Abaqali ’ Abazimiseleyo: Ukulungelelana Okungalawulekiyo

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-United States asiyiyo ngengozi. Xa izisombululo zadityaniselwa ePhiladelphia ngo1787, zazizazi kakuhle iingozi zamandla olawulo. Zisandul' ukulwa uvukelo nxamnye nolawulo lookumkani, zafuna ukudala inkqubo eya kuthintela nabani na umntu okanye iqela ukuba angabi nagunya kakhulu. Isisombululo sazo sasingurhulumente owahlulwe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo ̬ urhulumente ewenziwe ngendlela esezantsi, umphathi, kunye nejaji egweba i̬ engoodwa enamandla ayo achaziweyo kwaye, ngokubalulekileyo, amandla okuhlola amanye amagunya. Oku kwahlukana, kunye nenkqubo enziwe ngobuchule obuntsonkothile bovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano, ziqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenze ungaqhubeki kancinane kwaye ukhuselwe amalungelo abantu.

Unobangela Wokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya karhulumente yayingeyiyo intsha ngokupheleleyo. Izifektha zafumana ngamandla kwimisebenzi yezithandi zobulumko zezobupolitika ezifana noJohn Locke kwaye, ngokuphawulekayo, iBaron de Montesquieu, incwadi yayo uMoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ukuba inkululeko igcinwe kakuhle xa umthetho, ulawulo lwezigulo, nemisebenzi yezomthetho igcinwe ngamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo. Abalawuli basebenzisa le ntanda-ntanda-bulumko kumo waseMelika, bedala iRiphabliki apho isebe ngalinye lifumana khona igunya kuMgaqo-siseko, ekugqibeleni, nakubantu.

Indima Yoluhlu LomaFederal No. 51

James Madison, osoloko ebizwa ngokuba nguYise woMgaqo-siseko, wanika ulungiso olucacileyo lwale ndlela yokuyila ku uNo. 51. Wabhala ngodumo, ̴ isigqibo kufuneka sicelwe ukulwa nephulo. Ý [indlela engcono yokunqanda ubuzwilakhe] yayikukunika isebe ngalinye iindlela kunye nentshukumisa yokuxhathisa ezinye. Ngokwenza isebe ngalinye lixhomekeke kwabanye ukwenzela imisebenzi ethile, umGaqo-siseko uzenza ulungelelaniso ongazixhomekeliyo kuhlobo olungaxhomekekanga kugunya kawonke. Le ndlela yendlela yesebe ngalinye yesizathu sokuba lifunekelwe imfuneko engundoqo, kodwa lingenayo ezinye iindlela eziyimfuneko.

Isebe loMgaqo-siseko: iLungu ’ ilizwi

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, iBhunga loMgaqo-siseko, liyisebe lokuqala likarhulumente elichazwe kumGaqo-siseko (iArticle I). Liyindawo yamagumbi amabini ̬ iNdlu yabameli kunye neCarmat̬ nendlu nganye eneendima ezahlukeneyo namandla. IBhunga linembopheleleko eyintloko ekwenzeni imithetho, kodwa amandla ayo adlulela ngaphaya koko. Ilawula uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, ivakalisa imfazwe, ilawula urhwebo lwamazwe, kwaye inolawulo olubalulekileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Amandla Akhethekileyo Endlwini Yabameli

Indlu yabameli yenzelwe ukuba ibe ligumbi elikufuphi nabantu, enamalungu anyuliweyo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Inamandla okusungula amatyala emali (irhafu nokuchitha umthetho). Le #820; amandla esipakente i” ligosa elibalulekileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo, njengoko uMongameli engenako ukuxhasa nayiphi inkqubo ngaphandle kombutho-ngqungquthela. Indlu ikwanamandla okungawafaki magosa orhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye nabagwebi. Ngokuzisa izityholo ze- ̴ ityala, ukunyoba, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho obuphezulu, okanye ubugqwethando obunganyani, i-&221; indlu inokuphatha umlawuli kunye namasebe ewe-mthetho.

