Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Isebe eliLawulayo lorhulumente waseUnited States, elimiselwe liQumrhu II lomGaqo-siseko, limele elinye lamasebe amathathu alinganayo alungiselelwe ukuyila inkqubo elungeleleneyo yokulawula. Ngokungafaniyo neSebe leMithetho, elibhala imithetho, okanye iSebe leJaji, elichazayo, iSebe Elilawulayo lijoliswe ekuqinisekiseni nasekulawuleni umthetho karhulumente. UMongameli umi encotsheni yesebe, ebambe amagunya amele ukutolikwa, ingxoxo, kunye nendaleko ukususela ekusungulweni kweRiphabliki. Ukuqonda imiqathango kunye nemida yegunya lomongameli kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela ulawulo lwaseMelika olusebenza ngayo.

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko benza ngabom isigqeba esilawulayo esinamandla kodwa esinyanzelwayo. Baye bazibonela ngawabo amehlo ukusilela kweManqaku eSigunya solawulo, awayengenalo igunya elinentsingiselo, kodwa kwakhona babesoyika ubundlobongela bokumkani. Isiphumo yaba yiofisi ebekwe kakuhle ebekwe ngobunono elungelelaniswe ngokujongwa kwamanye amasebe. Olu xinzelelwano phakathi kolawulo olunempumelelo nokuthintelwa kwexhoba liyaqhubeka lichaza i-presity.

Iimbopheleleko Zomongameli

UMongameli usebenza ngexesha elinye, ngamnye uthwele iimbopheleleko neemfuno ezahlukileyo. Ezi ndima azingomsitho nje kuphela kodwa zithwala umGaqo-siseko wokwenene nobunzima obusebenzisekayo.

IGawulayo Oyintloko Nentloko Yorhulumente

Njengentloko yesigqeba, uMongameli ujonge iqumrhu lesebe likarhulumente, elisebenzisa malunga nezigidi ezisisi-2, abasebenzi abangaburhulumente kumakhulu amasebe namasebe. UMongameli uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka, umsebenzi osekelwe kwiSibonelelo somGaqo-siseko. Le ndima iquka ukukhupha imiyalelo yezolawulo, ukukhokela iintloko zezikokeli, nokulawula imisebenzi yorhulumente wemihla yonke.

Njengentloko karhulumente, uMongameli udibanisa umanyano nolawulo lwesizwe. Le misebenzi iquka ukukhokelwa koogxamesi basemzini, ukunikezelwa kweedilesi kwimicimbi yesizwe, kunye nokumela amaxabiso eMelika kwisigaba sehlabathi. Umahluko phakathi kwentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente, oqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo zepalamente, udityanisiwe kumgangatho we-Melika, unikel ingqalelo kumandla ofuziselayo nasebenzayo kwisikhundla esinye.

Igosa kwiNtloko

UMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwiMikhosi exhobileyo yase-U.S., indima ebeka ingubo ephambili kulawulo oluphezulu. Ngelixesha iBhunga kuphela elinokungenisa imfazwe, uMongameli angathumela imikhosi, umkhosi woorhulumente, kunye nobuchule bokukhusela obungqalileyo. Isigqibo semfazwe sowe-1973 sazama ukulinganisela eli gunya ngokufuna ukubhengezwa nokuvunywa komkhosi owenziwe ixesha elide, kodwa oomongameli baye baqinisekisa igunya elibanzi kulo mmandla.

Abalawuli bale mihla abajongene neengxaki ezinkulu eziquka iimfazwe zekhompyutha, imisebenzi ye-drone kunye nezenzo zobuphekula eziphazamisa izithethe phakathi komlo kunye nemimandla engeyoyonkqubo ye-combat. Umlinganiselo wamandla omkhosi useyenye yezona ndawo ziphikiswana kakhulu ngumongameli.

Inkokeli yoMgaqo-nkqubo oPhakathi

UMongameli ulawula inkqubo yamanye amazwe ase-U.S., uthethana ngezivumelwano, kunye noothunywashe abamiselayo. Iingxelo zifuna ukuvunywa zii-asethi ezimbini-sithathu zeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, kodwa iinkokeli zisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo izivumelwano ezilawulayo, ezingafuni ukuba iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zinikezelwe imigaqo-mthetho, ukuze ziqhube imicimbi yehlabathi lonke. Olu tshintsho luye lwandisa ukutshintsha koomongameli kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle ngoxa luphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphethuliswa kolawulo lwemithetho.

