Ukungalingani Kwamandla: Xa Urhulumente Elawula

Ulawulo-melo lwale mihla lusasaza amandla kulwahlulo oluninzi lukarhulumente . "lwesizwe, lwengingqi, kunye nolwasekuhlaleni" ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza, ukusabela, kunye nokuhlola kwegunya. Eli candelo, elaziwa ngokuba yi-urhulumente, lenzelwe ukukhusela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekubeni ibe namandla kakhulu. Noko ke, imida phakathi kwala manqanaba idla ngokungacaca, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhubekeni xa imigaqo kunye neengxabano eziphambili. Xa urhulumente, urhulumente, norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, iziphumo zingangena kwiinkundla, kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye nakuluntu kangangeminyaka. Ukuqonda ezi ngxabano kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ulawulo olusebenza ngayo ngokwenene nendlela ezimiselwe ngayo ulungelelwano olusemthethweni kulungelenelo.

Olu ngquzulwano ludla ngokuvela xa elinye iqondo lorhulumente likholelwa ukuba elinye liye lagqitha kwigunya lalo lomGaqo-siseko okanye elingokwasemthethweni. Ngamanye amaxesha ingxangxwabangxwaba yi-system ``imeko yesizwe' ijongene negunya lengingqi. Oku kuluncedo ngezantsi. (a) ngamaxesha athile kungurhulumente wasekuhlaleni omisa imithetho ephikisana nemithetho karhulumente. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba imvelaphi yayo, ukusombuluka kwezi ngxabano kudla ngokumisela imiqathango ecacileyo echaza imida yolwalamano phakathi koorhulumente.

Indlela Igunya Likarhulumente Elithiwa Lisebenze Ngayo

Phambi kokuqwalasela amatyala okwenene, kubalulekile ukuqonda imo yentelekelelo karhulumente. EUnited States, urhulumente worhulumente ubala amagunya adweliswe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, afana nokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqhuba inkqubo yelinye ilizwe, nokukhupha imali. Ama-odolo ahlala elawula amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente orhulumente, qha, ulawulo lwemfundo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Oorhulumente bengingqi bengiselwa ngurhulumente, banikwe kuphela loo mandla anikwe ngumthetho, ngokusesikweni, iipaki, amapolisa, kunye nococetrali.

Eli gophe lomaleko alicocekanga. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, urhulumente wesizwe uye wandisa ukufikelela kwalo ngenkqubo yeChomark Claus, iMali ye-Palsy Claus, kunye noMphetho-Mda we-14. Amazwe aye arhoxa, ephikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ugcine imimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo kuwo kuphela. Ngeli xesha, oorhulumente benginya, maxa wambi bafumanisa ukuba babhaqwe phakathi kwemfuno engqubanayo neyorhulumente. Isiphumo siyindlela enamandla, esoloko inengxabano, apho amadabi asemthethweni agqiba imida yokwenene yegunya.

Umgaqo we umgaqo wokukhulula ungundoqo ekucombululeni iimpikiswano ezinjalo. Phantsi komGaqo-siseko weSupremacy Claus wase-U.S., umthetho wesizwe udla ngokulawula xa ungqubana ngqo nomthetho karhulumente. Kodwa ukukhulula akuphelelanga; amaxwebhu agcina uzimele-mkhethe obalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezilawulwa ngokwesithethe. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe ukuba umthetho wesizwe unenjongo yokuhlala kusini na kumhlaba wonke okanye ukuba ushiya igumbi lokusebenza kukarhulumente.

Uphawu lwelizwe lungqubana phakathi koRhulumente woManyano noMasipala

IArizona v. United States (202): Ukufuduka

Zimbalwa imibandela ebangela uxinezeleko lwesizwe esizimeleyo njengolokufuduka. Ngo-2010, iArizona yamisela iSekela-Law Yethu Encersation kunye noMthetho we-odolars (S.B. 1070), eyayifuna ukuba umthetho karhulumente unyanzeliswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abasuka kwelinye ilizwe bame okanye babanjwa ukuba babenobukrokrela obusengqiqweni ukuba umntu ebekweli lizwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Umthetho wakwaphula umthetho wakwaphula umthetho ukungakwazi ukuthwala amaxwebhu okubhalisa asemthethweni kwaye wawenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kubaphambukeli abangabhalwanga ngokokuba bafune umsebenzi.

