Isiseko Sobulungisa Borhulumente

Ingcamango yokulungelelana kwamandla asikokwakhiwa nje kwengcingane; yindawo yokwakhiwa kwezixhobo apho urhulumente wase-United States esebenza khona. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinobuchule, okanye ikomiti elawulayo, elinolwazi olunganqandwayo, ngaloo ndlela liqokelela igunya labemi nxamnye nobundlobongela obunokwenzeka. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi, abaqonda le nkqubo intsonkothileyo ibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi oluqhubekeka ngayo phakathi kweengxwabangxwabangxwaba zezobupolitika. Umlinganiselo wamandla wenzelwe ukukhuthaza uzinzo, ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane, kwaye ukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemilo. Iingcambulo zawo zilele kwintanda-bulumko eQongelelo, ingakumbi imibhalo yeMontesquieult, eyathi ingqina ukuba inqanda ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lwegunya likarhulumente. U.S.

Ngelixesha umbhalo wokuqala unike isiqalo esiqinileyo, uphando olunzulu lutyhila iindlela ezichuliweyo ezenza inkqubo isebenze qha kwaye iingxoxo eziqhubekayo zokusebenza kwayo. Namhlanje, ulungelelwaniso lwamandla lujongene neengcinezelo zale mihla, ukusuka ekunyukeni kwemiyalelo yegunya ukuya ekuqulungwini kokumiselwa kwekomiti. Kodwa umgaqo wayo ongundoqo uhlala ungatshintshi: amandla kufuneka asasazwe kwaye ahlolwe ukulondoloza inkululeko. Eli nqaku likhulisa isebe ngalinye, inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso, iziganeko zembali, kunye nocelomngeni lwangoku, linika umthombo obanzi wengxoxo yesikolo kunye nofundisiso buqu.

Iintsika Ezintathu Zorhulumente

Urhulumente wase-U.S. wahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elineembopheleleko ezahlukileyo kodwa ezihamba kunye. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya kuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingalawuli ezinye kwaye kuqinisekise ukuba imithetho yenziwe, inyanzeliswe, kwaye ichazwe ngenkathalo. Makhe sihlolisise isebe ngalinye ngokweenkcukacha.

Isebe Lomthetho: Abenzi Bomthetho

IBhunga, isebe lowiso-mthetho, linegunya elipheleleyo lokwakha imithetho yesizwe. Line-bamaral, elahlulwe libe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtsimbi, isakhiwo esibonisa ukuThoba Okukhulu komthetho ngowe-1787. Indlu, enamalungu angama- 435 ahlulwe ngabantu, imela ngokuthe ngqo, ngoxa iNdlu yeSithili, enamalungu ali-100 (ngamalungu amabini), imele inkxalabo yombuso. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuba zombini imbono ethandwayo kunye nolawulo lombuso ziqwalaselwe kwinkqubo yomthetho. Indlu, enikwe amagumbi afanayo, imele idlulisele kwimo ye-modeli efanayo kwaye inikwe ityala elingumlawuli elinguwodwa. [i-FV.Promessionancession, kunye ne-umphalance projective projective projectivesssssssssss.[5] kunye nemigaqo yecandelo elingaphezulu yecandelo elingundla.[12]

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Abanyanzelisi

Ephethwe nguMongameli, isebe eliphetheyo linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho emiselwe yiBhunga. UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yombutho wesizwe kunye nenkomfa yemikhosi exhobileyo, ephethe igunya elibalulekileyo. Noko ke, amandla anyanzelwa ngamasebe amabini. UMongameli angawufumana umthetho [[FLT: 0]] ukuya kumthetho [[FLT]] , ubuyisela umthetho weBhunga ngemithetho ephikisayo. IBhunga lingawulawula ngemithetho yenkundla. Inkundla ingamelana nento yokuba abaninzi kwizindlu ezimbini, nangona ezo zinto zingaqheleki. [iiimeko ezinjalo zinqabile.[10], ingcebiso elinguwongamandla akhoyo akhoyo, ingcupheka kakhulu, ingcuphe yale i-ephanye i-e. [iempephonsieting , i-mongmongle ye-mone ye-mongangeement, i-moduance, i-ekhompume, i-ogral ekhosi ye-ogral ekhosi

