Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa Komanyano LwaseMelika

I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente karhulumente, isakhiwo esenziwe ngabom ngabaHlanzi bomGaqo-siseko ukuba sabe igunya kumgangatho ohlukeneyo wesithathu: urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nommandla. Eli candelo lamandla lalingeyongozi yembali kodwa yayiyimpendulo elungiselelwe kakuhle kumava oonontlalo-ntle olawulo olusembindini waseBritane. Abalawuli bazama ukudala urhulumente onobugorha ngokwaneleyo ukugcina uhlanga ludibene kodwa ulungelene ngokwaneleyo ukugcina inkululeko nokuhlala kwintlalo-ntle.

Kwiinkulungwane ezingaphezu kwezimbini kamva, ukuqonda oko umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente unakho nokungenakukwenza kusebalulekile kuluntu olufundayo. Imida ephakathi kwala manqanaba ayihlali ihleli; iye yavela ngokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, ngokumisela kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, nokutshintshana kwezenzo zobupolitika. Kodwa umgaqo ongundoqo uyaqhubeka: inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo apho amandla anyuka asuka ebantwini adlulele phezulu kwaye ahlulwe ngokuthe tyaba phakathi kwemikhosi ephikisanayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa amandla kunye neentsilelo zomgangatho ngamnye karhulumente, linika ukhokelo olubanzi kubafundisi, abafundi, nabemi abathembileyo.

Uxwebhu olusisiseko lokuqonda ezi zahlulo ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., onika urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente othile amandla athile ngeli lixa egcina onke amanye amagunya kumazwe nakubantu. Eli lungiselelo, elaziwa njengorhulumente, lidala zombini ukucaca kunye noxinezeleko. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphawule ngokuphindaphindiweyo, umGaqo-siseko awuvumeli naliphi na iqondo likarhulumente ukuba ligqithe igunya lawo elimiselweyo, kodwa ushiya nethuba elithe kratya lokutolika. Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu kwisiseko somgaqo-mthetho woburhulumente, iziQhalelo zoMlawuli zoMgaqo-siseko zinika umbhalo opheleleyo nomongokwangokomGaqo-siseko [[FLT]].

Amagunya Karhulumente Omanyano: Igunya Lohlanga

Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya kwimicimbi echaphazela ilizwe lilonke. Amandla akhe adweliswe ngokuyintloko kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko, elidwelisa iimbopheleleko ezithile ezinikwe iBhunga. La mandla adwelisiweyo abumba iliwa elingumthetho legunya lesizwe, kwaye aye atolikwa ngokubanzi ixesha elide ngeNkundla neNgqolo kaClaus, evumela ukuba iBhunga lenze yonke imithetho e "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" yokuthwala amandla alo adwelisiweyo.

Amagunya Amiselweyo Engqungquthela

UmGaqo-siseko unika iKhomishini amandla:

  • Isiseko sobuzwe norhwebo lwamanye amazwe: I-Claus yezorhwebo inika urhulumente wezorhwebo urhulumente igunya kurhwebo olunqamleza imigca yesizwe okanye olubandakanya amazwe asemzini. Eli gunya liye laba sisiseko soludwe olukhulu lomthetho wesizwe, ukusuka kwimithetho yamalungelo abantu ukuya kwimimiselo yemekobume.
  • Imfazwe ikhutshwa kwaye inyuse umkhosi: Kuphela iBhunga elinokungenisa imfazwe, kwaye linamandla okunyusa nokuxhasa imikhosi, linikezela lize ligcine umkhosi wamanzi, lize lenze imithetho yokulawula imikhosi exhobileyo. UMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi kwiNtloko, kodwa iBhunga lilawula ukuxhasa ngemali kunye nogunyaziso.
  • Imali eyintengiselwano kunye nokulawula ixabiso layo: Urhulumente wezwe unegunya elipheleleyo lokuvelisa imali, ukubeka ixabiso layo, nokusohlwaya ubuxoki. Eli gunya libalulekile ekulondolozeni uqoqosho lwesizwe oluzinzileyo nasekuthinteleni ukudumba kwemali yelizwe ekhuphisanayo.
  • i-Esttablise umthetho ofanayo wokwenziwa kwendalo kunye nemithetho yokufuduka: urhulumente wengingqi umisela iimfuno zokuba ngummi wase-U.S. kunye nolawulo olunokungena kwelo lizwe. I-United States ayinako ukuyiyila eyayo imigaqo yayo yokufuduka, nangona isenokusebenzisana nemigudu yokwandiswa kolawulo lwamaqumrhu.
  • Isithuthi see-ofisi zeposi kunye neendlela zasemva: Urhulumente wezwe ulawula i-United States Postal Service kwaye unegunya kwisiseko sogcino-lwazi esixhasa ukuhanjiswa kweposi.
  • Imvume ezisemthethweni nezobumvo: Ukukhuthaza uhlaziyo nobuchule bokwakha, urhulumente wengingqi unika abasunguli kunye nababhali amalungelo apheleleyo kumsebenzi wabo amaxesha alinganiselweyo.
  • IGovern iSithili seLungu kunye neSizwe se- inegunya elipheleleyo kwikomkhulu lelizwe nakwimimandla enjenge Puerto Rico, Guam, kunye neZiqithi ezinyulu ze-U.S.

Amagunya alawulayo nawezogwebo

Amandla karhulumente karhulumente akapheleliselwanga kwiNgqungquthela. UMongameli usebenzisa igunya elilawulayo, kuquka igunya lokunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukuxoxa, nokumisela abagwebi besizwe kunye namanye amagosa. Ijaji yequmrhu eliphetheyo, lichaza umthetho wesizwe nomGaqo-siseko kwaye linamandla okubetha imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko.

Umlinganiselo wegunya likarhulumente uye wanda ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha lokuQala, ingakumbi emva kweNew Dec naMalungelo oMsebenzi. Namhlanje, urhulumente wesizwe uphumeza indima ephambili kwiindawo ezinjengezezonyango, inkxaso-mali yemfundo, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu. Noko ke, olu lwando luye lwaphikiswana kwaye luye lwabangela iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngemida efanelekileyo yamandla karhulumente.

Imida Yamandla Omanyano

Urhulumente wengingqi, phezu kwalo nje igunya lakhe elibanzi, usebenza phantsi kwemiqathango ebalulekileyo:

  • Imfundiso yamandla enamanani: urhulumente wezwe angasebenzisa kuphela amandla umGaqo-siseko onika wona. Onke amanye amagunya agcinelwe amaphondo okanye abantu. Lo mgaqo waqinisekiswa kwakhona kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo United States v. Lopez [1955], eyawisa umthetho kazwelonke kwimimandla apho iBhunga loMbutho lalidlule amandla ayo entengiso.
  • IBhili yamaLungelo: Izivumelwano zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko zibeka imida ethile kumandla orhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe akanakukwazi ukuqhuba uphando olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula okungaqikelelekiyo, ukuhluthwa kobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho; kwaye umele ahlonele amanye amalungelo asisiseko.
  • Ukwahlula amagunya kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano: Ngaphakathi korhulumente wezwe, amandla ahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu, ngalinye elinokuqinisekisa amanye. IBhunga liyakwazi ukunikezela imithetho, kodwa uMongameli angawamisa; uMongameli umisela amagosa nabagwebi, kodwa iBhunga eliPhakamileyo liyaziqinisekisa; iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyakwazi ukuvakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho, kodwa iBhunga linokucebisa iziphendumiso zomgaqo-siseko ukuthoba.
  • UbuFederal kunye nolawulo lorhulumente: UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi ocacileyo ugcina amagunya angamiselwanga kumazwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yamkela iindawo ezithile zolawulo lwesizwe apho ungenelelo lwamagunya karhulumente lulinganiselweyo, kuquka ulawulo lwezinyulo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni, kunye nomthetho welizwe.
  • Izithintelo ezingokwentsingiselo: Izenzo ezithile zifuna izakhiwo eziphezulu okanye iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo. Umzekelo, izivumelwano zokubophelela zifuna ivoti yesithathu ezibini kwiBhunga, kwaye ukumiswa komgaqo-siseko kufuna ivoti yesithathu ezimbini kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga okanye indibano ebizwe ngamaphondo amabini-3.