Abameli bakwandisa okanye bakhuphe ukunconyelwa kwentsebenziswano kurhulumente wamazwe angaphandle, bamisela indlela yokuthethana kwezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye bamela iUnited States kwimicimbi yomhlaba wonke enjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. [FLT] Isebe leSigoritio[ lisebenza njengesixhobo esiphambili sokuphumeza icebo lezobuzwelo phantsi kolwalathiso lomongameli.

Inkokeli eLawulweyo

Nangona uMongameli engeyolungu leBhunga, iofisi inendima ephambili kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. UMongameli angacebisa umthetho, ahlasele amalungu eBhunga, aze asebenzise iqonga lenkxwaleko ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Idilesi yeSizwe se-Union isebenza njengeqonga lonyaka lokuchaza izinto eziza kuqala kwimithetho.

Amandla eveto anika uMongameli uvavanyo oluthe ngqo kwiBhunga. Iveto eqhelekileyo ingangabonwa kuphela ngabaninzi abazii-3 kwigumbi lazo zombini, iyenze isixhobo esoyikekayo. UMongameli ukwasebenzisa iveto epokothweni, ebulala umthetho ngokungathathi nyathelo ngexesha lokungqubana kwengqungquthela.

Igosa Lezoqoqosho Nenkokeli Yeqela

UMongameli ulindeleke ngokuqhubekayo ukuba alawule uqoqosho, nangona ulawulo oluthe ngqo lulinganiselwe. NgeBhunga lee-Adviser zezoqoqosho kunye ne-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlawulo, uMongameli uphembelela inkqubo ye-fiscal, imigaqo ephambili, kunye nokuthumelana kwezoqoqosho. UMongameli ukwamisela amalungu e iBhunga leReserve Reserves [[FLT][FLT]], nangona iFED isebenza ngozimele obuninzi.

Njengenkokeli yeqela, uMongameli usebenza njengentloko ephambili yeqela labo lezobupolitika, ephembelela ukuxhasa ingxowa-mali, ukuxhasa, kunye nolwalathiso lwengqiqo yeqela. Le ndima ayiphathi siseko somGaqo-siseko kodwa ijongene nokuphumelela kwezobupolitika zikaMongameli.

Amandla obuongameli

Amandla acacileyo kaMongameli adweliswe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko, kodwa ukuqhelisela kunye nemizekelo iye yawandisa ngokuphawulekayo la mandla. Ukuqonda indlela la magunya asebenza ngayo kutyhila amandla awo kunye nemida yawo.

Amandla Eveto

Iveto yenye yezixhobo zomthetho ezibalulekileyo zoMongameli. Xa iBhunga ligqithisa umthetho, uMongameli angawutyobela kumthetho, awutyhalele, okanye awuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi. I-veto ithumela uxwebhu emva kwiKhomishini eneziphakamiso, kwaye ukuwehlisa kudinga isibini sesithathu somthetho emagumbini omabini. Kwimbali, malunga nesine ekhulwini seevetoes sifakwe isigqeba, sisenza isinyuko esinamandla sokucebiselana i-ap kwingxoxo ye-wistogs.

Abalawuli bakwasebenzisa isisongelo seveto ukubumba umthetho phambi kokuba ufike kwidesika yabo, umkhwa owaziwa njengeveto isisongelo okanye iqhinga lokusayina. Igunya loluhlu lwento, elinikwe yiKhomishini ngo- 1996, lavakaliswa lingenagunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo Clinton v. City of New York[, iqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakuwacima ngokukhethayo amalungiselelo athile emali ehlawulwayo.

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

UMongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe, oonozakuzaku, oonobhala bekhabhathi, namagosa aphezulu esebe, phantsi kokuqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNtsimi. Eli gunya linika uMongameli impembelelo epheleleyo kulawulo lukarhulumente karhulumente karhulumente kangangeminyaka emininzi, ingakumbi ngokumisela ikomiti egweba ubomi bakhe bonke.

Amandla okususa, ngexa engachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, aqinisekiswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Imali ekhululekileyo ekwiNkcubeko yeQumrhu likawonke-wonke eArhenteright Board [2010], iNkundla yabambelela kwelokuba uMongameli umele agcine igunya elithile elisuswayo kumagosa esebe aphetheyo. Kodwa ke, iBhunga lidale amaqumrhu elizimeleyo ngesizathu sokususa ukhuseleko, lidala uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lwemithetho-siseko.