Amandla Akhethekileyo KwiBhunga Leentlokoma

IBhunga, elinamalungu asebenza iintetho ezineminyaka emithandathu, lijoliswe ekubeni liba netyala elingakumbi kwaye likhuselwe kwiingcinezelo eziqhelekileyo ezikhawulezileyo. Lineemfuno ezibalulekileyo ze-#820;advise kunye nemvume i̵ amagunya: iSenterte iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kwiKabhinethi, iinkundla zolawulo (kuquka iNkundla Ephakamileyo), kunye nee-amirayo. Ikwayayivala izivumelwano ezixoxwe nguMongameli ngevoti ezimbini-3. Ngaphezu koko, i-Sheatrate isebenza njengejaji ekuvavanyeni iityala emva kokuba iNdlukwano zendlu ivote ukuba ilungu letyala.

Indlela Iingqungquthela Ezifuna Ngayo Amanye Amasebe

Phezu kwalo nje igunya layo elikhulu, iBhunga alinakusebenza lodwa. Lixhomekeke kwisebe eliphetheyo ukunyanzelisa imithetho eliyidlulisayo. Umthetho ongasayinwanga nguMongameli (okanye ogqithiselwe kwiveto) awungomthetho konke konke. IBhunga kwakhona lixhomekeke kwisebe lezomthetho ukuchaza imimiselo yalo nokuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nomthetho. Ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo igawula umthetho njengongagunyaziswanga ngumthetho, iBhunga kufuneka liwulungise umthetho okanye lilandele utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze liphumeze usukele usukelo lwalo. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lifuna ulwazi oluvela kumaquluneli aphetheyo kunye namasebe okwenza umthetho obuchule bokuwenza umthetho obuchule, ukwenza ulawulo nokwenza uphando olubalulekileyo.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Ukwaneliseka Namandla

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States (Arthucle II), lijongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho nokusebenzisa urhulumente worhulumente. UMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi-mikhosi exhobileyo, uqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, kwaye umisela amagosa karhulumente. Isebe likwaquka uMongameli oPhakamileyo, iKhabhinethi, kunye noludwe oluninzi lwamaziko olawulo kunye namasebe alawulayo.

Amandla Obuongameli Axhomekeke Kwamanye Amasebe

UMongameli unawo amandla abalulekileyo angawesithathu, afana nokukhupha imiyalelo yezolawulo oluphezulu kunye nokuphatha isebe lorhulumente. Noko ke, olona vavanyo lunamandla kumphathi-mikhosi luvela kwamanye amasebe. UMongameli angawubeka umthetho we-veto odluliswe yiBhunga, kodwa u-veto angangatshati ngabaninzi ababini-3 emagumbini omabini. UMongameli umisela abagwebi abaphezulu kunye nabanye abagwebi besizwe, kodwa loo magunyaza anyanzelela ukuba uMongameli aqinisekise iNtsimbi. Umongameli angaquluneli angenza izivumelwano, kodwa asebenze emva kokuba iNdlundlund-Chief, uMongameli angathumela amajoni emfazweni, kodwa kuphela uNgqungquthelaneno angavakalisa imfazwe kunye nemali yomkhosi. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli alawule kunye neemvume zoomthetho omabini.

Imiyalelo elawulayo nemfuneko yokuhlaziywa kwezeejaji

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo isisixhobo esinamandla soMongameli ukulathisa imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Noko ke, le miyalelo ayigonywanga ukuba ihlole. Isebe lezomthetho lingabetha imiyalelo yegunya ukuba liyangqubana nomthetho wesizwe okhoyo okanye umGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, izenzo ezingundoqo zolawulo zisoloko zicelw'imbambano enkundleni kwaye zixhaswe okanye zipheliswe okanye zipheliswe yijaji. Oku kubonisa indlela isebe elilawulayo elixhomekeke ngayo kwiinkundla ukuchaza imida yegunya lalo.

