Ingcamango yolongamo imele njengenye yeengcamango ezihlala zihleli neziphikiswayo kwingcamango yezobupolitika, umthetho, kunye nolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ichaza umthombo opheleleyo wegunya kummandla obotshelelweyo, umququzeleli wokugqibela wokwenza izigqibo, kunye nesixhobo solawulo olusemthethweni. Kodwa ngobude bobungangamsha, ulawulo luhlala luxhatshazwa kakhulu: oyena uphethe ngokwenene lo mandla apheleleyo, kwaye impendulo idlule njani ukunqumla kwiinkulungwane neenkqubo zezobupolitika? Eli nqaku libonisa intsingiselo yolongamo lolawulo lwalo ukusuka ekuhlazisweni kwalo kwasekuqaleni, lihlola onegunya kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, kwaye lihlola amandla acelw'ucel'ulawulo oludala namhlanje.

Ukuchaza Ulongamo

Igama elithi elithetha ukuthi “ngaphezulu” okanye“ ukunyuswa.” Kumaxesha aphakathi, abefundisi kunye nabefundisi basebenzisa ingcamango yokuchaza igunya eliphakamileyo, elisuswe kumandla ecawa. Kodwa ingcamango yale mihla echazwe kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu neyeshumi elinesixhenxe, ingakumbi kumsebenzi wesithandi sobulumko esingumFrentshi uJean Bodin. Kwincwadi yakhe ye156 iincwadi zendalo [FOLT], uBoin , ubukumkani obupheleleyo nobubanzi begunya eliqhelekileyo.

Thomas Hobbes walola le ngxaki ku . . . [1651]. Ulawulo lwe Hobbes, luvela kwisivumelwano soluntu apho abantu banikezela ngamalungelo abo emvelo kumlawuli omnye okanye kwingqungquthela ukwenzela ukhuseleko nocwangco. Amandla omlawuli akanasiphelo, kuba nawuphi na umlinganiselo uza kudala indlela emva “kwemfazwe echasene nabo bonke abantu.” Lo mbono uphembelela kakhulu urhulumente waseYurophu.

Iinkcazelo zale mihla zithobe iBodin kunye neHobbes. Isazi ngentlalo yasekuhlaleni uMax Weber sagxininisa ukuba ulawulo lungangokulawula ugonyamelo olusemthethweni kummandla. Umphengululi womthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uLassa Oppempheim uyichaza ngokuthi “igunya eliphezulu, igunya elizimeleyo nelizimeleyo elinye igunya lasemhlabeni." kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko, ulawulo luqondwa njengenobungangamsha obubini: ulawulo lwe-internal[ [up] [igunya lobuzwilawulo lombuso kwimicimbi yasekhaya] kunye nolawulo lwezobugqwele-ex [iexlthm] . [iiiiiiii.

  • Amandla okudala, okutolika nokunyanzelisa imithetho.
  • Lawula imida nemithombo yaloo mmandla.
  • Ubuchule bokuqhuba ulwalamano lwangaphandle nokungena kwizivumelwano.
  • Ubuchule bokubhengeza imfazwe nokulawula imikhosi exhobileyo.
  • Igunya lokuhlawula irhafu nokulawula inkqubo yezoqoqosho.

Ngoko ulongamo luyintelekelelo esemthethweni nento ephilayo. Lunika urhulumente ilungelo lokugqalwa njengolingana namanye amazwe, kanye njengokuba lubeka iimbopheleleko phantsi komthetho wehlabathi.

Iintlobo Zolongamo

Iingcali zezobupolitika zikhetha iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zolawulo, nganye yazo ikhanyisa iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zolawulo.

Ulongamo olusemthethweni luphikisana nolongamo lwezobupolitika

[[FLT: 0]] Ulawulo lweziko loburhulumente lubhekiselele kwigunya elisemthethweni, elimiselwe ngokwesiseko somgaqo-siseko ukwenza umthetho. Ngokomzekelo, kwiPalamente ingumlawuli osemthethweni ngenxa yokuba akukho sikombutho unakho ukuyilawula ngokusemthethweni imimiselo yawo. ulawulo lweziko lobuProtalitical[, ngokwahlukileyo, ichaza apho amandla asebenzayo akhona ngokwenene, amaqela eenzala enamandla, umkhosi, okanye iqela elilawulayo. Ulawulo olusemthethweni nolopolitiko lungantywisela umva abantu ulawulo lwezopolitiko.

Ulongamo Oluthandwayo

Imfundiso yolawulo-siseko oluthandwayo [[FLT: 0] ikholelwa ukuba lonke igunya likarhulumente lifumaneka ngokuvumelana nabalawulwa. Le ngcamango yayisemgangathweni kwiMvukelo yaseMerika neyaseFransi, icekisa ukunyanzelisa ulawulo lobukumkani oluphezulu. Kwidemokhrasi, abantu bangoyena uphakamileyo, basebenzisa amandla ngonyulo, ii-arhente, kunye namaziko abameli. Kodwa le ngcamango ayiphumi ngaphandle koxinzeleko: ngaba abantu banokulawula ngenene, okanye bamane nje bagunyazisa umthetho wezikhulu?

