Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yokukhangela Nokulungelelana

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisa urhulumente wamagunya ahlukeneyo, owahlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho, aphetheyo, kunye nawokugweba. Esi sakhiwo sayilwa ngabom ukuthintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekuqokeleleni ulawulo olugqithisileyo. Oku Kusungulwa kooTata, ingakumbi uJames Madison kuFederalist No. 51, kwaphikisa ukuba “isigqibo kufuneka sicetywe ukulwa amabhongo.” Isebe ngalinye alinayo imisebenzi yalo kuphela eyahlukileyo kodwa linendlela yokuxhathisa ukungenelela ezinye. Le nkqubo yee-chekethi nemilinganiselo ayimiselwangangqubani; yinkqubo eshukumanyathelekayo eye yavela kwimbali, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nokuqheliswa kwezobupolitika. Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elinokuwahlula ngayo amandla abanye kumele kuqondwe ukuzuza ulawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi lwaseMelika.

UMgaqo-siseko unika amagunya akhethekileyo kwisebe ngalinye, kodwa ukwanika amagunya angenawo asebenzisanayo asebenzisanayo kunye nomlawuli. Umzekelo, isebe lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa isebe eliphetheyo lingawaphembelela, kwaye ijaji ingawabetha njengengathanga. Ngokuchaseneyo nemithetho-siseko. Ngokuchasene noko, isebe lemithetho liyakwazi ukuwabeka phantsi amaphepha-mthetho lize lisuse abagwebi kunye nomongameli, liqinisekise ii-mineno zolawulo, kwaye lilawule ukuxhaswa kweemali kwamaziko aphetheyo. Ezi zizinto azithethiwachana nto nje; zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwikhondo lolawulo. Ngasezantsi lihlola ngokucokisekileyo indlela isebe ngalinye elinokuwabeka ngayo umda amandla abanye, ngemizekelo embali kunye nolawulo lwangoku.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Ingqungquthela njengengqwalasela kwiSebe eliphetheyo neSikolo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliyilwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, liphethe izixhobo eziliqela ezinamandla zokunyanzela amanye amasebe amabini. La magunya asekelwe kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko kwaye asulungekiswe ngokumisela nangokuqhelisela.

Ukulawula Nophando

IBhunga linegunya eliphangaleleyo lokuphanda imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokuthembekileyo kwaye amaqumrhu asebenza ngokwemiyalelo yawo. Iikomiti zekongrale zingawafaka amaxwebhu amaxwebhu, zibiza amangqina, kwaye zibambe amatyala kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, [[FLT]] [iKomiti ye-SATENATE yamanzi [[[FLT]][FLT] [[FLT]] kumaxwebhu ka 1970 abhekiswe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kulawulo lweNixon, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuwisweni kukamongameli. Ngaphezulu, uphando lwengqungqubano luye lwahlola iimbambano zobukrele bobucala olusuka kunyulo lonyulo. Ngaphezulu, ukunyanzela ukunyanzela ulawulo lwe-gropopu ye-gractivel.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

Indlu yabameli inamandla okuphelisa (ukuzisa izityholo nxamnye) namagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka umongameli, isekela lomongameli kunye nabagwebi besizwe. INdlu yeNdlu yeNyanga iqhuba ityala kwaye ingalisusa igosa ngevoti ezimbini ezi-3. Le yenye yezihlo ezinamandla kuba iyakwazi ukuphelisa ngokuthe ngqo ixesha likamongameli okanye ukususa ijaji kwibhedi. Kwimbali, oomongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, kunye noDonald Trump bagwetywa yiNd House, nangona kungekho namnye owagwetywayo wagwetywayo waza wasuswa yiNdlu. Noko ke, isisongelo sokungagunyaziswa komthetho sinokwenza ukuba ihambo engalunganga ingahambi. Abagwebi bomkhosi baye basuswa ngenxa yokunyoba nokunyoba.