UMongameli ’ Ukuxhomekeka kwiiKhonkco

Ngaphandle kwamadinga nezivumelwano, uMongameli ufuna iKhonkxa-mandla ukuze axhase isebe elilawulayo. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yonyaka ifuna unxibelelwano kunye noxokelelwano phakathi koLawulo kunye neKhomishini. Ngaphandle koqingqo-mali okanye isigqibo esiqhubekayo, urhulumente uya kuvala. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lingenza, lilungelelanise, okanye lisuse amaqumrhu aphetheyo, achaphazela ngqo uMongameli i’ ubuchule bokunyanzelisa imithetho. Isebe lezemthetho likwaqhuba uphando olunokuphoxanisa okanye luphazamise uludwe lwemithetho yempatho. Ngokucacileyo, isikhulu asinakwenza ngokwahlukileyo; kufuneka intsebenziswano yemithetho elawulayo isebenza ngokunempumelelo.

Isebe Lezeejaji: IGuna leeNkcukacha zomGaqo-siseko

Isebe eligwebayo, elimiselwe liQumrhu III, lelona sebe lincinane ngokwemiqathango yabasebenzi noqingqo-mali, kodwa lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngokuhlola ityala. Iinkundla zelifane, ezikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, zitolika umthetho zize zigqibe ubulunga bomGaqo-siseko wezenzo zowiso-mthetho nezenzo zegunya elilawulayo. Eli gunya lenza ijaji ibe ngumxhasi opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko.

IReagement Review kunye neMarbury v. Madison

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko ungawaniki ngokuphandle amandla okuhlola okugweba, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawumisela kwityala lomqondiso (1803 . Madison. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuba yi-̴ ngokungqalileyo iphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho ukuko. ̵ ukususela ngoko, iNkuNkundla iye yabetha amakhulu emithetho yesizwe neyolawulo, kunye nezenzo zesikhulu, ukuba ifumene ukungamiselwanga. Eli gunya yi-judiary &817; ngumzekelo oyintloko wokuhlola amanye amasebe.

Indlela Isebe Elilawulayo Elilawula Ngayo Isebe Elilawulayo

Phezu kwalo nje igunya lalo, isebe lezomthetho lixhomekeke kakhulu kwezinye ezimbini. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo zikhona ngenxa yokuba zisungulwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. IBhunga limisela inani labagwebi kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo (ngoku elisithoba) kunye nesakhiwo seenkundla ezisezantsi. Isebe lemithetho likwanegunya lokumisela iiNkangeleko ngokukwalo; likwanegunya lokumisela iinkundla iNkundla ’ igunya kwaye linokumisela ukuhlenga-mthetho wokuwiswa kwemithetho yezomthetho ukubhukuqa izigqibo zeNkundla ephakamileyo. Kwangokubanzi, isebe elilawulayo lixhomekeke kwisebe eliphetheyo ukunyanzelela ukulawulwa kwalo. Xa inkundla ityala ifuna elinye igunya, linguRhulumente; linguMphathiswa-mthetho ogunyazayo. Ngaphandle kokuba uMongameli i-&817; ukuzinikela ekunyanzeni kwemimiselo lwenkundla, kuya kuba kuyinto engenamsebenzi.

Inkqubo yeepekta nolungelelwano olusebenzayo

Inkcubeko yokwenene yokwahlula amagunya iyabonakala ngemizekelo yekonkrithi yokuhlola nokulinganisela emsebenzini. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokulawula kwaye zontathu kufuneka zidibane kwaye zilalanise.