Imiyalelo yegunya nesenzo solawulo

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ingumyalelo okhutshwa nguMongameli olawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Zithwala umkhosi womthetho kodwa kufuneka zibekwe kwigunya lomthetho okanye kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Ngeli xesha imiyalelo yegunya ingenako ukwenza umthetho omtsha okanye imali efanelekileyo, iye yasetyenziswa ukufikelela utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwenkqubo kwimibandela esukela ekufudukeni ukuya kumda wemekobume.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yabalawuli kunyuke ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ingakumbi xa iBhunga livalwa ngokuqhiphuka kwezithuba. Oomongameli bale mihla bamalunga nama-35 ukuya kuma-50 emiyalelo yolawulo ngonyaka. Le miyalelo ingatshintshwa ngoomongameli abalandelayo, beyenza ibe sisixhobo esinamandla kodwa esibuthathaka sokulawula.

Imicimbi Yamazwe Asemzini Nezivumelwano

UMongameli unegunya eliphangaleleyo kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, kuquka amandla okuqulunqa izivumelwano, ukuqaphela oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, kunye nonxibelelwano lwezoNkundla ePhakamileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba uMongameli lilungu lokuphela korhulumente wolu manyano lwamazwe angaphandle, njengoko kuchazwe ku United States v. Curtiss-Wright Exp. [1936]

Iingcebiso zifuna ukupheliswa kweBhunga leNtlanganiso, kodwa oomongameli basebenzisa izivumelwano ezilawulayo ukudlula le mfuneko. Izivumelwano zoLawulo oluPhezulu ziye zaba yindlela ephambili yokuzibophelela kwezizwe ngezizwe, zixanduva ngaphezu kwama-90 ekhulwini azo zonke izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezenziwe yiUnited States. Nangona zingagunyaziswanga yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, zibophelelekile phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe yaye ngokufuthi zithatha indawo yemithetho karhulumente engqubanayo.

Amandla omkhosi nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Njengomphathi-mikhosi eyintloko, uMongameli angayalela ukuthatha umkhosi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yingqungquthela. Eli gunya liye lavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukusuka kwimfazwe yase Korea ukuya kungenelelo eLibya nase-Siriya. Isigqibo semfazwe sifuna ukuba uMongameli azise iBhunga kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zothutho lwemikhosi kwaye abeke imida kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho, kodwa oomongameli baye basoloko bephikisana nomgaqo-siseko walo.

Kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe, uMongameli ujongele uluntu lobuntlola, kuquka [FLT]] I-Arhente yobuNcutshe kunye ne-National Security Agency. UMongameli angagunyazisa imisebenzi yokugquma, ukucalucalula nokuhlahlela ulwazi, kwaye asebenzise ubuchule obubalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ngokophantsi kokungalawulwa ziikomiti zobuntlola.

Inkqubo yeepeyinti nolungelelwano

UmGaqo-siseko umisela iinkqubo ezininzi zokuthintela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni amandla agqithisileyo. Ngoxa uMongameli enegunya elithe kratya, ezi ziphumo zovavanyo zidala imiqathango enenjongo.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu nokuLawulwa

IBhunga lingaphanda izenzo zesebe elilawulayo ngokuchongwa kweekomiti, ii-popoena, neengxelo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli ubalulekile ukuba uphendule, nangona ukusebenza kwawo kuxhomekeke kulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamaqela. IBhunga likwalawula uqingqo-mali, lilunike igunya elingaphezulu kwelokulawula ingeniso ngeli ngxowa-mali.

Amandla okungagunyaziswa asebenza njengohlolo olona lupheleleyo, evumela iNdlu yabameli ukuba ityhole uMongameli ngokungcangcazelisa, ngokunyoba, okanye ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokunganyaniseki. Ukuqinisekiswa nokususwa kufuna ivoti yesithathu kwiNdlu yeNdlu. Oomongameli abathathu kuphela abagwetyiweyo, kwaye akukho namnye oye wagwetywa wasuswa, nangona le nkqubo ineziphumo eziphawulekayo zezobupolitika.

Impinda yezeejaji

INkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa izenzo zomongameli ezingavumelaniyo, amandla asungulwe kwi Marbury v. Madison (1853). Ngoxa iNkundla isoloko ibeke iliso kwigunya elilawulayo kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, imisele imida. ulutsha olusemoyeni Pheleleni i-injini ye-ibhate ye-injini ye-'i-[Tube Co. v. sawer[[FLTLT:3] [1952], iNkuvolu lwabetha uMongameli uTruman wabaphathi bemishiciweyo ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, imisela ukuba uMongameli angakwazi ukwenza okanye aqhube imithetho ngaphandle komGwalko okanye igunya lomthetho.

