Ukwazisa: Isifungo njenge Ankile yoMgaqo-siseko

Isifungo somongameli wesikhundla singaphezulu kakhulu kunento eyenzekayo. Sisingqinelana phakathi komongameli ozayo noMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo, siqinisekisa umgaqo welitye lokuba urhulumente wase-United States usebenza kwinkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kwesi sakhiwo sokhuseleko, naliphi na isebe eliqingqiweyo, umthetho, okanye ikomiti egwebayo.

Ukuqonda indlela isifungo esibonisa ngayo ukwahlukana kwamandla kufuna ukuvavanya umbhalo wayo, imvelaphi yayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwehlabathi lokwenene kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. Eli nqaku lihlola umlinganiso ngamnye, libonisa indlela isivakalisi esinye esinokusonga ngayo umatshini ontsonkothileyo wokuhlola nokulinganisa.

Umbhalo weOath yeNtloko Yomongameli

UMgaqo-siseko ucebisa amagama achanileyo esifungo somongameli kwiGatya II, Icandelo 1: “ Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa awona alungileyo ekhono lam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko wase-United States.

Ibinzana elingundoqo kunye nokubaluleka kwalo komGaqo-siseko

Isifungo sinamabinzana aliqela anxibelelene ngokuthe ngqo nokwahlulwa kwamagunya:

  • "Ngokuthembeka ukuphumeza i-Ofisi” – Igama elithi “ngokunyaniseka” lithetha umsebenzi wokunyaniseka kungekhona kwiqela, kwingingqi, okanye kumdla wobuqu, kodwa kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko. Ukuphunyezwa kweofisi kuthetha ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho edluliswa yiBhunga kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwinkqubo yokugweba, hayi ngokusuka nje iphinde ibhalwe loo mithetho.
  • "Ukugcina, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko”-le misebenzi emithathu ishwankathela indima kamongameli njengomgcini womgaqo-siseko uphela. Ukugcina kuthetha ukugcina isakhiwo sikarhulumente; ukuyikhusela kuthetha ukuyikhusela kwizinto ezisongelayo zangaphandle okanye ngaphakathi; ukukhusela kuthetha ukumelana nokuzixhathisa imigudu yokuwutshabalalisa. Isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi ofanayo, kodwa isifungo sikamongameli sibeka umthwalo okhethekileyo kumphathi-mikhosi ukusebenza njengomgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela kulungelelaniso lomgaqo-siseko.
  • "Kukungcono kakhulu kobukhondla-mandla bam” - Le qualifier ivuma ukungafezeki komntu ngeli xesha isamisela imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yehambo. Ayivumeli ukungakhathali ngabom okanye ukwaphula umthetho ngesiquphe wokwahlula amagunya; kunoko, ifuna umgudu wokholo olulungileyo wokusebenza kwimida yomGaqo-siseko.

Imbali Engokwembali: Isizathu Sokuba Abasunguli Babhale Ioli Ekhethekileyo

INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yaphikisana kakhulu nesifungo. Abaququzeleli babexhalabele ukuba isifungo esingacacanga sasingavumela umongameli ukuba afune igunya elipheleleyo okanye atyeshele amanye amasebe. Ngokuchaza ngokucacileyo umGaqo-siseko (_arrather) kunesizwe okanye abantu (oMsunguli waqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kukamongameli yaba yeyona nto iphambili kwisiseko esisemthethweni esithintela amandla. Oku yayikukusabela okungqalileyo kumava olawulo lokumkani waseBritani, apho isifungo sokumkani sasidla ngokubhekiselele kwilungelo lobuthixo lokulawula. Ngokwahlukileyo, umongameli waseMerika, ngokuchasana noxwebhu olubhaliweyo oluhlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo.

Imvelaphi Nenjongo: Umseki Worhulumente Olinganiselweyo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyonto isungulwayo yale mihla; yayisemgangathweni kwintanda-bulumko yoMseki wezopolitiko. UJames Madison, ku Fateralist No. 51, wachaza: “Isigqibo kufuneka sicelwe ukulwa namabhongo.” Isifungo somongameli sesinye senkqubo esilwanisa le migaqo. Ngokufunga ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko, umongameli uthembisa ukuhlonela amaqumrhu acacileyo eBhunga kunye nejaji.