I-Vito Engalawulekiyo Yomthetho

Xa uMongameli ekhupha umthetho, iBhunga lifuna uncedo. Ingawuqwalasela kwakhona umlomo wetyala, kwaye ukuba ii-3 ezimbini zendlu kunye ne-voti yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zilawula, umthetho uba ngumthetho ngaphandle koMongameli ’ usayino. Olu vavanyo lunqabile kodwa lunika uMongameli intshukumisa enamandla yokuba asebenze neBhunga phambi kokuba akhuphe iveto.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

Ukuqinisekisa kusenokuba yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuhlola. Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye igwebe ngokubanzi abaqhelekileyo. IBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi liqhuba ityala. Ukuba iivoti ezimbini-ntathu zeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi zokuvota ukubanjwa, igosa liyasuswa eofisini. Le nkqubo ibonisa indlela isebe lemithetho elinokugcina ngayo umphathi kunye namasebe ejaji ajongene nezonokuziphatha okubi okunzulu. Kwangaxesha elinye, inkqubo iqhuba inzima ngabom, ithintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekungavisisani ngokweemeko zobupolitika.

Ukuqinisekisa iimfazwe namacebiso kunye nokuvumelana

UMongameli ngamnye ufumanisa ubunyani boqinisekiso lweBhunga leNkundla ePhakamileyo ithanda ukuxabana. IBhunga linokuvuma, lichase, okanye lingavumi ukuba livote kwilungu lendlu. Oku kunika isebe lemithetho intetho engqalileyo ekuqulunqeni isebe lejaji, nto leyo echaphazela indlela imithetho nezenzo zesebe elilawulayo ezihlolisiswa ngayo. Ngoko ke oomongameli kufuneka bakhethe abalawuli abanokulawula ubuncinane uninzi kwiBhunga, bekhuthaza ubungcathu nomgangatho.

Imiqathango Elawulayo Nemiqobo Yenkundla

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo, kodwa ingapheliswa ziinkundla. Umzekelo, imiyalelo emininzi yesebe eliphetheyo ngokufuduka, umgaqo wokusingqongileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe iye yacelw'elwa ize incitshiswe yijaji yesizwe. Isebe lezomthetho lisebenza njengomgunyaziso womGaqo-siseko, liqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akagqithi imida yemithetho okanye yemithetho-siseko. Oku kuhlola imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo ukuba liqwalasele ngenyameko iziseko ezisemthethweni ukwenzela izenzo zalo.

Kwenzeka Ntoni Xa Elinye Isebe Lifika Ngokugqithiseleyo?

Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuthintela ukuphamba, kodwa ayifezekanga.

Ingxaki yokubethana kweNkundla yowe - 1937

UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt, okhutshiwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ewisa umthetho we-New Decretal, wacebisa umthetho owawuza kumvumela ukuba amisele umthetho owongezelelekileyo kubo bonke abagwebi abahleliyo abaneminyaka engaphezu kwama-70, ongeza amatyala amatsha amathandathu anobuhlobo neenkqubo zakhe. Lo mboniso u-#820; iqhinga-lekwam lomthetho-packing” icebo labonwa ngokuba likukuhlasela kwenkululeko yenkundla. Isebe lomthetho libona ukuba iBhunga, kuquka iqela elikhulu leRooosevelt ̱ iqela lalo, alifuni ukulidlulisa. Isiganeko sabonisa ukuba kwanoMongameli odumileyo akanakuguqula umlinganiselo wamandla. Isebe elinomthetho linegatya ukuhamba kunye neNkugcinwa kwiNkubusa #817; 217; ukungavumi ukuhamba kunye neNkugcinwa kweNkubusa i-&817; ngqibelelo.

Ingubo Yamanzi Neentanjana Ezincinane

UMongameli Richard Nixon wazama ukusebenzisa ilungelo eliphezulu lokuvala iikhasethi kunye namaxwebhu ngexesha lophendlo lwaseWatergate. INkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba ngamxhelo mnye kwiUnited States v. Nixon ukuba uMongameli akanakusebenzisa ilungelo eliphezulu lokufihla ubungqina bobubi. Nixon wathobela iNkundla ’ umyalelo, kodwa loo mthetho, udityaniswe nenkqubo yeNdluvo, ekugqibeleni wakhokelela ekurhoxeni kwakhe. Lo ngumzekelo wencwadi yencwadi yencwadi yamasebe amathathu asebenza kunye ne̬ i-judiary yahlola umlawuli wesigqeba, kunye nemithetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho-mthetho, wazisa izityholo, wabuyisela inkcaso, ukubuyisa inkcutho.