Ukuvuma kweNkundla ukuphulaphula amatyala acel ’ umngeni isenzo sokulawula kuyahluka, kwaye imfundiso yokuma, ukuchana kwetyala, kunye nemibuzo yezopolitiko ithintela ukungenelela kwetyala. Nangona kunjalo, ukuva ukuba ingqwalasela yezomthetho ithintela ukunyanzelwa komongameli, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinemizekelo ecacileyo esemthethweni.

Uqinisekiso

Icebiso leNdlu yeeNtsimi kunye nendima evumayo kukumiselwa kwemibutho yecawa yenza uvavanyo oluthe ngqo kwigunya labasebenzi. Ngeli xesha uninzi lwezicatshulwa zekhabhathi ziqinisekiswa, ii-mineine eziphikiswayo zingajongana nokuvalwa okwandisiweyo, ukuvalwa, okanye ukwaliwa okucacileyo. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaqhubekeka ngokugqithisileyo, ngokulibaziseka nokulwa okuchaphazela isantya sokuzalisa izikhundla zesebe eliphetheyo.

INdlu yeQela iqinisekisa abagwebi bequmrhu, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, beyinika impembelelo enkulu kumsebenzi wejaji. Eli gunya liye lakhula ngakumbi njengoko ukumiswa kwetyala kuye kwaba sisazulu sokwenza amaqhinga ezobupolitika.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kwamandla Omongameli

Amandla obuongameli aye anda aza afikelela kwimbali yaseMerika, ephenjelelwa ziingxaki, ukhokelo nokutshintsha kwezinto ezilindelwe nguwonke wonke.

IXesha Lokusekwa Nenkulungwane Ye - 19

Oomongameli bokuqala babenegunya elilinganiselweyo, benyanzelwa ngurhulumente omncinane kunye nolawulo olunamandla lwengqungquthela. UGeorge Washington wamisela imizekelo engundoqo, kuquka inkqubo yekhabhinethi kunye nesithethe sokufuna icebiso kwiintloko zesebe. UThomas Jefferson uLouisiana Purchase wavavanya igunya lesigqeba, ngeli lixa uAndrew Jackson wandisa igunya leofisi ngokusebenzisa iveto kunye nokuqinisekisa kwakhe igunya lakhe eliqhelekileyo.

Imfazwe yamakhaya yandisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla obungameli phantsi koAbraham Lincoln, owabeka i-habeas corpus, wakhupha iNkqubo yoMkhosi, kwaye wakhokela icebo lomkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yengqungquthela. Izenzo zikaLincoln zamisela umzekelo wokuba uMongameli unamandla ongxamiseko ngexesha leengxaki zesizwe.

IXesha Lenkqubela Neenjongo Ezintsha

UTheodore Roosevelt wayichaza kakuhle ingcamango yegosa lobumongameli, ephikisa ngelithi uMongameli angathabatha nasiphi na isenzo esingavumelekanga ngokucacileyo ngumthetho. Le mbono indala yayahluke kakhulu kwingcamango kaWilliam Howard Taft yomGaqo-siseko omxinwa, eyayithi uMongameli angathatha inyathelo kuphela xa egunyaziswe ngumGaqo-siseko okanye yiBhunga.

I-Franklin D. Roosevelt yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaguqula umongameli waba sisiko elisembindini lolawulo lwaseMelika. Incoko yangaphandle lomlilo ye-FDR yasebenzisa unomathotholo ukunxibelelana ngqo noluntu, imiyalelo yakhe elawulayo yadala iinkqubo ezintsha ezingundoqo, kunye nokhokelo lwakhe ngexesha loBudodo Bezikhulu neMfazwe Yehlabathi II lwaqinisa igunya lesizwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yahlasela iinkqubo zeNew Deal kodwa ekugqibeleni yazibamba, kwaye amagama amane e-FDR amisela umongameli wale mihla.

Igunya Elilawulayo Nemida Yalo

Imfazwe yaseVietnam kunye nehlazo leWatergate zakhokelela ekuphithaniseni amandla amakhulu omongameli. Isigqibo seWar Powers Comments ka 1973, uLawulo lohlahlo-mali kunye noMthetho woLawulo lwe-Impondo-mbiza ka-1997, kunye ne-Ethics kuMthetho we-Rhulumente ka-1978 zonke zafuna ukunyanzela igunya elilawulayo. Ukurhoxa kukaMongameli Nixon kwabonisa ukuphumelela kwenkqubo yophando, nokuba ukususwa akuzange kwenzeke.