Isigqibo solawulo lwe-Obama samangalelwa, siphikisa ngelithi ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wokufuduka ngumthwalo wesizwe nokuba i-S.B. 1070 ingquzulwano nomthetho worhulumente. Ityala lafikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ngo-2012. Kwisigqibo esingu 5-3, iNkundla yawisa phantsi kathathu kumalungiselelo amane acetyisiweyo, ilawula ukuba umthetho worhulumente olawulayo okhutshelwe kwangaphambili uzama ukubeka isohlwayo esongezelelwe isohlwayo. Ilungiselelo elifuna ukuba isimo soburhulumente sibekwe ngokusemthethweni livunyelwe ukuba lime ebusweni bayo, nangona oko kusenokubethwa imbambano kamva. Isigqibo sathiwe sisithi ayinakumisela izicwangciso zabo zokugcinwa kokufuduka kodwa sisebenzisana namagunya asekuhlaleni. Le meko ihlala ingumzekelo ocacileyo wendlela esesikweni yokungqubana nemithetho nomthetho kummandla omiselwe ngumthetho.[F.[F.] [F.]

2. IFomati yeSizwe yeZiko le-Independent Ishishini v. Sebelius (202): UMthetho weNkxaso

UMthetho we-Affordble Care Act (ACA), owatyikitywa kumthetho ngo-2010, wamela olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo lwezonyango lwamazwe asekuhlaleni kumashumi eminyaka. Ulwandiso lwawo lweMedicaid lokugquma bonke abantu abadala ngengeniso ukuya kutsho ku-888% yemali yomgangatho wobuhlwempu karhulumente yayisenyangweni kumthetho. Urhulumente worhulumente wathembisa ukuhlawula ikhulu elinamashumi alithoba lokuqala, ukuhla ukuya kuma-90% ngo-2020. Amazwe awangavumiyo ukwandisa ukujamelana nesohlwayo esinzulu semali e-Medicaid.

Amashumi amabini anesithandathu amatyala acel ’ umngeni iACA, ephikisa ukuba ulwando lweMedicaid lwayaphulwa kwaye lwaphulwa uMphetho weshumi. Kwi-NFIB v. Sebelius, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi urhulumente wephondo akanako ukusongela ukuphelisa zonke iiMedicaid ezikhoyo ukuze anyanzelise amatyala. INkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba isohlwayo esisisohlwayo esilingana nokunyanzelelwa, hayi ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okusebenzisa imali. Njengomphumo, ulwando lwaba yinto engenakucetywa, kwaye amazwe amaninzi eRiphabliki-ethelela ekuqaleni akwala ukuba nenxaxheba. Oku kuthintela imida yemali ekhoyo yokusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nokugcinwa kwendima engundoqo yemeko yolawulo lorhulumente. [[FLD]

3. Ukubekwa kweMarijuana ngokomthetho kweColorado: Impi - ngquzulwano yeLizwe neFederal

Ngo-2012, abavoti beColorado bavumela uHlaziyo 64, begunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kokuzonwabisa, ukuba nomntu oneminyaka engama-21 ubudala, kunye nokuthengiswa komjujelo kwiphondo laseWashington kwalandela kwangaloo nyaka mnye. ICannabis yahlala iyinxalenye yeShedyuli Ilawula iSicwangciso Somthetho weSipheko we-Unionhovisiwe, ukwenza imveliso, ukuveliswa, nokubekwa kwetyala. Oku kwabangela ingxabano engqalileyo: umthetho wesizwe wavumela umsebenzi owalelwe ngumthetho wesizwe.

Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwamkela inkqubo yokungaququzeli gwenxa, ekhupha ityala eliyalela abatshutshisi bephondo ukuba bajolise kwimiqathango yokuthengisa enzima kunokusebenzisa imali ephazamisa imithetho yezonyango. Phantsi kolawulo lweTrump, uGunyazo-Athorney Jeff Sessions uGunyaziso loMphathi-mikhosi Jeffind, kodwa kamva iKhomishini yaquka iRhracrachbach-Monterrationrance kwityala le-apprations, ithintela iSebe loLungulo ekusebenziseni imali ekuphazamiseni imithetho yezonyango. Ingqina indlela urhulumente angayimangalela ngayo imicimbi yezokuzonwabisa ngaphandle kokuquqululisa ityala.

4. Izixeko ezicocekileyo: Iimfuno zoorhulumente bomhlaba

Ngeli xesha iArizona v. United States iqhubana nemithetho yomgangatho wokufuduka karhulumente, izixeko zengcwele zimela ingquzulwano yomgangatho wasekuhlaleni negunya lorhulumente. Izityholo ezinjengeSan Francisco, New York, Chicago, neLos Angeles ziye zamkela imigaqo-nkqubo ethintela intsebenziswano nokunyanzeliswa kokufuduka kukarhulumente. Le nkqubo idla ngokuwathintela amapolisa ukuba abuze malunga nokufuduka okanye ukuvalela abantu ngokwesiseko somthetho wokufuduka.

Urhulumente wesizwe, ingakumbi phantsi kolawulo lweTrump, wafuna ukohlwaya izixeko ezingcwele ngokuzigodlela imali ethile. Ngo-2017, iSebe Lezobulungisa lavakalisa ukuba ukuthobela iCandelo 1373 lomthetho wesizwe, okuthintela imiqathango yonxibelelwano olumalunga nokufuduka-----(-) yayiyimeko yokwamkela u-Edward Byrne Memorial Justival Confict Grants. Izixeko ezininzi zamangalelwa, kunye neenkundla ezininzi zaxhasa izixeko, zilawula ukuba urhulumente akakwazi ukubopha imibandela enjalo ngaphandle kwegunya elicacileyo. KwiSixeko saseChicago v. (2088), iseke seSizwe seSithathu sokuxhasa imiyalelo nxamnye neemeko zeDOJ. Ityala libonisa imiqathangongoma yegunya likarhulumente kumthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nokubaluleka kwe-10 ye-Gradition kwi-Intemptic kwi-Ivity yasekuhlaleni.

Ukungqubana Phakathi Koorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Noorhulumente

Iimfazwe zobume zithatha imixholo yezihloko, kodwa iimfazwe zelizwe ezihamba kwindawo enye zikwaneziphumo. Ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zikarhulumente, abanalulawulo lwemfuza. Kodwa izixeko ezininzi kunye nemimiselo enika igunya lamakhaya elinikwe yimithetho-siseko okanye imimiselo, ezivumela ukuba zidlulisele imithetho kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Xa amazwe emisela imithetho ekhulula izenzo zasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kwimicimbi efana nomvuzo omncinci, ulawulo lwemipu, okanye imimiselo yokusingqongileyo.

1. Ukucinywa kweMithetho yoMsebenzi wasekuhlaleni

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ethintela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bamisele intlawulo yabo encinane ngaphezu komgangatho karhulumente. Umzekelo, ngo-2016, iMissouri yadlulisela isixeko esivingcinezelela umthetho ekunyuseni umvuzo omncinci. Isixeko saseSt. Louis sasisele sivumile ukuba i-$10 (R1,000) ifumaneke, kodwa umthetho wanyanzelisa ukuba ibuyele kumgangatho karhulumente wama-$7.70.70. Inkundla ePhakathiwe yiMissouri ixhase umthetho wephondo ngo-20181818, iqinisekisa ukuba isikhululo sendlu yowiso somthetho sinegunya lokumisela imigaqo-mthetho yasekuhlaleni. Lo mgaqo uphindoqoko-ondo-omforials, Florida, kunye no-Slincoulder, apho ilwahlulo lwamabindiswa-are-astrust R.