Amagunya KaRhulumente: Amagunya Olawulo - melo

Oorhulumente banegunya eliphangaleleyo kwimicimbi echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi babo. Phantsi koMphetho-mda weshumi, amandla anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe okanye angagunyaziswanga kumaphondo agcinelwe oorhulumente ngokulandelelanayo, okanye abantu. Oku kubekwa igunya kusisiseko solawulo-lawulo lorhulumente kwinkqubo karhulumente. Ama-United States asoloko echazwa njenge "imisebenzi yolawulo-demokhrasi" kuba ayakwazi ukwenza uvavanyo ngemigaqo-nkqubo neendlela ezahlukeneyo, anika imizekelo eyamkeleka kwamanye amazwe okanye urhulumente worhulumente kamva.

Amagosa asebupoliseni neGunya

Olona didi lubalulekileyo lwamandla karhulumente ngamandla amapolisa, anegunya lokulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabemi. Eli gunya alidweliswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa liqondwa njengelingokwemvelo kulawulo lwesizwe. Ngaphantsi kweli gunya, linokuthi:

  • Incomela impilo kawonke-wonke:[ Ama-United States amisela amanyathelo okuhlalisana, afuna ukugonywa kwezikolo, iingcali zonyango lwezibhedlele namakhaya abalupheleyo.
  • Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho onyanzelisayo: Imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho emininzi yimithetho karhulumente. Ama-odoli achaza ulwaphulo-mthetho, izaphuli-mthetho ezigwebayo, kunye neenkqubo zentolongo. Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho luphathwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente phantsi komthetho wesizwe.
  • I-'i-Revolution's project : Amazwe amisela iinkqubo zesikolo sasekuhlaleni, amisela imigangatho yofundo, afundisa abafundisi-bafundisi abaqinisekisi, anike uvavanyo olufanelekileyo. Ngelixesha urhulumente wengingqi enikela ngemali kwaye ebeka iimfuno ezithile phantsi kwemithetho efana noMgaqo-siseko woMfundi ngamnye oFinekisiweyo, uxanduva oluphambili lwemfundo luxhomekeke kumazwe.
  • Unyulo lovotelo: lwamazwe amisela ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yonyulo lweeofisi zengingqi nezorhulumente, phantsi kwengqungquthela ephambili. Zizobela imida yesithili, zimisela iinkqubo zobhaliso lovoti, kwaye zinika iindawo zokuvota. Eli gunya liye lancinwa ngokukhula kwiingxoxo zokukhetha amalungelo nengqibelelo yonyulo.
  • iyakuphelisa ukutshata nolwalamano lwasekhaya:[ yaseUnited States inika imvume yomtshato, imisela izisekelo zoqhawulo-mtshato, imisela amalungiselelo okugcina abantwana nokuxhasa amalungiselelo okukhulisa abantwana, kunye nokunyamekela iinkqubo zokukhulisa abantwana.
  • Ingqungquthela yezorhwebo yezorhwebo: imisebenzi yezoshishino eyenzeka ngokupheleleyo kwimida yayo, kuquka ukufakwa kobuchule, ukuqukwa kwamashishini, kunye nolawulo lweenkampani ze-inshorensi.
  • Amalizwe enkcitho kunye nobuncwane bendalo: amaZwe alawula amaphecana amakhulu omhlaba kawonke-wonke kwimida yawo kwaye alawula ukukhutshwa kobuncwane bendalo obufana ne-oyile, igesi, umthi, kunye namanzi.

ImiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente neMiqathango

Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wawo, omisela isakhiwo sikarhulumente wakhe kwaye ubala amalungelo abemi bawo. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente udla ngokusetyenziswa ngokude kwaye uchaza ngakumbi kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, yaye usoloko unikela ukhuseleko olungaphaya kwalawo akwiBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente. Umzekelo, eminye imigaqo-siseko yorhulumente iqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuzimela, ilungelo lokuhlala ngokucocekileyo, okanye ilungelo lokufumana imfundo eyaneleyo.

