Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Urhulumente waseUnited States Kubalulekile

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-U.S. singabonakala sintsonkothile, kodwa silungiselelwe ukuba sicace kwaye sifikeleleke. Lo mshwankathela-mcaba wolwimi olucacileyo uchaza amasebe amathathu karhulumente, imisebenzi yawo, nendlela asebenza ngayo. Ukuba ungummi omtsha, umfundi, okanye umntu ojongene nokwenza okungakumbi kwezobupolitika, ukwazi indlela onceda ngayo uphande ubomi boluntu kwaye ugcine iinkokeli zinokuphendula. Inkqubo eyamiselwa nguMgaqo-siseko we-U.S. ngo1787 inyamezele ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, izama ukutshintsha ngoxa ulondoloza umgaqo ongundoqo wokuba akukho mntu okanye iqela elimele ligcine igunya lingenawo.

UmGaqo-siseko: Ummiselo omfiliba kaRhulumente

Phambi kokuhlola amasebe, kubalulekile ukuqonda uxwebhu olwawadala. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Umisela isiseko sorhulumente wesizwe kwaye uchaze amalungelo abantu. UmGaqo-siseko uqala ngeSihlomelo, esichaza iinjongo zikarhulumente: ukuseka iManyano egqibeleleyo ngakumbi, ukuseka okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kubekho uxolo lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukuzikhusela okuqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko.

UmGaqo-siseko wahlulwe wahlulwe ngamanqaku asixhenxe. Inqaku leNtloko leSikhokelo seSebe, iGatya III liyila iSebe Elilawulayo, kwaye iQumrhu III lenza iSebe lezeJaji. La manqaku aseleyo agubungela ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe, ingcinga yokulungisa, ubungangamsha bohlanga, kunye nokubekwa phambili. UmGaqo-siseko ukwaneenza iinguquko ezingama-7. Ishumi lokuqala, elaziwa njengeBhili lamaLungelo, liqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko efana nentetho, unqulo, kunye nendibano. Kamva ukupheliswa kwamalungelo okuvota, kunye nokuhlahlela kolawulo olucacileyo.

Isiseko esingundoqo:[ umGaqo-siseko asilulo uxwebhu oluthe nkqo. Ungalungiswa ngenkqubo efuna uvumelwano olubanzi: amavoti amabini-sithathu kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga kunye nokwahlulwa kweendlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu (okanye ngeendibano ezikhethekileyo). Oku kuguquka komthetho kuvumela urhulumente ukuba azenze ngaphandle kovukelo olunogonyamelo.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Urhulumente wase-U.S. wahlulwe amasebe amathathu angundoqo: iSebe eliLawuliweyo, isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu, kunye neSebe leJaji. Isebe ngalinye linobutyala namandla alo, liqinisekisa inkqubo ye kunye nezikali. Akukho sebe elinokusebenza liphela; kufuneka labelane amandla kwaye likhuphisane, nto leyo ekhusela ekusebenziseni ingcinezelo.

1. Isebe loMgaqo-siseko (Ikomkhulu)

Isebe loMthetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Liyilwe ngamagumbi amabini: iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Babumba iNgqungquthela yaseUnited States. Iwebhsayithi yeBhunga leKhomishoni inikezela ngomsebenzi wowiso-mthetho okhoyo kunye nokuchongwa kweekomiti.

  • Indlu yabameli: iqulunqwe ngamalungu ovota angama-45, ngalinye elimele isithili sombutho esisekelwe kubemi. Bakhonza imiyalelo yeminyaka emibini kwaye basoloko bebotshelelwe ngokusondeleyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Indlu inamandla apheleleyo okusungula iindleko zemali (umthetho werhafu) kunye namagosa akwiphondo, kuquka uMongameli.
  • Isivumelwano se- samalungu ali-100, amabini avela kwilizwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani bawo. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa imigaqo yeminyaka emithandathu, bewanika imbono emide kwimiba yesizwe. IBhunga liqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli (amalungu e-cabinet, abagwebi, ii-antrist) kwaye liqululela izivumelwano ngobuninzi bee-3 ezimbini.