Icebiso nemvume: Isiqinisekiso samadinga

INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkundla kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba iimfazwe zokuqinisekisa zithe zamkeleka kakhulu, ingakumbi kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, kuquka amalungu ekhabhathi, iijaji, iijaji zesizwe, kunye neejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kuvumela isebe lemithetho yowiso-mthetho ukuba libumbe amasebe alawulayo okanye agwebe abantu. Iimfazwe zokuqinisekisa ziye zasetyenziswa kakhulu, ingakumbi kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ukungavumi kweBhathetho ukuva [FLT: 0] uMerrick Garland ngo-2016 kunye nokuqinisekiswa kukaNeil Gorhavehave, Brett Kavaugh, kunye noAmy Barrett kubonisa indlela okunokuguqula ngayo umlinganiselo wendlela yokuphatha kwe-mali ephakathi kwezizukulwana. Ngokunjalo, i-State-omatim-omatim-omatim kungayichaziswe kunyuluo oomongameli okanye abalungele ukumisela umongameli abafanelekileyo.

Amandla Okuthenga

Inqaku I linika iKhomishini amandla akhethekileyo emali efanelekileyo. Akukho mali inokuchithwa lisebe elilawulayo ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Le “mandla emali” luvavanyo olusisiseko: iKhomishini ingamisela okanye isuse iinkqubo ezingathandekiyo, ibeke iimeko ekuhlawuleni, kwaye ikhanyele ukuxhaswa kwemali yamanyathelo kamongameli. Umzekelo, iKhomishini iye yasebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwabakhweli bemali ukwenzela imisebenzi ethile yomkhosi okanye ukuvala ukuphumeza imiyalelo yegunyaziso lukarhulumente. Isisongelo sokuvala isakhiwo sikarhulumente, njengoko sibonile ngo199596 no191818,1918, sibonisa ukuba inkxaso-mali yemimiselo ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ibambe abakhweli begqeqesi.

IVeto yoMgaqo-siseko kunye nezigqibo zokungathobeli

Nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenze isigqibo somthetho omnye kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ewiswe phantsi kwemithetho INS v. Chachaha [1983], iKhomishini isasebenzisa ezinye iindlela ezifana [[ I-Conal Leevingment Act [[CRARA] izigqibo zokwaphula imimiselo yesizwe]. Ngaphantsi kweCRA, iBhunga liyakwazi ukudlulisa isigqibo selungu lokungawufuni umthetho omtsha; ukuba sityikitywa ngumongameli (okanye ngeveto), umthetho upheliswa. Le ngqungquthela inika indlela yokuzinza kwisebe elifumana izibonelelo ngaphandle kokugqitha umthetho opheleleyo.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: uMongameli uhlolisisa iCongress neJadiciary

Umongameli, njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo, unezixhobo eziliqela zomGaqo-siseko kunye neziluncedo zokumisela amagunya eBhunga kunye neSebe leMicimbi. Ezi ziphumo zifunyenwe kwiGatya II kwaye zifunyaniswe ngokusetyenziswa kwembali.

Amandla Eveto

Umongameli angawubeka nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiNgqungquthela. I-veto ithintela umthetho ukuba ungabeki umthetho ngaphandle kokuba iNgqungquthela iwuthintele ngobuninzi obubini obukwiziko lamaqela omabini. Iveto nguvavanyo olungqalileyo kumsebenzi wesebe lemithetho yewiso-mthetho. Oomongameli abasuka kuGeorge Washington ukuya kulowo ukhoyo baye basebenzisa umthetho owenziwe ngoku, bewugqala njengongenabulumko okanye ongawufuniyo umthetho. Umzekelo, uPresidenti Franklinment D. Rooselt i-velt i-toto ingaphezulu kwamatyala angama-600 , ngoxa oomongameli abatsha baye basebenzisa umthetho owenziweyo ukunqanda okanye iinguqulo-nkqubo. Isisongelo sokuhlasela i-athonto okanye i-athonto ye-groptototoogractives.

Imiyalelo yegunya neziphumo

Umongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo ukuyalathisa imisebenzi karhulumente wezwe. Le miyalelo inamandla okulawula urhulumente kodwa iphantsi kokuhlola okusemthethweni kwaye ingasuswa yiBhunga ngomthetho. Imiyalelo yegunya ivumela umongameli ukuba enze into engeyomfuneko xa iBhunga libotshelelwe okanye xa kuyimfuneko isenzo esikhawulezayo. Imizekelo engacacanga iquka [[FLT: 0] u-Anglencelt Lincoln's [[FLT3:] u- [1863] [imiyalelo ye-Prounicess], evakalisa ukuba amakhoboka avukeleyo athi achaza ngenkululeko, kwaye [[FLTRorg:] umgaqo wesigrayman wesigqeba urhulumente u- mkhosi [[FLT] u-off5] ungayifumanise-ocerse-ocerti.[4] u-Esgconf] ngaphandle komrhumodiance, i-og.