Urhulumente ubonakalisa isakhiwo sorhulumente ngokuba namasebe amathathu: ulawulo oluphezulu (indlu yowiso-mthetho yomthetho) kunye nezowiso-mthetho (iinkundla zolawulo). Noko ke, kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaphondo. Amanye amaphondo anezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezingoogcisa ngexesha elipheleleyo, ngoxa amanye enenxalenye "yezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezizimeleyo". Amanye amaphondo akhetha abagwebi bawo, ngoxa amanye amagunya awo emisela. Amanye amabamba anamandla awo omeleleyo, kuquka igunya elikwilungu lelungu leveto, loxa amanye enamandla alinganiselwe ngakumbi.

Uqwalaselwano oluluncedo lwemibutho karhulumente kunye nemisebenzi lungafunyanwa USA.gov's uRhulumente iphepha, enika amakhonkco kwii-website zorhulumente ezisemthethweni kunye nezibonelelo zolwazi.

Imida Yamagunya Karhulumente

Amazwe asebenza phantsi kwemiqathango emininzi elinganisela igunya lawo:

  • Inqaku lesi-Suprematy Claus: Inqaku le-II] lomGaqo-siseko limisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente ngumthetho ophezulu welizwe. Xa umthetho karhulumente ungqubana nomthetho osebenzayo wesizwe, umthetho karhulumente kufuneka unikeze. Lo mgaqo wamiselwa kwasekuqaleni kwimbali yohlanga kwi MCulloch v. Maryland [1819], othi uthethth-a ayinako ukuhlawula irhafu yerhafu.
  • I-Claus yezorhwebo: I-United States ayinako ukucalula nxamnye norhwebo lwamazwe okanye umthwalo ongafanelekanga. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawisa imithetho karhulumente exhasa amashishini angaphandle okanye edala imiqobo ekuthubelezeni okukhululekileyo kwezinto kwiimigca yengingqi zikarhulumente.
  • IsiHlalisi seshumi elinesine: I-Accomment Procesting Claus ne-Moncial Protection Claus eMemotement of the 14neth Amendment isebenza kumazwe, iwalela ekuncimeni abantu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho kwaye ekukhanyeni abantu ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa la magama "indawo epheleleyo yokukhusela iBhili yamaLungelo nxamnye namagunya, ithetha ukuba imele iwahlonele amalungelo angundoqo afana nenkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nelungelo lokuphatha izixhobo.
  • ukukhulula okuqhelekileyo: kwiindawo apho urhulumente wequmrhu linegunya elipheleleyo, amazwe akanakusebenza konke konke. Umzekelo, amazwe akanakungena kwizivumelwano namazwe asemzini, imali, okanye abhengeze imfazwe. Kwimimandla yegunya elikhoyo, umthetho karhulumente ungawutshayela umthetho worhulumente ukuba iBhunga lifuna ukuhlala entsimini okanye ukuba umthetho karhulumente uyangqubana nomthetho wolawulo.
  • Imiqathango yesizwe yomgaqo-siseko: umgaqo-siseko ngamnye worhulumente ubeka imida kumandla karhulumente, kuquka ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye, imiqathango kwirhafu kunye nenkcitho, kunye neemfuno zeenkqubo zowiso-mthetho.
  • Ukholo Olupheleleyo noCerreaste: Amazwe kufuneka ahlonele izenzo zikawonke-wonke, iirekhodi, kunye neenkqubo zogwebo zamanye amazwe. Iphepha-mvume lomtshato elikhutshwe kwelinye ilizwe kufuneka liqwalaselwe ngokuqhelekileyo kuwo onke amanye amazwe, njengoko kufuneka izigwebo zenkundla ezivela kwamanye amazwe.