2. Ulawulo lwemipu kunye nokuzicinezela kukaRhulumente

Abaxhasi bamalungelo e-Folorado baye bawanyanzela ngempumelelo imithetho yokutshatyalaliswa kwesizwe ethintela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bamisele imiqathango yemipu engqongqo kunomthetho karhulumente. IKhalifoniya neNew York banolawulo olunamandla lwasekuhlaleni, kodwa amaphondo amaninzi (kuquka iTexas, iFlorida, neColorado) anemithetho enjalo yokukhulula. EColorado, umthetho wesizwe uthintela izixeko ezifana neDenver ekuvaleni imipu kwizakhiwo zikawonke wonke okanye ekunciphiseni umgangatho wamaphephancwadi ongaphaya kwemida yesizwe. Ngo-2021, isixeko saseLouisville, eKentucky sadlulisela umthetho owiswayo wezo zixhobo zokuhlasela, kodwa urhulumente wadlula nyaka ngamnye oko kudlule ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi ngxabano zibalasemngcipheko phakathi kwesigqibo solawulo-demo-demokhrasitiki.

3. Ukusingqongileyo kooOrdinance vs. IGunya likaRhulumente

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokumisela ukhuseleko lwemekobume olungaphaya kweemfuno zikarhulumente, njengokuvalwa kwemithetho yeplastiki esetyenziswa ngumntu omnye, ukupheliswa kweplastiki, okanye imigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha igesi. Iphondo laseTexas liye lazicima ngokuphindaphindiweyo izithintelo zasekuhlaleni, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseTexas ngo-2018 ilawula umthetho wesixeko ozama ukuvala ukusetyenziswa kwe-plastiki. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2019, i-Ohio yadlulisela umthetho othintela abantu basekuhlaleni ekuvaleni iingxowa zeplastiki. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba kwanaxa abavoti bengi basekuhlaleni bexhasa imilinganiselo yokusingqongileyo, izivumelwano zelizwe ziyakwazi ukuzishenxisa ngokusebenzisa amandla okukhutshwa.

Ubuchule Bokucombulula Iingxabano Zoburhulumente Obungahambelaniyo

Xa umlinganiselo wongquzulwano lukarhulumente, isigqibo sidla ngokuvela ngolunye lweenkqubo ezintathu:

  • [[Nkundla ePhakamileyo: 0] Impinda yeJonicial:[ IiNkundla ezitolika umGaqo-siseko, imimiselo, kunye nomthetho wokumisela umlinganiselo wegunya. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yiyo epheleleyo ye-arbiter kwiimpikiswano zorhulumente. Izigqibo ezifana United States v. Lopez[FLT] [[FLT]] [95] [95]) [[FLT] i-Platz v [200] kunye [[FLT] i-Plat] i-Prempz v [iggggn syst].[5] iUnited States [[FLT] (1997]) iphinda iphinda ichaza imidaba kumandla ombuso phantsi komnayimo wolwandle.[FL.[FFLT]][FF]
  • [[NTL:0] Isenzo somthetho: IKomishini ingacacisa okanye ixokise izenzo zikarhulumente ngomthetho omtsha, njengomthetho we-REAL ID, omisela imilinganiselo karhulumente yokwahlula urhulumente. Ngokuchaseneyo, iintlawulo zendlu yowiso-mthetho zingatyhalela umva ngokudlulisa izigqibo, ukumangalelana, okanye imithetho evavanya imida karhulumente.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Imithetho yeProtolithi kunye neNkqutyana: Ngokufuthi, iingxabano zilawulwa ngengxoxo, ukuxilonga, okanye ingqiqo yokunyanzelisa. Umzekelo, iSebe leSigwebo lingakhetha ukungavavanyi imisebenzi ethile, okanye amazwana angafuna abaxhasi kwiimfuno zegunya kummandla onjengezempilo nentlalo-ntle.

