Ukuqonda indlela amanqanaba awahlukene ngayo urhulumente abalulekile ekuqondeni umzobo opheleleyo wokwenziwa kwenkqubo nolawulo lukarhulumente. Umanyano, urhulumente, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngamnye unamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko, kodwa ulawulo lwawo olungaguquguqukiyo lwenza ulwenze ulwenzelo oluntsonkothileyo lwentsebenziswano kunye nengxabano. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ulwalamano lwesakhiwo, uxanduva oluqhelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo eziqinisekisiweyo ezichaza amandla eehlabathi, ukuzoba nemizekelo yokwenene yehlabathi kunye nesiseko solawulo lorhulumente.

Ukwakhiwa Kwamaqondo Karhulumente

Amazwe amaninzi anenkqubo karhulumente elungelelanisiweyo ubuncinane kwithala leethala ezintathu: irejista yesizwe (yomhlaba okanye yephondo), neyasekuhlaleni (yomzi okanye yephondo). Umgangatho ngamnye ufumana igunya lawo kumgaqo-siseko okanye kwisiseko somthetho ochaza imisebenzi ethile, amandla okurhafisa, kunye nemimandla yolawulo lolawulo.

Urhulumente OsisiFrentshi

Umgangatho wesizwe usingatha imicimbi yesizwe: ukhuseleko lwesizwe, inkqubo yamanye amazwe, urhwebo lwamazwe, ukufuduka, inkqubo yemali, kunye nerhafu karhulumente. Ikwamisela imilinganiselo ebanzi kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lwemekobume, amalungelo abantu, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke. Amasebe azimeleyo, anjenge U.S. urhulumente osemthethweni weweb ye-portal[, enika iinkqubo ezichaphazela abemi bomhlaba wonke.

Urhulumente

Oorhulumente basebenzisa oko kubizwa ngokuba "ngurhulumente" negunya lokulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle jikelele kwimida yabo. Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente ongundoqo ziquka imfundo kawonke-wonke (K-12 kunye nemfundo ephezulu), oohola belizwe, ukuvalwa komsebenzi, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nolawulo lweenkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana noMedicaid. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho, iirhuluneli, neenkundla zitolika kwaye zinyanzelela umgaqo-siseko nemithetho.

Urhulumente Wangaphakathi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zikarhulumente, bafumana igunya labo kumgaqo-siseko karhulumente okanye kwimimiselo ekhoyo. Balawula iinkonzo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngqo: ukusetyenziswa kweendawo neendawo, iindlela zasekuhlaleni, amanzi kunye nemida yokutshisa, ukhuseleko lwamapolisa kunye nomlilo, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, iipaki, kunye neethala leencwadi. Imimandla, idolophu, imimandla yesikolo, kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo (umz., amagunya othuthi) ngamnye uchaze imida kunye nemisebenzi.

Imisebenzi yeSebe:

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zichaza ulwalamano lwezoburhulumente ngoluvo lwe-constance. Ulawulo lwe-avalism [ulawulo lwe-cake] ibonela ngamehlo amacandelo ahlukeneyo nahlukeneyo ogunya. umanyano lwesizwe [ [iiinqanawa] (i-catable-ke]) ibona iimbopheleleko ezidityanisiweyo kunye nenkxaso-mali eyabelweneyo. ulawulo olutsha loburhulumente luzama ukubuyela kumandla ngonikezelo kunye noluvo. Ukuqonda ezi zimodelo kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba intsebenziso kunye nengxabano zisetyenziswe kwinkqubo.

Ekuqheliseni, ulawulo lwangoku lusebenza phantsi kolawulo lwentsebenziswano. Umanyano lunika inkxaso-mgaqo-mali ngokweemeko ezithile, kwaye izithintelo zinika ububele obubanzi", kwaye zinika izibonelelo ngokulungeleleneyo olubanzi, zenza amaqhina emali adibanisa amanqanaba kunye. Umzekelo, iNkonzo yophando loMkhosi weNtlalo-ntle [ rhoqo iingxelo zokuba urhulumente unika urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni imali engaphaya kwamawaka ezigidi ezingama-700 ezigidi ngonyaka, ukugquma iindawo ezifana nezothutho, imfundo, kunye nokunyanyelwa kwempilo.