Amashumi eminyaka akutshanje aye abona ulwando olutsha lwamandla obumongameli, ingakumbi kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Emva kwexesha le-9/11 kwaziswa uGunyaziso lokusetyenziswa komkhosi womkhosi, iinkqubo zokujonga iliso ezandisiweyo, kunye nokusungulwa kweSebe loKhuseleko lwaseHomeland. Oomongameli babo bobabini baye bagunyazisa igunya eliphangaleleyo kwiindawo eziquka ukubulawa kwabantu, ukugcinwa kwe-inthanetha, kunye nokugcinwa kolawulo lokufuduka.

Ukuqhelisela Iinkokeli Zale Mihla

Oomongameli bexesha lamva bajamelana neengxaki ababengenakuzicinga. Ubugcisa, ukwahlukana kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano nokudityaniswa kweenxalenye zommandla ohlala abantu kuye kwayiguqula le nkonzo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nothungelwano

Unxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ntle luvumela oomongameli ukuba banxibelelane ngqo nabemi, bagqithe abagcini-sango bezosasazo. Oku kufikelela ngqo kunakho ukunika amandla kodwa kukwabangela iingozi, njengokuba unxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo lunokukhokelela kwiimpazamo, iimpikiswano, kunye nokukhukuliseka kwezithethe zoluntu. Oomongameli bale mihla kufuneka bahambe ngemijikelo yeeyure ezingama-24, ukukhangela inyaniso, nokukhuphisana ngengxelo ezivela kwimithombo ye-media.

Kwakhona ubugcisa buchaphazela ukhuseleko lwelizwe, ukususela ekusoyikeni koonobangela bokuhlola izinto, oomongameli bamele balinganisele imibandela yokhuseleko namalungelo abo obuqu, ngokufuthi benze izigqibo ezichaphazela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nokuxhasana

Ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nezisongelo eziya kumazwe ngamazwe zifuna ukhokelo lomongameli kumlinganiso osemhlabeni wonke. Oomongameli bale mihla bathetha ngezivumelwano zorhwebo, ukunxibelelana kwizifo ezimandundu, kunye nemibandela yedilesi enqamleza imida. I-ofisi yeHome ye-White[FLT]] ithe yanda ukuquka amabhunga kunye nee-adviss ezijolise kukhuseleko lwempilo yehlabathi, inkqubo ye-webhrejini, kunye nokuqhubana kwemozulu.

Amaziko kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iNATO kunye neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, zombini zinika amandla kwaye zinyanzelise ukuthatha inyathelo lomongameli. Oomongameli kufuneka balungelelanise izilangazelelo zesizwe nezibophelelo zezizwe ngezizwe, uxinezeleko oluye lwakhula ngakumbi kwixesha lokwanda kobuzwe.

Name

Ukwanda kokuthatyathwa kolawulo kuchaphazela zonke iinkalo zobumongameli. Imiyalelo yegunya kunye nezenzo zolawulo ziba zizithathi-nxaxheba zomthetho xa iBhunga livalwa ngokutsha. Ukumiselwa kwejaji kuba ziindawo zokulwa ezinamacandelo ahlukeneyo.

Oku kuthatyathwa kolawulo kukwachaphazela isebe eliphetheyo, njengoko oomongameli besebenzisa amadinga okulawula kwezobupolitika kwisebe lemisebenzi. Uxinezeleko phakathi kolawulo lwezopolitiko kunye nobuchule benkonzo yengingqi yelizwe luye lwayimbalasane yesebe elilawulayo lale mihla.

Isiphelo: Intsingiselo Ehlala Ihleli Yamandla Obuongameli

Amandla kaMongameli achaza ubuchule besebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu bokulawula ngokunempumelelo. Ukusuka kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko kwiGatya II ukuya kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo zeofisi yale mihla, igunya lomongameli libonakalisa amandla kunye noxanduva lwedemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Kubafundi borhulumente waseMerika, amandla omongameli okuqonda anika ukuqonda ngendlela eliqhuba ngayo elo lizwe linezona ngxaki zinzima. Umongameli uhlala elilungiselelo elinamandla, elilungelelanisa iimeko eziguqukayo ngexesha lisebenza ngokwemida yomGaqo-siseko. Njengoko iUnited States ijongene neengcinezelo ezintsha zasekhaya nezezizwe ngezizwe, ulungelelwano phakathi kwesenzo sokulawula esinempumelelo kunye nokuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi luzakuba lungumcimbi oyintloko wolawulo lwamaMelika.