Isebe Lejaji: Izaphuli - mthetho

Isebe lejaji, elikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, lichaza umthetho lize limise ukufaneleka komgaqo-siseko kwezenzo zowiso-mthetho kunye nezolawulo. Eli gunya, elaziwa ngokuba luhlolo lwezibonelelo , lwamiselwa kwityala elingu-1803, ukuqinisekisa ukukhululeka kwimeko kaMarbury v.. Madison. INkumbuso ePhakamileyo ingenza nawuphi na umthetho okanye isenzo solawulo esichasene nomthetho esiphula umthetho, esiwenza uhlolo olubalulekileyo kwamanye amasebe. Abagwebi abasebenzi, kuquka iinkundla eziPhakamileyo, bamiselwe ubomi (intloko yezokuziphatha okuhle) ukuqinisekisa uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. [Nkutsho kweNkuphelo yeNkuphelo yeNkundla ePhakathi yoNkulwayo, kwaye ingenawo iNkuphembeleko.] Amandla awona uNkuphendukupheka kweNkundla. [enkundla ePhaka ka-1978, iNkunye iNkuphekal

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwano lubuchule obusebenzayo obunyanzelisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla. Ziqinisekisa ukuba ziyasebenzisana kwaye ziyaphendulana phakathi kwamasebe amathathu. Inqaku lokuqala lidwelise imizekelo embalwa, kodwa le nkqubo intsonkothile kakhulu.

  • Uhlolo lomthetho kuMphathiswa: IBhunga loMbutho lingangalawula iiveto zomongameli, ivunywa okanye yaliwa okanye yawachase amadinga, igatya okanye isuse uMongameli okanye amanye amagosa, igcine iindlebe zobuveleli, kunye nemali yolawulo. Amandla okungagqibeleli-mthetho anamandla kakhulu. Abalawuli ababini (Andrew Johnson noBill Clinton) abazange bangene kwiNdlu, nangona bengabekwanga tyalangalelwanga yiNdlu.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Iimvavanyo ze-exectificative kwi- Justice: imisela ubungakanani kunye nesakhiwo sejaji yequmrhu lesizwe (ngaphandle kobungakanani bokuqala beNkundla ePhakamileyo emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko), iqinisekisa ii-moneli, ingaba yiyo enye ijaji ejongene nehambo engafanelekanga, kwaye iyakwazi ukucebisa ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko ekuguquleni imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuhlola okusemthethweni: uMongameli angarhoxa amaphepha (kungaphantsi kokulawula), abize iKhomishini kwintlanganiso eyodwa (nangona oku bekungasetyenziswanga kumaxesha angoku), kwaye aphembelele umthetho ngokusebenzisa iqonga eliphambili kunye nokhokelo lweqela. UMongameli ukwanika uRhulumente wedilesi ye-Unions ukumisela izinto eziphambili kwimithetho.
  • Uvavanyo olusebenzayo kwiJaji: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, ngaloo ndlela elungisa ulwalathiso lwejaji. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuxolela amatyala karhulumente, anokuthi athintele ukunyanzeleka okanye isigwebo esingathandwayo.
  • Ukuvavanywa kwe-judicial kuMthetho: Ngohlolo lwezomthetho, iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho engekho semthethweni. Eli gunya linwebela nakuwuphi na umthetho worhulumente okanye wesizwe ocelwe umngeni. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabetha amakhulu emithetho kwiminyaka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuvavanya okuqulethwe yi-judicial kwigunya: Iinkundla zingaphelisa imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo ezigqitha igunya lomGaqo-siseko okanye ezichasene nemimiselo. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaphelisa ukuphambana kwemijikelo yentsimbi kaMongameli Truman ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea (Ulutsha olunesandi esiphezulu shicilelweyo & Tube. Co. v Sawyer, 1952).