Amandla Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Asondele Kakhulu Kubantu

Oorhulumente bengingqi, kuquka ubalo-mali, oomasipala, amalokishi, izithili, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo, zingumgangatho karhulumente osondelene nabantu. Ngokungafaniyo noorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente, abanegunya elingulawulo oluphezulu, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zikarhulumente. Bafumana onke amandla abo kumthetho karhulumente kwaye bayakwazi ukudalwa, batshintshwa, okanye bapheliswe yimithetho karhulumente. Lo mgaqo, waziwa njengoMthetho , ukholelwa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banawo kuphela amandla abawanikwe ngokucacileyo ngurhulumente, lawo achazwa ngokuyimfuneko yiloo mithetho karhulumente, kunye nalawo ayimfuneko kwiinjongo zabo.

Iintlobo zoRhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Kukho iintlobo eziliqela zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni eUnited States, nganye inezakhiwo namandla ahlukeneyo:

  • Imali-mali: Imimandla yamaqela amakhulu asemaphandleni kumazwe kwaye ibonelela ngeenkonzo ezifana nokunyanzeliswa komthetho, impilo kawonke-wonke, ugcino-ndlela, kunye nolawulo lonyulo. Oorhulumente bengingqi bangalawulwa yibhodi yabameli, isigqeba solawulo, okanye zombini, kuxhomekeke kumthetho.
  • Izixeko, iidolophu, kunye needolophana zidityanisiwe kwimimandla enika amapolisa kunye nomlilo, amanzi kunye nokhuseleko, iinkonzo zenkqubo, iipaki, ukuzonwabisa, kunye nolawulo lwelizwe. Oorhulumente bangasebenza phantsi komphathi-magxalasi, ibhunga-mbutho, okanye ulawulo lukarhulumente.
  • Iinqanawa ezizimeleyo: Kwamanye amazwe, ngokuyintloko kuMntla-mpuma naseMidwest, iilokishi ngamaqela karhulumente anikezela ngeenkonzo kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni nakwimimandla yamaphandle. Amandla awo neembopheleleko zawo ziyahluka ngokubanzi ngokoburhulumente.
  • Izithili ezikhethekileyo: Ezi ngamaqela karhulumente azimeleyo enzelwe ukunikezela ngeenkonzo ezithile, ezifana nezithili zesikolo, isithili samanzi, isithili somlilo, isithili sethala leencwadi, kunye namagunya othutho. Zineebhodi ezilawulayo kunye negunya lokurhafisa.

Amandla karhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Nangona amagunya oorhulumente bengingqi engafani ngokwesizwe, aquka:

  • Ukusetyenziswa nokubekwa kwelizwe: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balawula indlela impahla enokusetyenziswa ngayo ngamasiko, ikhowudi yokwakha, imimiselo yolwahlulo, kunye neenkqubo zokucwangcisa. Oku kulelona gunya libalulekileyo likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, njengoko lilolonga iimpawu zoluntu kwaye lichaphazela amaxabiso empahla.
  • Ulwahlulo lweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela iinkonzo abaxhomekeke kuzo abemi balapho imihla ngemihla, kuquka ukhuseleko lwamapolisa, ukucinezelwa komlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, ugcino-ndlela lwesitrato, kunye nezithuthi zikawonke-wonke.
  • Irhafu ye- yerhafu ekwindawo ephakamile: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafaka iirhafu zempahla, irhafu yokuthengisa, irhafu yerhafu, kunye neerhafu ezahlukeneyo zokuxhasa imisebenzi yabo. Iirhafu zempahla zingumthombo omkhulu wengeniso yasekuhlaleni, kwaye imigangatho yabo ibekwa ngamaqumrhu alawulayo aphantsi kwemiqathango karhulumente.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nokugcinwa komthetho: amasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni anyanzelisa urhulumente nemithetho yasekuhlaleni, aphengulule ulwaphulo-mthetho, agcine ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Amasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni anika ukucinezelwa komlilo kwaye ngokufuthi iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko.
  • IiPark kunye nokuzonwabisa: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa iipaki, iindawo zokudlala, amaziko oluntu, amaqula okuqubha, kunye neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa.
  • Unyulo lwendawo engqongileyo: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banika unyulo lwee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni, njengosodolophu, ibhunga lesixeko, ibhodi yesikolo, kunye nemilinganiselo yebhola. Bakwasebenza njengendawo yokuqala yokuqhagamshelana novoti kumazwe amaninzi.
  • Imali kunye nomthetho: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bathengisa imvume, balawula imicimbi yexesha elifutshane lokuqesha, balawule ingxolo nenkathazo, kwaye banyanzelise imigaqo yempilo neyokhuseleko.

