethweni kunye neyo.

Ukulungiselela uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali noLawulo lweMali

UMongameli, esebenzisa i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali (OMB), ulungiselela isindululo soqingqo-mali sonyaka esibonisa ezona zinto ziphambili kulawulo. Olu xwebhu luthunyelwa kwiKhomishini, ehambisa iindleko zokunikezela. ISebe le-OMB likwavelela ukusebenza kweziko kunye nohlolo lolawulo. Isebe eliphetheyo lilawula ukuqokelelwa kwee-$4 zezigidi-4 zemali kungeniso karhulumente ngonyaka, ukukhutshwa kwenzuzo yezentlalo-ntle kunye ne-Medicaracdare, kwaye likhupha irhafu yerhafu. Isebe lemali eliboleka ngemali ngamaqhina anxulumene kunye nenkcitho xa iindleko zingaphaya kwemali, ukuphatha ityala lesizwe elingaphezu kwama-R3 ezigidi (R3 ezigidi).

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

UMongameli umisela abamiselwe ngokwezobupolitika abamalunga nama-4,000, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, abameli, neentloko zamasebe azimeleyo. Uninzi lwabafuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. UMongameli ukwanamandla okususa amagosa amaninzi esebe aphezulu ngoko, nangona abanye, njengamalungu oomasebe abazizimeleyo, banokususwa kuphela ngenxa yesizathu. Eli gunya livumela oomongameli ukuba babumbe ijaji kunye ne-ofisi karhulumente kamashumi eminyaka, njengoko abagwebi abamiselweyo bobomi babo benokuwuphembelela umthetho emva kokuba umongameli eshiyile.

Imiyalelo yegunya neziphumo

Imiyalelo yabalawuli ingumyalelo olawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Ngeli xesha ingeyomithetho, baphethe umkhosi wasemthethweni logama nje besekelwe kwigunya elikhoyo okanye kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko. Oomongameli baye bayisebenzisa ukuphelisa umkhosi (Truman), bemisela iSivumelwano soxolo (Kennedy), kwaye bephumeza iinkqubo zokufuduka (Obama neTrump). Imiyalelo yegunya lolawulo lungatshintshwa ngoomongameli abalandelayo okanye babethelelwe phantsi ziinkundla ukuba bawushenxise imida yomgaqo-siseko.

Ukujongwa komGaqo-siseko nokulungelelana koMlawuli

Ulawulo lomthetho

IBhunga leKhomishini lenza ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwisebe elilawulayo ngamandla alo ukubeka imithetho echaza ukudibana kwemithetho, ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa, nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango. Iikomiti zeKhomishoni ziququzelela ukuchongwa, ukufunwa kwamaxwebhu, kunye namagosa angaphantsi kwe-Public Accounting Office (GAO) ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Uvavanyo olupheleleyo alugunyaziswanga: iNdlu yeNdlu inguwo ye-"isizathu, ukunyolwa, okanye olunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye namatyala anzima," kwaye iBhathenti ingayivala ityala ize isuse. u-Andrew Johnson (1868) u-Clinton (1888), noDonald Centen, noDarcouth (209) zangatyiwayi-alwanga; akukho nanye eyafunyanwayo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Inkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zesizwe zinamandla okuvakalisa izenzo zesigqeba esilawulayo ezingekho mgaqweni, umgaqo omiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison (1803). Iinkundla zibethelele imiyalelo yempatho ephakamileyo yokufuduka, ulawulo lomkhosi, kunye nokuphazanyiswa kwezijikelezi-sinyithi zentsimbi (i- ulutsha olukwi-Stown & Tube Co. v. Sateyer unobumba, 1952). Uphengululo lwejaji luqinisekisa uMongameli usebenza kwimidalelo-mgaqo, nangona isebe eliphetheyo lisoloko liqhubela imida, ikhokelela kwiimeko ze-macrackethi.

Ezinye Izithintelo

Isebe eliphetheyo kufuneka lijonge imigaqo efana ne-Freedom of Information Act, evumela ukufikelela koluntu kwiingxelo zolwazi. Inkqubo yoManyano-ntle igcine amagunya abalulekileyo koorhulumente, imisela ukufikelela kwenyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu. Isebe elilawulayo kunye nemigaqo yezobucukubhede liyakwazi ukuthomalalisa amanyathelo omongameli.

I-Evolution yesebe eliphethe i-Greaders

Isebe eliphetheyo liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngomhla kaGeorge Washington. IKhabhinethi yokuqala yayinamalungu amane (Isimo, iSiko, iNdawo, neNgqungquthela ye-Attorney). Inkulungwane ye-19 yabona ulwandiso lwabaphathi bendlu emhlophe (1849), iLimo (889), kunye namanye amasebe. Inkulungwane yama-20 yabona ulwando olukhulu ngenxa yeNew Deal, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye neenkqubo zeNtlalo Enkulu. Ukudalwa kwe-ofisi yeGunyaziso yeHome-efa (EOP) ngo19999) ngo-1939, i-Agridiom (889), kunye neBhunga lesizwe lokhuseleko ne-OMB. Namhlanje, isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa kwaye lichitha izigidi-zigidi zemali. Imibangonyaka emalunga nomgangatho wegunya lesizwe, ingakumbi, ulawulo lwemfazwe, ilungelo lolawulo lolawulo.

Ukuqonda Indima Ebalulekileyo Yesebe Eliphetheyo

Isebe elilawulayo lingaphezulu kakhulu kunoMongameli neKabhinethi `lingumatshini oluntsonkothileyo oguqulela inkqubo ekusebenzeni, ukhusela uhlanga, ulawula uqoqosho, kwaye unika abami imisebenzi yenkonzo. Ukusuka kwimisebenzi yomgaqo-siseko kaMongameli njengenkokeli kunye nentloko yomphathi-mikhosi kumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla weSebe leMicimbi yeVeterans kunye ne-EPA, isebe eliphetheyo lichukumisa zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika. Amandla alo, ngoxa likhulu, lilawulwa ngumthetho kunye nolawulo, liqinisekisa ukuphendula. Abami, bayaliqonda eli nyathelo lokuqala lokuzibophelela norhulumente ngokhuphono-omatilo-omatilo-mthetho, ukunxibelelana nabameli, okanye ukulandela umthetho womthetho.