Ezi nxulumano zidala ulungelelwano olunamandla. Akukho sebe lingasebenza lingakhange lijongene nenkcaso enokwenzeka kwezinye. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukulalanisa nokucinga--naxa inokuthi ikhokelele kwiqhina xa ulwahlulo localulo lubukhali.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kwendlela Yokulawula

Ulungelelwano lwamandla aluzange luhlale luminyene. Iziganeko ezingundoqo zembali ziye zayivavanya zayiguqula kwakhona. Inqaku lokuqala lichaphazele umongo wembali, kodwa singaqwalasela iziganeko ezizizo ezimele zaziwe ngabafundi.

Ukusekwa Kwexesha Neemvavanyo Zangaphambili

Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko babexhalabele kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi enzima, besanda kulwa novukelo nxamnye noKumkani uGeorge III. Baphikisana ngobukhulu begunya elilawulayo kunye nendima yejaji. IBhunga lokuqala laseka inkqubo yenkundla yephondo ngoMthetho weJadicary ka-1789. Umongameli George Washington wamisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo, enjengokumisela inkcaso efana nokukhusela ukunyanzelwa kwemfazwe yaseYurophu. Olona vavanyo lubalulekileyo lwangaphambili lwavela kwiAlien neSedition IZenzo (1798), ezithi zivunywe ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Isigqibo somgaqo-mthetho we-mgaqo-jiko-mvume noweKentuli siphikisa le mithetho, siphikisa ukuba ithi ingcamango yokukhusela abemi bamazwe kamva ihlazisa isidima kodwa ibonakalisa ukungalawule urhulumente nolawulo.

IMarbury v. Madison kunye neNjongo yezeMigaqo

Ngemihla ephelileyo kaMongameli John Adams ulawulo, wamisela abaliqela “abagwebi abaphakathi kweBandla lakhe loBukhosi”. Xa uThomas Jefferson wathatha isikhundla, unobhala wakhe weSizwe uJames Madison wala ukunikela ikomishini enye kuWilliam Marbury. Marbury sud, ecela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba iMadison ayinikezele. UJaji omkhulu uJohn Marshall wajongene ngxaki: ukuyalela umkhosi ukuba uJafferson, kodwa ukulawula kwequmrhu kuzakuphelisa igunya leNkundla. Isigqibo sikaMarshall esinelo siphenduku siphendukuso somthetho onamandla [[FLT].[FLT] [FFod] [5] [5] [4] [ulk]

Imfazwe Yamakhaya Namandla Alawulayo

UMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wandisa igunya eliphezulu elidumileyo ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, ukunqumamisa i-habeas corpus, ukukhupha i-Emancipation Proclation, kunye nokwakha umkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yomkhosi. Wazithethelela ezi zenzo njengokuyimfuneko ukugcina i-Union. Emva kwemfazwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo Ex edityaniswe i-Ex eMilligan[ [1866] walawula ukuba abemi bangenakulingwa yinkundla yomkhosi xa iinkundla zamakhaya zivulile. Le misebenzi yasekuhlaleni yaphinda ibone ikho imigaqo yezomthetho elawula igunya eliphezulu.

Isigqibo Esitsha Nokupakishwa Kweenkundla

UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wajongana neenkqubo eziphinda-phindiweyo ze-New Deal iNkundla ePhakamileyo eyagatya umthetho ongundoqo (umz., Schechtry Cop. v. United States, 1935). Kwimpendulo, uFDR wacebisa “icebo lokulungisa” ngo1973 ukudibanisa amatyala amatsha amathandathu exesha ngalinye lokuhlala kubulungisa ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-70. Icebo labangela ukuchasana okukrala, kwana kwiqela lakhe, yaye ekugqibeleni lasilela. Noko ke, uxinzelelo lwanikela phantse “kusindisa oko kusithoba”.[16] U-Oce Roberts Roberts warhola umvuzo lomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zokulawula iiNkuhlela ezintsha. Ingcebiso le-Prouthemis.