Ulawulo lwasekhaya kunye nozinzo lwangaphakathi

Amaphondo amaninzi amkele umthetho wekhaya ulungiselelo olunika oorhulumente bengingqi inkululeko engakumbi. Phantsi kolawulo lwasekhaya, umasipala okanye ingingqi inokwamkela ichaphaza layo kunye namandla okusebenzisa angalelwanga ngokungqalileyo ngumthetho karhulumente, kunokuba abekelwe umda kumagunya agunya agunyazisiweyo. Umthetho wekhaya unika oorhulumente bobulali ubhetyebhetye-bhetyeshela ngakumbi ukuphendula iimfuno zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokufuna imvume kurhulumente. Noko ke, umthetho wasekhaya awuthathi phelisa ulawulo lorhulumente; imithetho yorhulumente isawulawula umgaqo wasekuhlaleni xa bengquzulana, kwaye amazwe anokuphelisa inyathelo lasekuhlaleni kwimimandla yoxaso.

UManyano lwesizwe lweziXhosa lunika ubutyebi obuninzi kwindima karhulumente woluntu kwinkqubo yengingqi , kuquka uhlaziyo lomthetho wasekhaya, uLawulo lweDillon, kunye nokukhululwa kwemeko.

Ukusikelwa umda Kwamandla Obulali

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajamelana nemiqathango emininzi kwigunya labo:

  • Imeko-bume: Amazwe angawugatya imithetho yasekuhlaleni kwimigangatho emininzi, ukusuka kumgaqo wemipu ukuya kumlinganiselo omncinci wemivuzo ukuya kwimigangatho yemeko-bume. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yokukhulula emisela igunya lasekuhlaleni elilingana nolawulo lwerente, ikhefu lokugula, kunye nengxowa yeplastiki evaliweyo.
  • Ummiselo we- wolawulo lwezoburhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bawahlonele amalungelo afanayo omgaqo-siseko njengoorhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente bamazwe. Abakwazi ukucalula ngokusekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo, abanakunyanzela uphando olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, kwaye abanakukwazi ukubahlutha abantu impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.
  • Imilinganiselo ye- I-FUScal comment: Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abaninzi bajongene nemiqathango engqongqo kubuchule babo bokunyusa ingeniso. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe nemimiselo isoloko inyusa irhafu yempahla, ilinganisela ukwanda kwamaxabiso entengo aqingqiweyo, kwaye ifuna imvume yokuvota kwirhafu entsha okanye umanyano. Le miqathango ingenza kube nzima koorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuqokelela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko.
  • Ufikelelo oludityanisiweyo lolawulo: Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangasebenzisa igunya kuphela kwimida yabo yezwe. Abakwazi ukulawula ukuziphatha ngaphandle kwemida yabo, kwaye kufuneka balungelelane namazwe akufuphi kwimiba yengingqi enjengezothutho, ubunjani bomoya, kunye nonikezelo lwamanzi.
  • Ukuxhomekeka kwimali karhulumente neyamazwe: Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu ekudlulisweni kwezoburhulumente kumazwe nemithombo karhulumente. Oku kuxhomekeka kunokwenza ukuba kubekho ubungozi bokuqingqwa koqingqo-mali kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo kumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente, kwaye kudla ngokuza namabinzana adityaniswe kuhlobo lwezigunya neemeko.