Ukutyunjwa Nokushenxiswa Kwamagosa

Umongameli umisela abagwebi, oopolisa, kunye namagosa aphezulu, kodwa la magunya aphezulu afuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Noko ke, umongameli angasusa amagosa amaninzi aphetheyo esebe ngaphandle kwemvume yequmrhu (ngaphandle kwamagosa azimeleyo anokususwa kuphela ngenxa yesizathu). Eli gunya lokususwa liqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo linyaniseke kwiinkqubo zikamongameli kwaye linokusetyenziswa ukunyanzelisa ukuphendula. Ngaphezu koko, umongameli angamisa intlanganiso xa i-State ithe yakhawuleziswa, edlula inkqubo yokuqinisekisa okuphela konyaka-16 :5). Eli gunya limiselwe yiNLBB ePhakamileyo kwiNT.[FLT:] v. Noel Canling [FLD:1]

Ukubiza Iintsuku Ezikhethekileyo Zengqungquthela

Inqaku II, Icandelo 3 livumela umongameli ukuba axolele zombini izindlu zeBhunga kwizihlandlo ezingaqhelekanga. Ngelixesha kunqabileyo ukuba eli gunya lisebenziseke namhlanje, livumela umongameli ukuba anyanzele uNgqungquthela ukuba athethe ngongxamiseko lwesizwe okanye aphule ilock yowiso-mthetho. Umongameli uThomas Jefferson wabiza intlanganiso ekhethekileyo ngo-1803 ukuqwalasela iLouisiana Purchase, kunye noMongameli Franklin D. Rooselt wabiza intlanganiso ekhethekileyo ngo 1933 ukuphendula uDepressurent. Maxa wangoku oomongameli basebenzisa isisongelo socwangciso olukhethekileyo ukwenzela uxinzelelo olukhethekileyo ukuba benze kwimithetho.

Amandla Omgaqo-nkqubo Wasemzini Nesivumelwano

Umongameli ngumphathi-mikhosi omkhulu nomphathi-mikhosi oxhobileyo. Ngelixesha iNdlu yeeNtsimbi kufuneka ivume izivumelwano zokuxhasa ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu, umongameli angangena kwizivumelwano zegunya eliphezulu namazwe asemzini ngaphandle kwemvume yombuso. Izivumelwano ezinjalo zinamandla omthetho kwaye zisetyenziswa rhoqo ukuqhuba inkqubo yasemzini. Umongameli unamandla okuqaphela oorhulumente bangaphandle nokuqhuba izivumelwano ezingafuni mvume yeBhunga. Noko ke, iBhunga lingawamisela umda la mandla ngokubeka imithetho ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yamazwe ngamazwe okanye ngokungavumi ukuqokelela izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. ISigqibo semfazwe se-1973, esimiselwe phezu koMongameli Nixon’sto, ufuna umongameli ukuba azizise ii-Bhunga xa kusenziwa imikhosi yemfazwe kunye nemidabi.

Ingqwalasela Yomthetho: Umlawuli onegunya njengoMatshi noMnyanzelisi

Isebe eliphetheyo linyanzelisa izigqibo zenkundla, kodwa likwanenkululeko ethile kwindlela ezenza ngayo. Umongameli angacela iSebe loBulunga ukuba licel ’ umngeni umthetho wenkundla, okanye umongameli angala ukukhusela umthetho enkundleni, ephikisa ngelithi asingomthetho osemthethweni. Umphathi-ntloko usenokukwakhupha ingxengxezo yokuxolelwa kwamacala karhulumente, anokuchaphazela iziphumo zomthetho. Ngaphezu koko, umongameli ubeka izinto eziphambili ekunyanzelweni komthetho, nto leyo enokuthi ngokunempumelelo itshitshitshize imithetho ethile ukuba umlawuli ukhetha ukungagwebi kwelo tyala, ukujonga ukunyanzelisa ulawulo lwesebe leRovinics.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Iinkundla Njengokuhlolisisa Umthetho Nolawulo

Isebe lenkundla, elikhokelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo neenkundla eziphantsi zikarhulumente, litolika umGaqo-siseko nomthetho wesizwe.