Ulawulo lwezikhuseli zamanzi kunye nolawulo lwengqungquthela

Ihlazo leWatergate (1972-1974) labonisa ukubaluleka kobuveleli bombutho kunye nendima yejaji ekugcineni ityala lomphathi-mikhosi. Umongameli Richard Nixon ulawulo lweziko lolawulo olubandakanyekileyo kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic kunye nesokugquma ngokulandelayo. IKomiti yeNtlanga-Magathe yahlola, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela uNixon ukuba akhuphe iiteyibhiyo ([FLT: 0] United States v. Nixon[FLT], 1974). Ijonge ukungaququququzeli kweNd, iNixon. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye, hayi uMongameli, umlomo, ngaphezu komthetho. Umthetho wolawulo lwasemva kweRhulumente (1273) ukuphumeza ummiselo we-R.

Ucelomngeni Lokusebenzisa Igunya

Inqaku lokuqala laphawula ukuba ukwanda kwezobupolitika namandla aphezulu kuyinto yakutshanje.

Ukwandiswa Kwezobupolitika Nomthetho

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukwenziwa kwezithuba zolawulo kunyuke, ingakumbi kwiNgqungquthela. Inani labasebenzi abalungele ukuthobayo liye lancipha, kwaye ukuvota kweqela kuye kwanda. Oku kuvala isantya kubangela kube nzima ukukhupha umthetho, kuqinisekise i-manineegnees (ngaphandle kokuba elinye iqela lilawula omagumbi kunye nomphathi), kwaye liqhuba ihambo. Ngokunjalo, oomongameli baxhomekeke kwimiyalelo yegunya, i-DCAncerdadada, kunye nezindululo zokufumana inkqubo yokufumana imigaqo ngaphandle kweBhunga-Mpatroli. Oku kuye kwanyusa izilumkiso malunga ne-demodensi, umgangatho we-demodensi (umphali.) umzekelo, uMongameli Barck Obama ukhupha izenzo zokufudula (Darce Actives, DCA) kunye nokutshintsha isimo sezulu (Icebo lokulawula i-macawase-enum) njengoko kuphikisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ye-engu-ekhohlome. [[10] kunye nezibonelelo zeNkuphendulo zeNkuphelo zeNku.[10] kunye

Ukutyunjwa Kwezigwebo Neemfazwe

Isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa abagwebi besizwe, ingakumbi abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, siye sakhutshwa kakhulu. Ityala lika-2016 lithintelwe kakhulu iMerrick Garland ngokungena encotsheni (emva kokufa kukaJaji Antonin Scalia) nguMahlalo-Masipala, lilandelwa yisiqinisekiso esikhawulezayo sikaMasipala uAmy Coney Barrett ngo-202020, libonise oku kulwa oku. Isiphumo yiNkundla esoloko igqiba ukuba 6-3 kwimigca yendlela yendlela yokusebenza. Ityala liye lathandabuza okokuba xa elinye isebe lijongene kufutshane xa kuthe kwanekwa kuwiswa kwesigqibo esithe kwathiwe ityala (umz. g. [[FLT.]]]] [iKlort:/10] iNkuMbutho waMandla aMphathiswa yiNtton.[5]

Ulawulo lwengqungquthela nemfazwe yolwazi

Kwixesha lamanani, isebe eliphetheyo liye lafumana igunya ngolawulo lwalo lolwazi olunolwahlulo kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Iingqungquthela zizama ukuqhuba ulawulo olunempumelelo xa zijamelene nezicelo zelungelo eliphezulu okanye imfihlo. Inkqubo yokufunxa impempe ibomeleziwe (umz., i-Intelligence Community Whistle Protection Protection Acter), kodwa ukuziphindezela kuhlala kungumsebenzi oxhalabisayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukwanda kwamajelo oonondaba kunye nokurhoxiswa kwemikhakha-ndaba kubangela ucelomngeni lokuba abemi bangaba netyala kukarhulumente wabo. Umlinganiselo wamandla uxhomekeke kungabi nje kwiinkqubo zolawulo kodwa nakwiinkqubo zokhetho. Imfundo yeCvicelo ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ekuncedeni abafundi baqonde isibakala senkcazelo.