Ukusebenzisana Kwamagunya Karhulumente

Ngaphandle kokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho ingxabano, intsebenziswano yeyama-nkqubo kwimimandla emininzi. Ulwahlulo luvela kwiinjongo ezabelwenayo, kwiimfuno ezisemthethweni, okanye ekuxhomekekeni koluntu olunye. Ngapha koko, ziinkalo ezingundoqo apho intsebenziswano yezorhulumente ibonakala kakhulu.

Ukulawulwa kwentlekele nokusabela

Iintlekele zemvelo aziwuhloneli umgaqo-siseko. Umthetho weStafford eUnited States umisela isiseko soncedo lwamazwe xa urhulumente kunye noovimba basekuhlaleni besoyiswa. IFEMA inxibelelana namaqumrhu olawulo lukaxakeka, asebenza nabaphendula kuqala basekuhlaleni. Ukuphendula kwiSiphethu iHarvey ngo-2017 kwabonisa intsebenziswano esebenzayo: ukukhulula kwasekuhlaleni, urhulumente wesizwe uKhuselo lwezokhuselo, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lorhulumente kunye nokuphucula intlalo-ntle eziqhutywe kwi-tanidem.

Ukugula Kwabantu Bonke

Isifo esingumqhaphu se-COVOID-19 esivavanywe phakathi kwentsebenziswano yoorhulumente kwisikali esingazange sibonwe. Amasebe omanyano afana neCDC akhupha ukhokelo kwaye asasaza amachiza kunye nenkxaso-mali. Amazwe asebenzisa iiroodo, iinkqubo zokuvavanya, kunye namaphulo okugoma. Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni aqhuba uhlolo loqhagamshelwano kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke. Iinkqubo zeKhompyutha yomanyano njenge-Public Health Emergency Exeminersionnerynes (PEP) isivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano solawulo lorhulumente esigunya-rhulumente esisamganganye nesaseluntwini. Noko ke, inkcinezelo ebhenswe kukunga kwemiqatha, ink ’ ebala indlela enokuthi intluleka ngayo ukuchasana kolukulwano koxinzelelo lwezo lwezopolitikitiko.

Ingeniso

Imisebenzi emikhulu yezesiseko sezakhiwo ngezantsi kwemibutho ephezulu, iibhulorho, ezothutho, iinqwelo-moya zikawonke-wonke, iinqwelo-moya ezidityanisiweyo kunye nocwangciso. Imali yezothutho (umz., ngeNkk., ngokusebenzisa i-Infracractive Investicement kunye neMithetho yeSebe lezeNtetho) ilawulwa liSebe lezeNtetho, ngoko elinovumelwano noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, i-DOT ingasebenzisa imali karhulumente ukwandisa uhola wendlela, ngoxa isixeko silawula unxibelelwano lwendlela kunye nemiqondiso yeetrafishi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

Imfundo ingumsebenzi obalulekileyo kurhulumente kunye nommandla, kodwa urhulumente wesizwe ufeza indima ebalulekileyo ngenkxaso nangeemfuno zokuphendula. I-All Students Foundations Act (ESA) ka-2015 ithabathe indawo yokungabikho kwabantwana abashiywe ngasemva, inika ubuchule obungakumbi ngeli xesha ilawula imigaqo kunye nokuvavanya. I-odolo liphuhlisa izicwangciso zazo zokuphucula isikolo, ezimele zivunywe liSebe lemfundo lezemfundo. Izikolo zasekuhlaleni zizalisekisa ezo zicwangciso, ziqesha othisha, kwaye zilawula imisebenzi yemini-yo. Le ndlela ingumaleko ifuna ukutyhalela phambili i-proviestion, urhulumente worhulumente olawula i-Implate, umele aqhube ulawulo lwezikolo lwezentelekelelo, kunye noncedo lwezikozolawulo lwezikomfamashini.