Impinda yezeejaji

Uvavanyo olunamandla olunazo iinkundla ligunya lokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo ezilawulayo ezingekho mgaqweni. Eli gunya alichazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa lamiselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT]][1]].[FLT]][[FLT][12] [183] [183] [iizenzo ezilawulayo]. [imizekelo yelizwe] [FLT].[FLT] [iimeko leyo].[5] iBHAMBIli, iPromoslatein ephezulu uJohn Marshayd' ibhala ukuba “iqiniswe liphondo nembopheleleko yesebe lenkundla ukuchaza okomthetho. [iiiiimeko egosambutho yohlukeneyonke, i-Angmonygropo yoluntu isebenzisa i-Authomony [[5] [iex][3], i-10] xa i-mony Enzation Resouthonsidentiance i-Ans], igount igo

Ukutolikwa Kwemithetho

Iinkundla zidla ngokuchaza imimiselo engacacanga okanye engaqondakaliyo, kwaye iinkcazelo zazo zingabumba inkqubo. IBhunga lingayiphazamisa indlela yokutolika ngokudlulisa umthetho omtsha, kodwa inkqubo ifuna ukuvunywa ngumongameli okanye iveto. Noko ke, ukutolikwa kweenkundla kunakho ukuma iminyaka, kuphembelela indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo. Umzekelo, ukuchazwa koMkhosi Ophezulu ka-Clausle [iiiirlave] v. UFilburn[ [1942]) wanika iBhunga lolawulo oluphezulu, kodwa kamva wanika amandla okulawula okulawula, kodwa kamva njengemeko ezifana [[FLT:].[FLT] 7.[FLT][F3][95]

Ukutyunjwa Kwexesha Lobomi Nenkululeko

Abagwebi bomanyano, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, bamiselwe ubomi “bendlela yokuziphatha entle.” Olu zimeleyo lubakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwamanye amasebe. Ngokungafaniyo nabathetheli kunye namalungu eBhunga, abagwebi abajongi kunyulo olulula kwaye abanakususwa lula (kuphela ngokunyanzeleka). Oku kubenza benze izigqibo ezingathandwayo ezikhusela amalungelo abantu okanye ulawulo lukarhulumente. Umzekelo, imithetho yeNkundla yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho idla ngokunyanzela ukuba iwise umthetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo. Inkululeko yejadicaricci ilelo lomthetho ligumbi lembombo lokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Iinkundla zingabaxhasi bokugqibela bamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Xa isebe lowiso-mthetho okanye eliphetheyo liphazamisa amalungelo akhuselwe yiBhili yamaLungelo okanye iziphendu ezilandelayo, iinkundla zingangenelela. Ityala elifana [[FLT: 0]] Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963] [iiiiyunithi] [iiiifomu], [iiii-] i-Reev. [[FLT][FLT] [[12:3]) [iiiiiityala] [iiiiiiiiiii-jajini] [iiiiiii, ukusukela ekuvukweni kwenqanawa] [iiiiiii-Genequam] [iiiiiivo] [iiiii-gefe] [i] [iiiegev5] [iex] [iiiex] .5] (iiiiiii

Impinda yezenzo zolawulo nemithetho

Ngezityholo, iinkundla zihlola ukufaneleka komthetho wezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, kuquka imimiselo yeziko. Umthetho we-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) uvumela abantu kunye nemibutho ukuba bacel ’ umngeni imithetho engekho semthethweni, engekho mthethweni, okanye igunya eligqithisileyo lomthetho. Iinkundla zingabekela bucala imithetho engekho mthethweni, imigaqo yempatho-mandla, kwaye zifune amaqumrhu ajongene nokulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] Kumthetho we-West Virginia v. EPA [2022], iNkundla ePhakamileyo i-EPA imisela igunya lokubeka imilinganiselo yokukhupha ukhupho phantsi koMthetho ococekileyongalawuleyo phantsi koMkhosi, ifuna ukuba ugunya-onqanda-onqanda-mali. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe lingayidluliseli igunya eligunyaze kwiKhosho.