IBhunga likwavelela isebe eliphetheyo ngokuchonga, ngokuphanda, nangokulawula kwemali. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali, emisela indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imali ehlawulwayo, yenye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo zeBhunga. Zombini ezi gumbi kufuneka zidlulisele intlobo ezifanayo zemali ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli ukuze ifumane imvume okanye iveto.

Isebe eliphetheyo

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho. Likhokelwa nguMongameli, osebenza igama elineminyaka emine kwaye angaphinda akhethwe kwakhona ngegama elinye elongezelelweyo (uMdathi woLawulo wama-Gaqo-siseko umisela umongameli kwimithetho emibini enyuliweyo). UMongameli osisiGqeba ukwanyulwa kwithikithi elifanayo. I-webhsayithi yeHouse emhlophe inikela iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zemigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo kunye nemiyalelo yegunya.

  • : uMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi-Mphathi-iNkulumbuso wemikhosi exhobileyo, uqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka. UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya, anikezele ukuxolelwa (ngaphandle kwemeko engagqibekanga), kunye nomthetho weveto odluliselwe yiBhunga. UMongameli ukwamisela abagwebi borhulumente namalungu ekhabhinethi, ngokokuqinisekiswa kweBhunga.
  • UMongameli oMongameli oPhawulayo uxhasa uMongameli kunye namanyathelo xa uMongameli engakwazi ukuphumeza imisebenzi. UMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo ukwakhonza njengoMongameli weBhunga, evota ngokutyobela iiboti xa kufuneka.
  • [[FLT: 0] ICabinet: Ebhalwe ngeentloko zamasebe aphetheyo (ISiseko soMmandla, unobhala woMkhosi, uNjengele weAthorney, njl.), iKhabhinethi icebisa uMongameli kwaye inceda ekuphumezeni iinkqubo. Kukho amasebe alawulayo ali-15, ngalinye elijongene nommandla othile ofana nowolimo, imfundo, okanye impilo.
  • Iingxakeko ezizimeleyo: Ngaphaya kwekhabhathi, kukho amaqumrhu anjengendawo engqongileyo yokhuseleko (EPA), NASA, kunye neCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) esebenza ngenkululeko ethile kodwa ayisalawulwa yimpatho yegunya.

ISebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu likwaquka urhulumente omkhulu, osebenzisa izigidi zabakhonzi basekuhlaleni abaqhuba imisebenzi karhulumente yemihla ngemihla efana nokukhupha iipasisport, ukuqokelela irhafu nokuqhuba iipaki zesizwe.

3. Isebe lezejaji

Isebe lezeejaji lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Yenziwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo. Inxuwa leNkundla elisemthethweni inikela izimvo, iimpikiswano zomlomo, kunye nolwazi olungokwamatyala.

  • Inkundla ephezulu: Inkundla ephakamileyo kwelo lizwe, iNkundla Ephakamileyo inesiphelo sokuqukumbela kwiimbambano ezingokwasemthethweni nakwimiba engokomgaqo-siseko. Iquka izigwebi ezisithoba — iJaji enye nesibhozo ezimanyeneyo — ezimiselwe nguMongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga. Inkundla iphulaphula inani elisikelweyo lamatyala nyaka ngamnye, ngokuqhelekileyo 70-80, ngaphandle kwamawaka ezicelo. Izigqibo zayo ezimiselwe imizekelo enyanzelisa zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi.
  • IiNkundla zoManyano zeSizwe: Ezi ziquka iiNkundla ezili-13 zezibheno (iinkundla zephondo) kunye neziyi-94 zeeNkundla zeSithili (iinkundla zeenkundla zetyala). Iinkundla zesithili zisingatha amatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala kumgangatho wokuqala. Izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili ziya kwiinkundla zesiphaluka. Ityala linokubhenela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, nangona iNkundla ikhetha ukuba ngamaphi amatyala okuphendula.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Amandla eenkundla ukuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya elilawulayo ezingekho mgaqweni azichazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa zamiselwa kumzekelo wendalo (1803 unobumba burybury v. Madison. Eli gunya liyimbombo yendlela yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Urhulumente wase-U.S. usebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa ukukhusela naliphi na isebe ekubeni namandla kakhulu. Isebe ngalinye linamandla akhethekileyo anokulinganisela amanye. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa eqinileyo:

  • Imithetho elawulayo vs. Iqumrhu eliphetheyo: ingenza iKhomyutha yoMongameli ingabi namali kunye ne-veto yamaninzi amabini- 3 kumagumbi omabini. UMongameli angawugunyazisa umthetho, kodwa iKhomishini ingazama ukuwulawula. Ingqungquthela ikwalawula ngokwezimali; ukuba uMongameli ufuna ukuqalisa inkqubo entsha, iBhunga kufuneka livumele uqingqo-mali. Ngaphezu koko, iBhaarame liqinisekisa okanye liyalwamamela ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano.
  • Izakhono-mali. Ijaji: UMongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe, kuquka amatyala eNkundleni ePhakamileyo, kodwa olo magunya afuna isiqinisekiso seNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Xa sele eqinisekisiwe, abagwebi bakhonza ubomi kwaye abazimeleyo uMongameli. UMongameli unakho ukukhupha ingxolelo, ezo ntenwabelo ezingenakuzibhukuqa.
  • Judicial vs. Umthetho: Iinkundla zingayivakalisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhomishini ngaphandle komthetho-siseko. Ngokuchaseneyo, iBhunga lingacebisa izivumelwano zomgaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa umthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo (umzekelo, uMphengululo weSine-16 uvumele iirhafumrhu emva kokuba iNkundla ibethelele inguqulelo yangaphambili). IBhunga likwalawula inani labagwebi kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye liyakwazi ukukhupha isigwebo sorhulumente.

Olu xinezeleko lukhuthaza ukulalanisa nokucinga. Akukho sebe linokuthatha inyathelo elikhethekileyo kwimibandela yesizwe, enyanzela ukuba iindawo ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente zivumelane.

Umanyano: Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa Kwamandla Phakathi Koorhulumente Besizwe Nabesizwe

Ngaphaya kwamasebe amathathu, urhulumente wase-U.S. unesakhiwo esinemingxuma esaziwa njenge- dederalis. Amandla abelana phakathi korhulumente wesizwe (wetyala) kunye noorhulumente bama-50. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuba amazwe azilawule kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngeli lixa eshiye inxalenye yomanyano olukhulu lukarhulumente.

  • Urhulumente weSizwe: Urhulumente ngamnye unawo umgaqo-siseko wakhe, iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho (ngokuqhelekileyo indlu yowiso-mthetho elawulayo ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska), isebe eliphetheyo elikhokelwa yirhuluneli, kunye nenkqubo yokugweba. Ama-United States asingatha imiba enjengemfundo, urhwebo lwamazwe, imithetho yomtshato, ukugcinwa komthetho (umthetho), kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke. Ummiselo we-10 weSibonelelo-mvume awugunyaziswanga kurhulumente worhulumente okanye kubantu.
  • URhulumente wezeNtlanganiso: urhulumente wequmrhu usingatha imicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe, njengeendwendwe, inkqubo yangaphandle, ukhuseleko lohlanga, urhwebo lwamazwe, kunye nemvume. Umthetho weSizwe uphakamile kumthetho karhulumente xa iimfazwe ezimbini, njengoko kuchazwe kwiSupremacy Claus yeQumrhu VI.
  • Amandla akhoyo: omabini amanqanaba karhulumente angahlawula iirhafu zerhafu, abolekise imali, baseke iinkundla, kwaye benze imithetho efunekayo kwintlalo-ntle kawonke-wonke. Kwimimandla emininzi, njengolawulo okanye ezothutho, oorhulumente borhulumente balungelelanisa ngenkxaso nangentsebenziswano.

IFederalism maxa wambi isenokukhokelela kwinkxwaleko — umzekelo, xa amazwe egunyazisa umyazo ngokusemthethweni phezu kwako nje ukwalelwa kukarhulumente. Le ngxabano isoloko iconjululwa ngemithetho yenkundla okanye ngeenguqu zenkqubo. Kwakhona iFederalism ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze “njengoomatshini bolawulo-melo,” ukuzama imigaqo eyahlukileyo enokumkelwa njengesizwe kamva.