Amandla akhoyo: Apho Amanqanam Agqitha

Asingawo onke amagunya karhulumente akwinqanaba elinye kuphela. Amagunya amaninzi abelana phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe, okanye phakathi kwemimandla kunye nemimandla. La magunya aziwa njengamagunya akhoyo, kwaye ngawona angundoqo olawulo lwamaMelika. Xa omabini amanqanaba esebenzisa amandla ahambelanayo, umthetho worhulumente uphakamile uphakamile kwisiganeko semfazwe, kodwa amagunya amaninzi akhululekile ukuba enze okokuba iBhunga lingakhange liwacime lo mhlaba.

Imizekelo yamandla akhoyo ngoku iquka:

  • Ukuhlawula: Bobabini oorhulumente borhulumente besizwe barhoxa irhafu yerhafu, irhafu yenkampani, kunye nerhafu ekhutshwayo. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uyayihlawula irhafu yempahla kwaye maxa wambi ingeniso okanye irhafu ethengiswayo. Oku kudala inkqubo yerhafu ehlahlelayo enokuthi ikhokelele kwintlukwano ezidityanisiweyo nentsonkothileyo.
  • Umgaqo wesiseko somthetho: urhulumente wezwe umisela imilinganiselo yemeko-bume yesizwe phantsi kwemithetho enjenge-Chrease Air Act kunye noMthetho we-Chrease Water Act, kodwa oorhulumente banokwamkela imigangatho engqongqo kwaye basoloko benoxanduva lokuzalisekisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya, inegunya lokumisela imigangatho yayo yokukhupha isithuthi esinesithuthi elungeleleneyo kuneemfuno zikarhulumente.
  • Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho: Ngelixesha uninzi lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho usemthethweni karhulumente, urhulumente wesizwe ukwalwaphula nomthetho othile, ingakumbi amatyala anqamleza imigca karhulumente okanye abandakanya izinto zikarhulumente. Amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho omanyano anjenge-FBI, DEA, kunye nomsebenzi we-ATF ecaleni korhulumente namapolisa asekuhlaleni.
  • Ulawulo lweBhanki kunye nolawulo lwemali: urhulumente wezwe ulawula iibhanki eziqeshwe ngokwesizwe, ngelixa oorhulumente belawula iibhanki zikarhulumente. omabini amanqanaba anegunya lowiso-mthetho kumaziko emali, edala inkqubo yokubhanki edityanisiweyo.
  • Isihe sokhuseleko nokhuseleko: Bobabini oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente balawula ukhuseleko lwemisebenzi (OSHA kumgangatho worhulumente, izicwangciso zikarhulumente kumazwe amaninzi), ukhuseleko lothengiso lomthengi, nokutya kunye neziyobisi.

Iingxaki Zanamhlanje Kwiintlalo Zaseburhulumenteni

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi korhulumente worhulumente, norhulumente wasekuhlaleni aluyonto egqitywe. Iipolitiki ze-Atemplithetic zizaliswe yimpikiswano ngemida efanelekileyo yegunya kumgangatho ngamnye.

Ukucinywa Nokupheliswa Kwegunya Lasekuhlaleni

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho ziye zasebenzisa ngokukhulayo ukumisela igunya loorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezineengxabano zezobupolitika ezifana nomthetho wompu, umvuzo omncinci, ikhefu elihlawulwayo, kunye nemigaqo yokuthintela ukungqubana. Oku kuye kwaguqula imigaqo yembali yamarhulumente anika izixeko neendawo inkululeko engakumbi, kwaye kuye kwadala iingxoxo zokuba amazwe ayayityeshela kusini na indima yawo kwinkqubo karhulumente.

Iinjiko eziManyeneyo kunye neemeko

Urhulumente wesizwe usebenzisa amandla akhe okusebenzisa ukuphembelela inkqubo yorhulumente kunye neyobulali ngokudibanisa iimeko zokubonelela. Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo yinkqubo yemali yendlela yoorhulumente, eye yasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza amazwe ukuba aphakamise iminyaka yokusela ukuya kuma-21 kwaye amkele imithetho efanayo yokhuseleko lweenqwelo-moya. Ngoxa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaxhasa lo msebenzi, iphakamisa imibuzo ngokunyanzelwa nokukhukuliswa kolawulo lukarhulumente.