Ukusebenzisana Nezixhobo Zokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Ukuqhelisa, ii-checks nolungelelwano azisoloko zahlulwa kakuhle. Amasebe asoloko esebenzisana ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa iKhomishini idlulisela umthetho ocetyiswa ngumongameli, angawudlulisela. Ukuba iKhomishini ilawula i-veto, umthetho ungacelw'ucelwa phantsi enkundleni. Ngokuchasene nomthetho, xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ihlasela umthetho, iBhunga lingaphendula ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ungqubana nomgaqo-siseko okanye ngokufaka imposiso yesiseko. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ingunxanxanxa-phambili eqhubekayo, ngesebe ngalinye eliya kukhusela igunya layo.

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa oku kusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Ngethuba leNew Deal, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wacebisa “intlanganiso-” iceba ukudibanisa izigwebo ezithe kratya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo emva kokuba ibethelele iinkqubo zakhe ezininzi. IBhunga lala icebo, kodwa iNkundla yaqalisa ukuxhasa umthetho weNkundla entsha ye-U. umzekelo obalaseleyo wempembelelo yezopolitiliti yempembelelo yezenzo zomthetho. Ngokufanayo, iMatergate detate yabonisa indlela intlanganiselana yophando-mthetho, imigaqo yomthetho, kwaye uluvo lukawonke lwanyanze uphaza uphazamiso uphatho lolawulo lwe-DRUSCA, ulurcep lwam oluphosayo, uluye lwazamise uluphenduku enyanze umgaqo wetyala [iNkuphengululo, kodwa lungagqibe ukuphuma kwengxelo engaguqukiyo.

Le nkqubo ikwaxhomekeke ekuvumeni kwesebe ngalinye ukuqinisekisa amagunya alo. IKhomishini engenamsebenzi ingavumela umphathi ophetheyo ukuba andise amandla akhe ngemiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo nangezenzo zolawulo. Umongameli onochuku uyakwazi ukuvavanya imida yegunya, axhokonxa iinkundla ukuba zingenelele. Ijaji ngokwayo ixhomekeke ekuhloleni: IBhunga lingaguqula igunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo (ngaphantsi kweCala Eliphezulu leQumrhu III), kwaye umongameli angavavanya iinkundla ezintsha xa kufikelelwa izithuba.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Nokulungelelana

Ubuchule besebe ngalinye likarhulumente bokunciphisa amandla abanye asiyongcamango nje yemfundo; bububuchule obuphilayo, bokuphefumla obuye bakhusela idemokhrasi yaseMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Abaseki baqonda ukuba amandla aphambili akhokelela kubuzwilakhe, ngoko ke badala inkqubo apho amabhongo aya kulwa namabhongo. Isebe lezemithetho lihlola ulawulo oluphezulu ngolawulo, ukungathobeli, amandla emali, nokuqinisekiswa kokubekwa. Isebe lezomthetho lihlola indlu yowiso-mthetho nge-veto, imiyalelo yegunya, kunye nolawulo.

Ezi zihlo azisoloko ziphumelela; zingakhokelela kwingquzulwano ephezulu ne-dentivation. Kodwa ukuba ubuchule bubodwa (ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu ezinkulu zifuna umahluko ophangaleleyo." Njengoko [[FLT: 0]] uJames Madison ubhaliwe kuFederalris No.[1]], “Injongo eqhubekayo kukwahlula nokucwangcisa iiofisi ezininzi ngendlela yokuba nganye ibe nguvavanyo kwenye. Ukuqonda olu lungiselelo luyimfuneko kubafundi, abafundisi, nabemi abanqwenela ukwenza into ecacileyo norhulumenteni wabo. Inkqubo iyaqhubeka iguquka, kodwa imigaqo yayo yesiseko ihlala ifanelekile namhlanje njenge 1787. Ukukhangela, ngokubhekele phambili, [FLT: FT][3]] [FFF], kulwahlulo lwamandla ohlukeneyo, [FFFF],[4]],[5] kunye noluphendulo oluphezulu lwembali yembali yembali yembali yomthetho.[FFF]]]] [FFoff:[5]]