Indlela Urhulumente Abuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

AmaMerika amaninzi asebenzisana norhulumente wengingqi kunokuba ecinga. i-portal yorhulumente wase-U.S. idwelisa iinkonzo ezisuka kwi-Social Security and Medicareare kwizicelo zepasipoport kunye nemali-mboleko yabafundi. Nazi iindlela ezimbalwa urhulumente achaphazela ngazo imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla:

  • [[UMTL:0] Irhafu ye-IRS iqokelela irhafu yengeniso, exhasa yonke into ukususela kukhuselo lwesizwe ukuya kutsho kuhola wendlela. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakwathengisa irhafu, impahla, kunye nengeniso.
  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: IFBI kunye neSebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya lisingatha izisongelo zesizwe, ngelixa urhulumente kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni enyanzelisa inkoliso yemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkqubo yenkundla isombulula iimbambano kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni.
  • Health kunye nemekobume: Amayeza avunyiweyo eFDA, iEPA icwangcisa imilinganiselo yongcoliso, kunye ne-CDC yokuhlola ukuqhambuka kwesifo. Amazwe aqhuba iinkqubo zeMedicaid kunye nezibhedlele.
  • Imfundo:[[FLT:] ISebe lemfundo linika inkxaso-mali kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu, kodwa izikolo ezininzi ziqhutywa kwindawo ezikhoyo. Imali-mboleko yabafundi yoManyano kunye nenkxaso kaPell inceda izigidi zabantu eziya ekholejini.
  • Ukhuseleko lokhuseleko neMedicare: Ezi nkqubo zikarhulumente zinika ingeniso kunye ne-inshorensi yempilo kwabathatha umhlala-phantsi, abakhubazekileyo, nabantu abanesifo seqonga esisekupheleni.

Ukuqonda urhulumente wakho kukunceda ukwazi ukufikelela ezi nkonzo, uthobele imithetho, uze uthethele iinguqulelo ozikholelwayo.

Inkqubo Yohlaziyo: Indlela UmGaqo-siseko Otshintsha Ngayo

Abalawuli babesazi ukuba umGaqo-siseko uza kufuna uhlaziyo kwixesha elidlulileyo. Inqaku V linika iindlela ezimbini zokucebisa ngenkqubo: iivoti ezimbini-ntathu kuzo zombini iigumbi leKhomishini, okanye ngendibano yezomGaqo-siseko ebizwa ngee-3 ezimbini zeendlu zowiso-mthetho (eyokugqibela ayizange isetyenziswe). Kwathi kwacetyiswa, ukulungiswa kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngeendidi ezintathu ezine zolawulo, mhlawumbi ngezindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye ngeendibano ezikhethekileyo zokubophelela.

Esi sithintelo siphezulu siqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu ezixhaswe ngokubanzi ziyinxalenye yoMgaqo-siseko. Ukususela ngowe-1789, amawaka ezinto ezilungisiweyo ziye zacetyiswa, kodwa ngu 27 kuphela oye wavunywa. Iziphengululo ezinokubonwa ziquka i-13 (ukuthunyelwa kobukhoboka), ye-19 (iNguquko yabafazi), neye-26 (ukuhlisa ixesha lokuvota ukuya ku-18. Inkqubo yokulungisa ibonakalisa ukuzinza nokuzinza kwenkqubo.

Imibhiyozo Neenkolelo Zezobupolitika

Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungawakhankanyi amaqela ezobupolitika, adlala indima ephambili kurhulumente wase-United States. Amaqela amabini aphambili — iDemocratic kunye neRiphabliki — alungelelanisa abathathi-nxaxheba, amaqonga, kunye nabavoti. Amaqela esithathu ngamanye amaxesha ayavela kodwa manqaphanqabile ukuphumelela kwii-ofisi ezinkulu ngenxa yokukhetha okuphumeleleyo.