Urhulumente Ophetheyo Namandla Alawulayo

Ulwando lwezwe elilawulayo luchaphazele ulungelelwano lwegunya. Amasebe aMazwe amisela imimiselo ephethe impembelelo yomthetho, ngokufuthi ngengqiqo ebanzi anikwe yiKhomishini. Amazwe nemimandla kufuneka athobele le migaqo okanye aphulukane nemali karhulumente. Kwangaxeshanye, amaziko aye ahlehlisa umva nxamnye nokuqhathwa kwegunya likarhulumente, izivumelwano zentsebenziswano, kunye nokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zomgangatho karhulumente.

Abo banomdla kuvavanyo olunzulu loburhulumente kunye nolwalamano lwamarhulumente, i-Legal Information Institute eCornell Law School inikela ushwankathelo olubanzi lwemithetho yorhulumente yejaji yephondo , kuquka iityala ezingundoqo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nengcazelo yemfundo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Komanyano

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya kumgangatho karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, nowasekuhlaleni alulophawu lobugcisa nje lwenkqubo yezobupolitika yase-U.S. Ngumgaqo osisiseko obumba indlela amaMelika alawula ngayo, indlela ekwenziwa nephunyezwa ngayo imigaqo, nendlela amalungelo akhuselwa ngayo. Umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente unoxanduva olwahlukileyo kunye nemiqathango ebonisa iimfuno zobume kunye neemfuno ezijikelezayo zohlanga oluntsonkothileyo, olwahlukahlukeneyo.

Kubafundisi nabafundi beengingqi, ukuqonda le miba ibalulekileyo. Urhulumente worhulumente wengingqi usingatha imicimbi yohlanga kwaye unegunya lokusebenza apho umGaqo-siseko ulunika igunya khona. Oorhulumente bamarhulumente basebenzisa amandla abanzi amapolisa phezu kwempilo, ukhuseleko, nentlalo-ntle yabemi babo baze basebenze njengeebhulareji zokuphucula inkqubo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela iinkonzo nemigaqo ebumba umgangatho wobomi kubantu, esebenza ngokwesiseko somthetho wesizwe.

Imida ephakathi kwala manqanaba ayikamiselwa kodwa isoloko ixoxwa ngomthetho, ukwenziwa kwemithetho, kunye noqheliselo lwezopolitiko. Olu phawu lunamandla lungamandla nomthombo wengcinezelo. Ivumela inkqubo ukuba ilungelelanise neemeko ezitshintshayo, kodwa idala iingxabano ezifuna isigqibo socoselelo. Imigaqo yemithetho yoburhulumente, ubungangamsha, namalungelo omgaqo-siseko inika isicwangciso sokucombulula ezi ngxabano, kodwa iziphumo zixhomekeke kubulumko nomgwebo wabenzi bomthetho, abagwebi, nabemi.

Ukufundisa abafundi ngamagunya karhulumente kumgangatho ngamnye akuthethi nje ukubhamba ngoludwe lwemisebenzi. Kukubanceda baqonde indlela abayakhe ngayo ulawulo lwabo, imiqathango ekhoyo kumgangatho ngamnye wegunya ngalinye, nendlela abanokubandakanyeka ngayo baze baphembelele inkqubo. Ubuchule bobumi buyeyona nto ikhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya nangaliphi na iqondo, kwaye ukuqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba ngubani onokwenza oko kusisiseko sommi.

Inkqubo karhulumente ayisoloko isebenza kakuhle, kwaye ingenza iziphumo ezibonakala zididana okanye zidimaza. Kodwa yinkqubo eyenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko, ukuhlalisa iinguqu, nokukhusela ukuxinana kwamandla. Njengoko abafundi befunda ukuqhuba le nkqubo, bafunda ukubuqonda ubuntlola nokuzinzisa kwedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Kuzo ezinye izinto zemfundo ezikhoyo, iSibande seCBINF Imfundo enika ubutyebi bezifundo, iincwadi, kunye neenkqubo ezijolise kuMgaqo-siseko, uBill wamaLungelo, kunye nobume borhulumente waseMelika.