Imilo Yale Mihla Nentsebenziswano

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwabonakala ungquzulwano phakathi kwamasebe, olufana nokungavisisani ncam yokhuseleko lomda, ii-commilia, kunye nemiyalelo ebanzi yabalawuli. Olu ngquzulwano luvavanya inkqubo, kodwa lukwaqinisa imfuneko yentsebenziswano. I-Gridlock iyadimazeka, kodwa yinjongo: abalawuli bakhetha urhulumente ohamba kancinci okhusela amalungelo amancinane anokuwanyathelayo afanelekileyo. Kumaxesha engxaki, amasebe afumana iindlela zokulalanisa ngenxa yokuba kungekho namnye onokulawula yedwa. Umzekelo, ngexesha lengozi njenge-COVID-19, izibhexeko ezidluliselwe izindululo, uMongameli wawatyikityo, kunye neenkundla ziphinde zijonge imingeni ephambili kwizenzo zorhulumente.

Ukusebenzisana Njengomgaqo-siseko

Ukutsho ukuba isebe ngalinye lifuna ezinye asiyongongolwazi nje. Liyasebenza, liyinyani yemihla ngemihla. UMongameli akanakuyisebenzisa imali ngaphandle kweKhonkxale. IKhomishini ayinakunyanzelisa imithetho yayo ngaphandle kwegunya. Iinkundla azinakugqiba ngamatyala ngaphandle koMbutho odala iinkundla ezisezantsi kunye nemigwebo elawulayo. Xa elinye isebe lingavumi ukusebenzisana, inkqubo yonke ijongene buthathaka. Ithemba labalawuli belinokuthi amabhongo alwane, abangele iRiphabliki ehlala ihleli.

Kwakhona oku kuxhomekeka komntu ngamnye kukhusela inkululeko. Ngenxa yokuba igunya lisasazwa, abemi bangabhenela kumasebe awahlukeneyo ukuba bavakalelwa kukuba boniwe ngumntu omnye. Umthetho odluliselwe yiKhonklane kwaye utyikitywe nguMongameli ungabethwa imbambano enkundleni. Inyathelo lomongameli linokuthintelwa ngemithetho egwebayo. Ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kungacetywa yiBhunga kwaye kuvunywe ngamaphondo ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo i̱ ukutolikwa akuthandwa. Inkqubo inika iingongoma ezininzi zokufikelela nokuzilungisa, ngenxa yokuba akukho sebe linegama lokugqibela kuyo yonke into.

Isiphelo: Ukuncedisana njengamandla

Kunokuba ibe bubuthathaka, ukuthembela kwesebe ngalinye kwelinye kunamandla amakhulu enkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuqinisekisa ukuba isenzo sikarhulumente sifuna ukuvumelana, ukucamngca, nokuhlonela imida yemithetho-siseko. Isebe lemithetho yemithetho yenze imithetho, kodwa kufuneka liphumelele kuMongameli ’ livume okanye liququzelele ukuqulunqa okukhulu ukukhupha i-veto. Isebe eliphetheyo liyiphumeza imithetho, kodwa limele lihloniphe imithetho yowiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo loburhulumente. Isebe lezomthetho limele lichaze imithetho, kodwa lixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe amabini ukuxhasa iinkundla zenkundla zenziwe umthetho. Oku kuxhomekeke ekuqhubekeni kolawulo akuso isiphene; yi-injini egcina urhulumente wedemokhrasi. Isizathu sokuba isebe ngalinye lifanele lithobele inyathelo lokuqala lobugqwengamele liqwalamele igobe.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa umbhalo opheleleyo we- we-Gaqo-siseko kwi-website kaSizwe yoovimba belizwe, funda malunga namasebe amathathu karhulumente ku-USA.gov, kwaye funda iimbono zeNkundla ye- ukukhangela kunye nolungelelwaniso olusebenzayo.