Ungquzulwano Phakathi Kwamanqanaba Karhulumente

Xa iimbopheleleko zithelekiswa yaye izinto eziphambili zingenamsebenzi, iingxabano zinokuvela kwigunya elingokwasemthethweni, ngemali, kwiingcamango zobupolitika, okanye kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza usukelo olwahlukeneyo.

Iingxabano Zolawulo

Xa imithetho karhulumente neyarhulumente ingqubana, uSuprematy Claus woMgaqo-siseko usoloko enika umthetho worhulumente isonga eliphezulu. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha uthetha ngokucelw'ingxubusho yemithetho karhulumente abayijonga njengeqhathayo. Umzekelo, imimiselo yemekobume . "njengeMithetho Ecocekileyo Yamanzi okanye iMiqathango yokukhupha umbane"(----"Iiminyaka ekhutshwe."Aremomes zingakhupha imithetho ephikisana ngqo nenkqubo karhulumente, njengemithetho yesixeko sengcwele elinganisela intsebenziswano nomthetho worhulumente wokungena kwabantu. Le ngxabano idla ngokuphela iphelela kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, nto leyo emele igqibe enoba umthetho karhulumente uyarhoxilongwa.

Iintsuku-mali ezibonelelwayo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usoloko emisela imfuno kwiingingqi nakwimimandla ngaphandle kokunikezela ngokupheleleyo ngemali-yonke. Imizekelo iquka uMthetho we-ID wokwenene (ukwandiswa kwemigangatho yelayisensi yokuqhuba), i-ADA (amaMelika anemithetho yokungakhubazeki), kunye neenxalenye ze-Aregin Child Oleh Shir Part Act. Urhulumente kunye neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni ziphikisa ukuba loo miyalelo ibangela uxinzelelo lwemali kunye nokunciphisa umbaleko. Umthetho ongadityaniselwanga uLungisa umgaqo wotshintsho ka-19959 wazama ukuphelisa lo msebenzi, kodwa ingxabano iyaqhubeka.

Ukungavisisani kweMigaqo kunye neMigaqo

Ukwenziwa kwemimandla yezobupolitika kuye kwaqinisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwezasekuhlaleni. Amazwe alawulwa liqela elahlukileyo kunorhulumente worhulumente asoloko echasa inyathelo likarhulumente ngokumangalelwa, ukwala ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo, okanye ukudluliswa kweenkqubo "ukwandiswa kwemiqathango". Imizekelo iquka imingeni karhulumente kuMthetho we-Medicaid, ulwando lwe-Econtrol Power Plan, kunye ne-COVID . Ngokuchasene noko, xa urhulumente wesizwe evumelana kakhulu nezikhundla-mthetho othile, intsebenziswano iba yintle. Olu ngquzulwano lubonisa indlela unxulumano lwe-Ovein ephakathi koorhulumente olungeyo nje olungomthetho kodwa olunzulu kwezobupolitika.

Imfazwe yemfazwe yemfazwe neyemfazwe

Kummandla omnye womgaqo-siseko, imigangatho emininzi karhulumente ingafuna igunya. Ngokomzekelo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kubandakanya amasebe karhulumente (FBI, DEA, ATF), amapolisa karhulumente, kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni amapolisa. Imikhosi yemisebenzi edibeneyo ikho, kodwa iimfazwe ezikhawulezileyo kukhokelo, oovimba, kunye netyala zingenza buthathaka. Ngokufanayo, kubaphathi belizwe, amaqumrhu anjengolawulo olukhulu lwamaphecana, ngoxa amazwe noorhulumente basekuhlaleni enyanzelelwa ukuba asebenze ngokumangeniswa kwemilo yoovimba, ukulondoloza, ukulondoloza, kunye nophuhliso

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Lwentsebenziswano Nengxabano

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ikhanyisa amandla achazwe ngasentla. Ngezantsi kukho imizekelo emithathu enenkcukacha ebonisa intsebenziswano ephumelelayo kunye nokungqubana okuphawulekayo.