Ukuqhelisela Kwembono KaMadison

UMadison waphikisa ngelithi alikho isebe elifanele likwazi ukulawula abanye. Umphathi, olawula umkhosi kunye nomthetho, wabonwa njengelona sebe liyingozi ngokweemeko zokuqhatha. Ngoko ke, isifungo sifuna umongameli ngokukhethekileyo ukuba axhase umGaqo-siseko onika iBhunga amandla engxowa-mali namandla okulawula, kwaye unika ijaji amandla okuchaza imithetho nokuhlola izenzo zolawulo. Isifungo siba sisikhumbuzo semihla ngemihla sokuba umongameli akangaphezulu komGaqo-siseko kodwa ungaphantsi kwayo.

I-Oath kunye nePhepha loLuntu loManyano

AmaPhepha amaninzi athetha ngokubaluleka kwezifungo kwiriphabliki. u-Federalist No. (uJohn Jay) kunye no-[FLT] u-Federalist No. 69 [uMlawuli] (umongameli uHamilton) ucacisa indima eqingqiweyo kamongameli ethelekiswa nokumkani. Hamilton umahluko ngqo phakathi kweshumi kunye namandla kamongameli kunye nawokumkani, ebona ukuba amandla kamongameli “agunya." kwaye aphantsi kovavanyo lwengqungqungquthela. Izifungo ziqinisekisa ukuba umongameli: umongameli, umzekelo, umibhobho, uHambnayibhishophu, uHambrekhokho.

Indlela Amandla Esigqeba Esinesiqu Esineentambo Asebenza Ngayo

Ulwimi lwesifungo luyilo ngqo imida yegunya elilawulayo. Xa umongameli efunga ukuba “ukuphumeza ngokuthembeka i-ofisi, equka ukuphumeza imithetho njengoko ibhalwe, hayi njengokuba umongameli engayinqwenela ukuba yiyo. Lo ngumongamo wesifungo Khathalela uCelas [ [uMgaqo II], othi umongameli “uya kukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumelelwe ngokuthembeka." Isifungo sisenza lowo msebenzi: umongameli uthembisa ukuwenza, kwaye unokuba lityala lokungafezeki.

Imida kwimiyalelo yegunya nezenzo ze-arhente

UMongameli uyakwazi ukukhupha imiyalelo yolawulo kunye namaqumrhu olawulo angqalileyo, kodwa ezo zenzo kufuneka zimiselwe kumthetho okhoyo wezomthetho okanye igunya lomgaqo-siseko. Xa oomongameli benweba elo gunya, bazibeka esichengeni sokwaphula isifungo. Umzekelo, xa uPresidenti Harry Truman [ wathatha izinyithi zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea ukuze athintele ukubetha, iNkundla ePhakathileyo yawisa umthetho wesifungo se-Technoloji & Lamp; Tube Co. sawner [[FLT:] [195], ephethe ukuba umongameli wayenemidale imidariom. Inkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba u-Truman enyanileyo izama ngokuthembeka.

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

Isifungo sikwakunandipheka ukumiswa nokususwa komongameli kunye namagunya. Umongameli ubeka abagwebi bakarhulumente kunye namagosa omgangatho ophezulu, kodwa iNdlu yeeNtsimbi kufuneka ibaqinisekise ngokucacileyo. Xa sele iqinisekisiwe, loo magosa akanakususwa ngokokuba iBhunga lisungule imigaqo-siseko yokhuseleko olusemthethweni (umz., amaqumrhu azimeleyo anjengoyiFederal Reserve okanye i-Securective kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange). Isifungo sifuna ukuba umongameli ahlonele loo miqathango ye-athority kunokuba athi linegunya lolawulo lokudubula nabani nabani na. Ingqungqungquthela iyaqhubeka isenza isifungo somthetho: umongameli otyeshela imiqathango yokususwa kwemithetho yemithetho ayikugcinwanga, kodwa umgangatho ongayifuniyo nokukhusela umlinganiselo woMgaqo-siseko.

Iichecks Nolungelelwano Olusemzimbeni

Owona mfanekiso ucacileyo wokwahlula amagunya kwisifungo yinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano olunyanzelisayo. Isifungo asizinyanzeli; sixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukuba agcine umongameli ephendulile.