Unyulo lwenzeka kumgangatho ngamnye: ulawulo lwamaqumrhu (umongameli, uMbutho), urhulumente (okanye, indlu yowiso-mthetho), kunye nommandla (okanye, ibhunga lesixeko, ibhodi yesikolo). Inkqubo yonyulo intsonkothile: unyulo lomongameli lusebenzisa iElectoral College kunokuba luvotelwe ngokuthe ngqo; urhulumente ngamnye ufumana abanyuli abalingana nomelo lwawo lonke. Uninzi lwamagunya athelela bonke abanyuli ekuphumeleleni kwevoti ethandwayo. Le nkqubo ingakhokelela ekuzuzeni umongameli iElectoral Collegery ngexa kuphulukana ivoti ethandwayo yesizwe (njengoko kwenzeka ngowama 2000 no-2016).

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwi-demokhrasi. Ukubhalisa ukuvota, ukuphanda, nokufaka ibhola yevoti zezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokubumba urhulumente. Unyulo oluphambili luvumela amaqela ukuba akhethe abalawuli bawo, ngoxa kusenziwa ukhetho ngokubanzi ukuba ngubani onegunya. Amazwe amaninzi avumela amanyathelo okuvota kunye namakhasethi, nto leyo eyenza abemi bakwazi ukuvota ngokuthe ngqo kwimithetho.

Ukuba ngummi Okhutheleyo: Ukunxulumana Norhulumente Wakho

Ukuqonda isakhiwo linyathelo lokuqala; elilandelayo kukuba nenxaxheba. Nazi iindlela eziluncedo zokubandakanyeka:

  • Unyulo lwe-Midterment (xa iBhunga linyulwa ngaphandle komongameli) lubaluleke njengonyulo lomongameli kuba lugqiba ukuba yeyiphi iBhunga leqela elilawula iKhomishini.
  • Jongana nabameli bakho. Ungabiza, i-imeyili, okanye ubhale iileta kumalungu eBhunga. Iimbono zabo ze-ofisi ezibandakanya irekhodi, ingakumbi kumthetho olindeleyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iiholo zedolophu ezithe gqolo kunye neentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke. Amagosa asoloko evulel'ekuvuleni kwisithili sawo. La ngamathuba okubuza imibuzo nenkxalabo.
  • landela iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezinjenge Congress.gov, USA.gov, kunye neFederal Register ukulandelela imithetho nemimiselo emitsha.
  • Umsebenzi we Julry ngumsebenzi onyanzelisa ngokuthe ngqo okusesikweni nokusemthethweni kwesebe eligwebayo.
  • Cela ukuba usebenze okanye usebenzele iphulo lokuzithandela. Ii-ofisi ezininzi zasekuhlaleni njengebhodi yesikolo okanye ibhunga lesixeko zinempembelelo enkulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla kwaye zisoloko zingachaswa.

Ummi onolwazi ubalulekile kwimpilo yeriphabliki. UmGaqo-siseko uqala ngo- “Thina bantu,” ugxininisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente ekugqibeleni livela kubemi balo. Ngokufunda indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo nokusebenzisa amalungelo akho, unceda amaMerika aqhubeke ephila.

Isiphelo

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-U.S. (nemiqathango emithathu, uvavanyo kunye nezithintelo, kunye nolwahlulo lwamazwe orhulumente olunoburhulumente ("anokubonakala luntsonkothile, kodwa lusekelwe kwimigaqo ecacileyo: ukukhusela ulawulo olungqongqo, ukukhusela, nokunceda abantu. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko esiqinileyo esiye samelana nemfazwe yamakhaya, ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho, kunye neziphazamiso zentlalo. Isebe ngalinye linendima echaziweyo, kwaye ummi ngamnye unendima yokubamba ityala. Ngokwazi indlela uLegastislative, umlawuli wesigrafe, umsebenzi owenziwe ngayo kunye nowezomthetho wokusebenzelana. Hamba, uhlala unesibambiso solwazi, uhlala uthelekele intlawulo, kwaye ukhumbula ukuba urhulumente usebenza kakuhle xa umntu ngamnye esaziyo ethatha inxalenye ekhuthele.