Uxanduva lwamaxa-mali kaRhulumente

Imiphumo yezi mfazwe ayipheleli nje kwimpikiswano engokomthetho:

  • Imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo: izigqibo eziPhakamileyo kwiimeko zorhulumente zibumba ukusasazwa kwamandla kwizizukulwana. Arizora v. United States icacisa imida yokunyanzeliswa kokufuduka kukarhulumente, lo gama [[FLT:]NFIB v. Selius uchaza kwakhona umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente. Le mimiselo ikhokelela kwixa elizayo yokuhlaziywa nokulungisa.
  • Ukwahlulwa ngokweenkqubo: Xa amaphondo okanye iindawo zivunyelwa ukuchwetheza indlela yazo, inkqubo ayibi yeyahlukileyo kulo lonke ilizwe. Oku kungadala ii-inficiencies, ezifana neshishini elihamba ngemithetho eyahlukeneyo, kodwa kwakhona kuvumela uvavanyo lwenkqubo ``iiinkcazo zedemokhrasi''.
  • Ukuthembana okuphindiweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho: Iimfazwe eziphindiweyo zingaphelisa ukuthembana kurhulumente ukuba abemi bayazi i-grid lock okanye ukutshintsha-jika. Umzekelo, ukungaqiniseki okusemthethweni ngomsayini kuye kwakhokelela ekudidekeni kwabathengi, amashishini, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Ngokuchaseneyo, isigqibo esicacileyo sengxabano singabuyisela ukholo kumandla enkqubo okucombulula ukungavisisani.
  • Imposiso yendawo: Ungquzulwano loRhulumente lusoloko lufuna ugcino-lwazi olubalulekileyo lomthetho nolawulo. Iindleko zokunika imvume, imithwalo yokuthobela, nemfuneko yomanyano lungabangela uxinzelelo loqingqo-mali kuwo onke amanqanaba.

Indaleko Eqhubekayo Yolwalamano Lwamagunya Oorhulumente

Imizekelo exutyushwayo asizizo iziganeko ezizodwa; ziyinxalenye yenkqubo eqhubekekayo yengxoxo kunye nokuvuselelwa. Njengoko kuvela iimbambano ezintsha `ezifana nokuzimela kogcino-lwazi, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ulawulo lobuntlola olungelulo, kunye nentsabelo yezifo ezimandundu. I-COVID-19 izakulandela ngokungenakunqandwa. Isifo esilwa noxinezeleko sibalaselisa zombini intsebenziswano noxinezelelelo, namanye amazwe acel ’ umngeni imigaqo yorhulumente kunye nezinye ezisebenzisa imigaqo engqubana neemiyalelo zikarhulumente.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabemi, ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo kubalulekile. Ufundo lwe-constituism asiyondlela yokufunda; luchaphazela ngqo indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, indlela amalungelo akhuselwa ngayo, nendlela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezinikelwa ngayo. Iimeko zokwenene ezifana nezi kuxutyushwa ngazo zinika izifundo ezicacileyo malunga nocelomngeni lokulawula uhlanga olukhulu, olwahlukeneyo oluneentsalela ezininzi zegunya. Zisikhumbuza ukuba ukulungelelaniswa kwamandla akusoloko kulungiswa ngokusisigxina.

Isiphelo

Xa amaqondo engxabano karhulumente, amaqhina aphezulu. Nokuba le ngxaki kukufuduka, unyango, inkqubo yeziyobisi, okanye imithetho yasekuhlaleni, ezi ngxabano zityhila uxinezeleko olungundoqo olukwinkqubo zikarhulumente. Izigqibo ```````Izigqibo''''' ezikwizigwebo zenkundla, ukulalanisa, okanye ukunyanzelisa imigaqo-mthetho,'.' Ukuchasa ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kolawulo. [[FLT:] Colordo''s monation [FONCOM] v], neendawo ezingcwele, i-omatilatracs, i-messs, i-ggnomesss, , i-NFY] v. Sebelus., [FLT] [F:4], i-coloves profiles esemthethweni-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko se-omativentine, kunye ne-omatistiki ye-iethe, i-ma