Ukuzicel ’ Ityala Njengendlela Epheleleyo

Ukuba umongameli waphula isifungo, iNdlu yabameli iyakwazi ukugweba kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu yamaBhunga iyakwazi ukugweba. UmGaqo-siseko uchaza amatyala angathandekiyo ngokuthi “Isizathu, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izityholo eziphezulu kunye neMisderator,” ibinzana eliquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi okunzulu kwegunya. Kwimbali, inqaku eliqukethe iNdlu yeNdlu echaphazelekayo liye lachaphazele ukungqubana kwesifungo sobumongameli. Umzekelo, ukungachazi konyakazeli konyaka ka-1868 ka-1968 kwe u-And Johnson [[[FLT] kunye nenqaku eliququze liquze lonke igatya lokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-Anviletteom lomthetho we-ofisi kwaye ngaloo ndlela yokukhusela umGaqophi womthetho ochaseneyo, umkhosi wezonganye i-Az." wathi, wathi, uthelela umGwenzisothothothoba, uthelela uG.

Impinda Yezahlulelo: Iinkundla Njengabagwebi Bokugqibela

Ijudicary, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, inamandla okuhlola izenzo zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Marbury v. Madison [1803], iJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall waqinisekisa ukuba “ngokuthe ngqo iphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lenkundla elilawulayo ukuchaza oko umthetho ukuko.” Xa umongameli ethatha isenzo esichasene nokwahlulwa kwamagunya, ngokukwala ukusebenzisa imali efanelekileyo yeBhunga (imposta) okanye umgaqo wokufuduka okungagqibekiyo) okanye okungagqibekanga okungagqibekiyo. Isifungo asiyiniki umongameli umgaqo wokuhlola ityala; sikhuthaza ukuba enze umGaqo-siseko ophakamileyo.

Ulawulo Lomthetho Namandla Okuthenga

IKhomishini inezixhobo ezininzi zokuhlola umongameli: ukuva, ii-poenna, namandla okuxhasa okanye ukuthoba izigqeba eziphezulu. Isifungo somongameli sokuthi “enyanisweni kuphumeza” imithetho iquka imithetho elawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali. Xa umongameli ephosa imali okanye engavumi ukuhambisana nee-pains, iBhunga linokumangalela okanye lisebenzise amandla alo okungagunyazi. Isifungo siqinisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo alikwazi ukusebenza ngokutsha kwimicimbi yemithetho ecwangcisiweyo yendlu yowiso-mthetho.

Amaxesha Embali Avavanya Isilili

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, oomongameli baye bajamelana namathuba apho kwaliwa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, yaye eso sifungo saba sisazulu.

UAbraham Lincoln Nomkhosi KaHabeas Corpus

Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uMongameli uLincoln wabek'ephakamisa i-art ye-habeas corpues ngaphandle kwemvume eququzelelweyo. Waphikisa ngelithi isifungo sakhe soku “khusela, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko” samvumela ukuba athathe amanyathelo angaqhelekanga okusindisa i-Union. IJaji enkulu uRoger Taney, [[FLT:]] e-Ex i-Merryman [1861] [iiiii-1961], yagqiba kwelokuba yiNgqungquthela kuphela enokuthi i-Writ. iLincoln ayizange iphikise ulawulo kodwa yaqhubeka nezenzo zayo xa ifuna ukudityaniswa. Esi siganeko sibonisa ukuxinzelelwa komkelo oluphakathi komongameli-omatika-mthetho wokukhusela uhlanga kunye nolwano olucacileyo.

Isicwangciso seNkundla esiTshaba i-Franklin D. Roosevelt

Ngo-1937, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wacebisa ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yandise iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibe ngamatyala ali-15, ngokubonakala ukuba ithoba umsebenzi owenziwe ngabagwebi abadala kodwa ngokwenene ukuze bafumane inkxaso yomthetho we-New Defere. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba eli cebo lawuphula umoya wesifungo kuba laliza kusithoba inkululeko yejaji. Icebo lasilela kwiNkulwa-mthetho, kungekhona ngenxa yesigqibo sezomthetho, kodwa ngenxa yokuba amasebe ezobupolitika aqonda ukuba ukutshintsha umxholo weNkulwano ngenxa yezizathu ezi-1979 kuya kuphazamisa ukuma kokulungele ukuma kwemithetho esiseko. Isifungo sikaRosevelt sokwakhe sokwenza “ukukhusela, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko” sacatshulwa ngabachasibo njengesizathu sokuchasa iqhinga.