Isifundo Semeko 1: Inkanyamba uKatrina (2005) – Ukusilela Nesifundo

Inkanyamba uKatrina isoloko ichazwa njengentlekele yokungqubana kwemithetho-siseko. Urhulumente (FEMA) wezwekazi wayecotha ukuphendula, amagosa karhulumente (eLouisiana) kunye neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni (New Orleans) zazinemiyalelo engqubanayo yokufuduka, kwaye ukungakhuphisani konxibelelwano kwakhokelela ekubeni zilibazise imigudu yokuhlangula. Umphumo wabangela utshintsho olukhulu: uTshaqo-mampated Reformation ka-FEMA, kunye nemithetho emitsha yokudibanisa umyalelo nonxibelelwano. Inkanyamba-`Rita, uSandrew, uSandrew/wayibonisa uphuculo olubalulekileyo kwintsebenziswano, nangona kusekho imingenisholo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala 2: Ukubhaliswa Kwasemthethweni – Umsebenzi Osemthethweni

Ngowama-2025, amaphondo amaninzi aye agunyazisa unyango kunye nokuzonwabisa, ukanti umthetho wesizwe usathi i-snabis inguMgaqo-nkqubo olawulayo. Le ngxabano idala ukungaqiniseki okusemthethweni kumashishini, kwiibhanki, nakubathengi. Urhulumente wengingqi uye wasebenzisa imvume yabatshutshisi .Ntovu iCole Meyandrum kunye nokhokelo olulandelayo lungabangela ukunyanzelisa umthetho kwiimeko ezithile. Noko ke, ingxabano iyaqhubekeka: amashishini aqeshiweyo angakwazi ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zebhanki yesizwe, kwaye abasebenzi basenokujamelana nokutshutshiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Le meko ibonisa kakuhle indlela izicwangciso-mthetho ezifuna ukugcinwa kwemithetho okanye inkqulukelo eqhubekayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwezibonelelo 3: Ulwando Olubi Ngaphantsi KweACA

UMthetho we-Affordible Care Act (ACA) wawunombono wolwandiso lwesizwe lonke iMedicaid, exhaswe kakhulu ngurhulumente wezwe. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba amazwe angenakunyanzeleka ukuba andise, ulwahlulo lwavela: uninzi lwamazwe lwandisiwe, kodwa amaninzi (ngokuyintloko eMzantsi) awavumanga. Oku kwakhokelela kwithuba lokunikezelwa kwengxelo yemali ("lowlow-asked"instrivement") kumaphondo angenwangangeni kumazwe angenayo i-inshorensilensilensi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amanye amazwe agcina athel

Ubuchule Bokucombulula Iingxabano Nentsebenziswano

Ngenxa yoxinezeleko olungokwemvelo kulwalamano oluphakathi koorhulumente, kuye kwavela amaziko neenkqubo zokulawula intsebenziswano kunye neengxabano.

Iintlanganiso nentlangano zoburhulumente ezidityanisiweyo

I-Advisory Commission on Intergovernment Relations (ACIR), nangona iphelelwe lixesha, yakha yanikwa uphando necebiso. Namhlanje, amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni asoloko egcina iintlanganiso zokuphulaphula nokunika izicatshulwa zomsebenzi ukuze alungelelanise noorhulumente kunye nabo basekuhlaleni.