Indima Yorhulumente Wolawulo

I-propatiographics enkulu yezwe lonke , njenge-EPA, FDA, ne-SEC_wields amandla amakhulu, ngokufuthi adibanisa uwiso-mthetho, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba. Bakhupha imimiselo (i-legislated), banyanzelisa (ingxubusho), kunye nenkxwaleko enzima (i-adictal),. Eli “sebe lesi-wesine” liphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuziphendulela komthetho kunye nokulingana komgaqo-siseko. Ingxoxo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- West Virginia v. [[FLT:][202] [202]) ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-ethematilo lanamhlanje.[FFOM]

Ukulungelelana: Indima Yabemi

Isigqibo sokuqala sagxininisa ukufunda nengxoxo. Ukwandisa, sinokugxininisa ubumi obusebenzayo. Ulungelelwano lwamandla asikokuzibulala; kufuna ukuganana kwabantu ngobulumko. Abami bangathabatha inxaxheba ngokhetho kuzo zonke iindidi zonyulo (iphondo, iphondo, kunye nommandla), ukunxibelelana nabameli babo, ukusebenza kwiiholo zedolophu, ukukhonza kwiinkundla zenkundla (okuhlola amandla omthetho), nokuxhasa imibutho yoluntu elawula urhulumente. Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kunye nokulungisa kwawo, ingakumbi iBhili yamaLungelo, ixhobisa abantu ukuba baqaphele ukuqhatha. Obafundisi bangasebenzisa imfaniso enjengeewezonompepho okanye iinkundla eziphakamileyo zenkundla ukuze bazise ubomi. Izikolo kufuneka zigxininise ukunceda abafundi ukuba bahlole ukulawulwa kwe-gqweqwesi okanye ukwenza i-obhungane.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlala wazi ngeziganeko zangoku .ezifana nezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, imiyalelo ephakamileyo, okanye uphando lwequmrhu lokuphendula iinkokeli. Ulungelelwaniso lwamandla yinkqubo ephilayo evumelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo, kodwa ukulondolozwa kwayo kuxhomekeke kubantu abathembisene. Njengoko uThomas Jefferson wabhala, “Abemi abafundileyo bayimfuneko efunekayo ukuze siphile njengabantu abakhululekileyo.” Imfundiso yezentlalo, kuquka nokulungelelana kwegunya, ibalulekile kwimpilo yeRiphabliki.

Isiphelo: Inkcitho Enamandla

Ulungelelwano lwamandla asiyondlela yokuqinisekisa emileyo kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo yengxoxo kunye nokuzibamba. Abaseki benkqubo baya kunyanzela ukuba kubekho iminqweno epheleleyo yokulwa namabhongo, njengoko uJames Madison wabhala ngodumo kuFederalist No. 51. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, inkqubo iye yamelana nemfazwe yamakhaya, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, kunye nemfazwe yamaqumrhu. Namhlanje, ijongene neemvavanyo ezintsha zokuhamba komhlaba, ulwando oluphezulu, kunye notshintsho lwezobugcisa. Kodwa isakhiwo esisisiseko sokwakha sihlala sihleli siqinile: isebe ngalinye lingasingisa emva kokuphazamisa, kwaye umGaqo-siseko unika iinkqubo zokulungiswa. Abafundi kunye nootitshala, lo mcimbi unika amathuba angapheli okucingelana amasebe. Ngokuqonda indlela asebenza ngayo, indlela asebenza ngayo, kwaye apho abemi boluntu banokuba ngabasebenzi abaxhasi ekulondoloze ulawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi. Isifundo sokuzinzisaneyo asiso solawulo.