URichard Nixon Nobhubhani WangoMgqibelo Ngobusuku

Ngo- 1973, ngexesha lophando lwaseWatergate, uMongameli Nixon wayalela ukudutyulwa kweProsechar Archibald Cox, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuwisweni kwemithetho ye-Attorney General Elliot Richardson kunye noSekela-Athery Auttorney jikelele William Ruckelshaus. Abagxeki batyhola ukuba uNixon wayezama ukuphazamisa ubulungisa kwaye engafuni ukuphendula. "ukungavumelani netyala lakhe) ukuqhuba imithetho ngokuthembeka. Isiganeko sakhokelela ngqo ekungagunyazinziswani kwetyala, kwaye uNixon ekugqibeleni saqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akanakukwazi ukusebenzisa igunya eliphakamileyo ukuze angazikhusele ekuphengululeni; ngoko ke waphazamisa ukwahlukana kwamandla ngenxa yokuba kuphazamisana nendima ye-judiary kwizaphuli-mthetho.

IOwath neJadi: ISigwebi esiyintloko njengoOhati-Pare

Indlela esifungwe ngayo isifungo ikwabonisa ukwahlukana kwamagunya. UmGaqo-siseko awuchazi ukuba ngubani osebenzisa isifungo, kodwa ukususela oko uJohn Adams, ngokuqhelekileyo ibinguMgwebi oyintloko waseUnited States. Oku kufuzisela: ilungu lesebe eligwebayo lifunga kwintloko yesebe eliphetheyo, likhumbuza wonke umntu ukuba ijaji limi njengomquphi ozimeleyo wentsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko. IJaji ePhakathi iSikhulu ayiso isothulelo sabucala kodwa ingummiselo onyanzelelwayo esinguwonke wonke ezintwaneni.

Ngaba Isinyithi Sinokunyanzelwa?

Ngelixesha iinkundla ezingoomongameli zingena kukhetho lwesibini lwenkqubo, ziya kungenelela xa umongameli ephazamisa ngokucacileyo umsebenzi wobugqeba okanye womthetho. Zivotofsky v. Kerry (202015], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha ngamandla kamongameli opheleleyo okwazi ukubona oorhulumente bangaphandle, kodwa ibekel'isikelwe umda umsebenzi wesigqeba kwimimandla efana nofuduko (umz., ]] Arizora v. United States, 2012]). Isifungo sinika umgqaliselo: ukuba inyathelo lomongameli lilungele ukutshintsha umGaqo-siseko, inkundla inokuyivakalisa ngokunempumelelo, ukuvaka kukamongameli wakhe.

ISifungo neSebe loMyalelo: Icebiso neNkqutyana

Esi sifungo sikwaqinisa ulwalamano lomongameli kunye neBhunga. Umongameli kufuneka “alukhathalele ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka,” equka ukutyikitya okanye ukukhupha amatyala, ukuhambisa idilesi yeSizwe se-Union, nokuncomela amanyathelo. Kodwa isifungo sithintela umongameli ukuba angalawuli inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, umongameli akanakusebenzisa amandla eveto ukunyanzela ukuba iNgqungquthela idlulise imithetho ethile enxulumene nomthetho owenziwe ngumongameli, nto leyo enokuthi ibe kukusetyenziswa kwegunya lolawulo lolawulo lobungangameli. Ngokufanayo, umongameli akanakukwala ukusebenzisa imali egunyaziswe yiBhunga (umngeni ofikelele kwiinkundla ngexesha lolawulo lweNixon noTrump). Isifungo simi seso sisikhumbuzo sokuba indima kamongameli iphumeze i-mali.

Izicelo Zale Mihla: Ukwenziwa Kwelanga Nesinyithi

Kwixesha lokuqukunjelwa ngokunzulu kwemimandla engaphandle, isifungo somongameli siye sathatha indawo entsha. Abameli bobabini baye batyholwa ngokugqitha imida yabo engokomGaqo-siseko, ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni ngokugqithisileyo kwemiyalelo yegunya ukuya kwizenzo zomkhosi ezingajongwanga mthethweni. Isifungo sisebenza njengesicelo sokuphendula nzulu ne-ankile esemthethweni kubagxeki abaphikisayo ukuba isigqeba esiphezulu saphula ukwahlulwa kwamagunya.