Izixhobo Zokubonelela

Izibonelelo zomanyano zihlala zisiso isixhobo esingundoqo sokukhuthaza intsebenziswano. izibonelelo zemali ezikhoyo (ezibhekiselele kwiinjongo ezithile) zinika ulawulo lwezwe lorhulumente, ngelixa izithintelo ezinika inkxaso[[ (iinjongo ezinezihlunu ezincinci) zinikezela ngoxonxiso lwemeko. [[FLT:] 4] [inani eliphakathi] , nangona namhlanje kunqabile, kusetyenziswa kwii- 1970. Waivers zivumela ukuba kubekho izinto zokuzama ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zelizwe (g., Mdicasssss, okanye ezisetyenziswayokusetyenziswa kwimigaqo esetyenziswayo.) ezi zinto zisetyenziswayo zombini ezinokubonwa zisetyenziswa naxa zikho.

Ukwenziwa koxwebhu noHlaziyo lwezeMigaqo-nkqubo

Xa ingxubusho yezobupolitika isilela, iinkundla zisoloko zilungisa iimpikiswano zorhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yachaza imida yamandla orhulumente norhulumente (ngokomzekelo, ku Printz v. United States (1997) ukugawula umthetho wesizwe oyalela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba uqhube uvavanyo lwezi sangqa, kwaye NFIB v. Sebelius (20) uthintela amandla karhulumente okunyanzela ulwano mbuso weMdid. Umthetho uLitigcime ubiza ixesha elininzi kwaye unika isigqibo esinentsingiselo xa kubonakala kungenakwenzeka.

Imikhosi yomsebenzi odityanisiweyo kunye nezivumelwano zokuncedisa

Kwimingeni ekhethekileyo, oorhulumente kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo benza imikhosi yemisebenzi edibeneyo. Umzekelo, imikhosi yoBuphekula be-JTF) idibanisa abasebenzi beFBI kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, amanyathelo ahlukeneyo afana neregion Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) abandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe, ngokhuthazo lwamazwe. La maqumrhu adid hoc anokufumana iziphumo ezingenakuphunyezwa nalinye umgangatho womthetho.

Ukulungelelanisa Ulungelelwano Nomanyano: Ucelomngeni Lwekhori

Uxanduva olusisiseko lwayo nayiphi na inkqubo karhulumente luphakathi komnqweno wokuzimela geqe kunye nemfuneko yomanyano lwesizwe. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphikisa ukuba basondele ngakumbi kubantu kwaye bayaziqonda ngakumbi iimfuno zoluntu. Ama-odoli athi ayizilaboratori zedemokhrasi, avavanya iinkqubo zenkqubo ngaphambi kokuba aye kwisizwe. Urhulumente wengingqi uqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo efanayo iyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko, ubuchule bezoqoqosho, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Ukuphelisa umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo akumi ndawonye; kuyaguquguquka ngeenguqu zezobupolitika, zentlalo, kunye nezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, umbutho wamalungelo abantu watshintshela kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ukuba asuse imithetho yokwahlukana kwesizwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, utshintsho lwentlalo-ntle yegunya lonyaka ka1996 ohluliweyo lubuyela kumazwe. Namhlanje, iingxoxo ngenkqubo yemozulu, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nenkxalabo yempilo ziyaqhubeka ukuvavanya oku kulungelelana. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lusoloko lwenzeka xa umgangatho ngamnye uhlonela iindima ezifanelekileyo kunye nomsebenzi wabanye osemthethweni kunokugqitha igunya lawo lomGaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo

Indlela imigangatho karhulumente esebenza kunye libali lokusebenzisana kunye nokungqubana, lokusebenzisana kunye nokkruthakruthakruthako oluneenjongo kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo. Isakhiwo sorhulumente, urhulumente, noorhulumente basekuhlaleni sidala ukhuhlano olungaphephekiyo, kodwa sikwabangela ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano kunye nokuhlaziywa. Ulwalamano olunempumelelo phakathi koorhulumente lufuna unxibelelwano olucacileyo, intlonelo, kunye nenkqubo yokulungelelanisa izinto. Ngokufunda imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yolungelelwano kunye noxinezeleko, ukusukela ukusabela kwimpilo kawonke wonke kwimfundo . .