Imigaqo yesebe echasayo

Oomongameli bakutshanje bakhuphe imiyalelo yezolawulo oluphezulu kwimixholo efana nokufuduka (Isenzo esithenjiweyo sokufika kobuntwana, ukuvalwa komsebenzi wohambo), umgaqo wokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuboleka ityala labafundi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ezi zenzo ziphantsi kwengqiqo kamongameli; abachasi bathi baphembelela indima yeBhunga yezomthetho. Isifungo sinikela uvavanyo lwemithetho-siseko: ngaba umyalelo “ngokuthembekileyo uyayiphumeza" imithetho ekhoyo, okanye ngaba uyila inkqubo entsha? Iinkundla maxa wambi ziye zayichasa le miyalelo xa zigqithisa igunya lemithetho yomthetho, njengakwi- .[FLT] V. [20]] [2010]

Inqaba Nokhuseleko Lwesizwe

Kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe, oomongameli badla ngokuthi banegunya elingokwesiseko elisekelwe kwisifungo sabo sokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. Esi ngxoxo sasisetyenziselwa ukuthethelela ukubetha kwe-drone, ukungagunyazi, nokungenelela komkhosi ngaphandle kogunyaziso lomkhosi. Noko ke, iSigqibo semfazwe seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe- 1973 kunye namatyala ahlukeneyo eNkundla aPhakamileyo (umz., ] Hamdi v. Rumsfeld[, 2004) siye sarhoxa, siqinisekisa ukuba kwanangexesha lemfazwe, amandla kamongameli akagwetyelwanga. Isifungo asili. Isigqibo asili gunya elipheleleyo; sinyanzela ukuba kwenziwe phakathi kolawulo lomthetho-mthetho-siseko wesizwe, nto leyo ebandakanya amandla eMbutho ukuvakalisa imfazwe kunye namandla e-judiary.

Isizathu Sokuba Imibandela Yabahlali Ibaluleke

Ukuqonda isifungo sobumongameli njengophawu lokwahlula amagunya kunceda abemi balapho bagcine iinkokeli zabo ziphendu. Isifungo asingomgca nje kuphela kwincwadi yembali ``````````Sifungo'''''''' esingumsebenzi ophantsi kweofisi yeOval'. Xa umongameli esenza ngokungekho mthethweni, akahoyi imithetho, okanye arhoxisigosayo kwiquageodiariaupoenas', isifungo siba ngumlinganiselo wokuba lo mongameli uyawufeza na umsebenzi wakhe osemthethweni. Ingi, amaqela e-mishicinezeli, amaqela e-oomantskowasemthethweni asebenzisa isifungo njengesazi sesazi sesazi sesavenge sokuziphatha kolawulo.

Imfundo YomGaqo-siseko Nesitya

Izikolo nemibutho yezentlalo idla ngokufundisa isifungo njengenxalenye yezifundo zemfundo, kodwa ukunxibelelana kwaso okunzulu nolwahlulo lwamagunya maxa wambi kuyatyeshelwa. Ukuqonda ukuba isifungo sidibanisa umongameli kwinkqubo karhulumente owahluleleneyo singakhuthaza ukubotshwa nokugxekwa okungakumbi kwabemi. Kukwagxininisa ukuba umongameli akangokumkani okanye umphathi-ntloko karhulumente wonke, kodwa kunoko uyintloko yesebe elinye elilinganayo.

Isiphelo: Isifungo Njengesithembiso Esiqhubekayo

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla singumbandela omfutshane kodwa onamandla wokuthembeka komGaqo-siseko. Sibonisa ukwahlukana kwamagunya ngokufuna ukuba umongameli avume imida yegunya eliphakamileyo, ahlonele iindima zeBhunga kunye nejaji, nokusebenza kwisiseko esicetyelwe ukunqanda ubundlobongela. KuBaseki beengxoxo zamatyala anamhlanje, esi sifungo siye sasebenza njengesiqinisekiso sokuphendula, isikhumbuzo sokuba amandla eUnited States akabekwanga nawuphi na umntu okanye isebe elinye.

Njengokuba umongameli ngamnye omtsha ephakamisa isandla sakhe aze acengceleze loo mazwi angamashumi amathathu anesihlanu, akaqali nje igama leofisi .