Ulawulo lwangaphandle

ulawulo lwe-Internal iidilesi ezilawula ngaphakathi kwezwe. [[FTLT:2] ulawulo lwempumlo lunxulumene nozimele kwezwe kwinkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe. Urhulumente unokuba nolawulo olupheleleyo lwangaphandle . "exesheni" lungakhuphiswa ngamanye amazwe" ngelinye ixesha ulawulo lwangaphakathi lukhuphiswano (umz."Xa ulawulo lwamakhaya). Ngokuphikisana, ulawulo lunokuba nolawulo olunamandla kodwa olulinganiselweyo ngaphandle kwe-ImplaseB (umz. imeko yesate).

De Jure/De Facto Ulawulo

Ulawulo lwejaji ye- lunelungelo elisemthethweni lokulawula, ngeli lixa i-code component ingubo yokwenene yokusebenzisa igunya. Urhulumente othinjiweyo angathiya ulawulo lwejarali phezu kommandla angenakuwulawula; umlawuli wemfazwe angasebenzisa ulawulo lwedeo ngaphandle kolwazi olusemthethweni. Ulawulo, ngoko, lungaqwalaselwa njengolwahlulo lwemibanzi kunokuba lube yimbini.

Indaleko Yolongamo

Ingcamango yokuba ummandla ochaziweyo kufuneka ube negunya elinye, eliphakamileyo likwimbali yembali. Kwinkoliso yembali yoluntu, igunya lezobupolitika lahlulwa, lahlulwa phakathi kwezikhulu zemfazwe, iCawa, isixeko, kunye nobukhosi. Indaleko kulongamo lwale mihla ibandakanya iziganeko ezininzi.

ISivumelwano saseWestphalia (1648)

I-Westphalia, ephelisa imfazwe yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu, idla ngokuchazwa njengesiqalo senkqubo yelizwe yale mihla. Yaseka imigaqo yokungaguquguquki kwemeko-bume, ukungagxubene kwimicimbi yasekhaya, kunye nokulingana kwamazwe azimeleyo. Nangona kamva abaphengululi beyifanelekele iNtsomi yaseWestphali,” izivumelwano zaphawula ukutshintshwa kwegunya elisemthethweni kulawulo lwezwe, lwelizwe. Umlawuli, nokuba yinkosana okanye yirepublic, ngoku wayengumgwebi wokugqibela kwimida yakhe.

I-Absolutism neNkxaso

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe neyeshumi elinesibhozo, ulawulo lobukumkani olupheleleyo eFransi, ePrussia naseRashiya lungaphelelanga kumlawuli omnye. Ingcamango enjengoHobbes noBodin yathethelela olu hlomelo. Kodwa isivumelwano sentlalo savelisa ii-paratives eziphikisanayo. UJohn Locke waphikisa ukuba ulawulo luhlala nabantu, abanika igunya kurhulumente onokuthi uphele ukuba uphule amalungelo emvelo. UJean-Jacques Rousseau ulus uluvo luka- “Gallerant" luza kuchazwa ngolawulo olusikonkenelo lwabemi, lungatshintshiswanga bamazwe.

IXesha Leenguqu

IMvukelo yaseMerika (1776) kunye neNguquko yaseFransi (1789) yaguqulela ezi ngcamango kwinyaniso yezobupolitika. ISindululo se-U.S. saqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bafumana “amandla abo okusesikweni ngokuvumelana nokulawulwa.” Isindululo samaFrentshi samalungelo abantu kunye nowamaMonicity savakalisa ukuba “umgaqo wolongamo loluntu ngokusisiseko uhlala kulo lonke uhlanga.” Ezi ziganeko zaguqula ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo-zwi ukuya ebantwini, zimisela isigaba sedemokhrasi yale mihla.

Ulawulo lwasemva kwe-Choloni

Ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ukususwa kolawulo kunyuswe kulawulo lwangaphambili lwamathanga e-Asia, Afrika, kunye ne-Caribbean. Umgaqo wokuzigqibela waba sisixhobo esisembindini seSicatshulwa seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Noko ke, amaphondo amaninzi azimeleyo afumana ilifa lelizwe awazuzwé njengefa lelizwe langaphambili elingangqinelaniyo nelizwe lezobupolitika, nto leyo ekhokelela kulawulo lwangaphakathi olubuthathaka kunye nemfazwe esoloko ikho. Uxanduva phakathi luye lwalawula ijure ukuqaphela kunye imilinganiselo yezo zoburhulumente ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo ehlala ikho.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Kulongamo

Ukuba inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yabona ukwanda kolawulo emhlabeni wonke, inkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ibone ukukhukuliseka kwayo ukusuka kumacala amaninzi.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi

Ukuqukuqela kwempahla, ikomkhulu, abantu, kunye nolwazi kuye kwanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ulawulo lwamazwe kwizoqoqosho nakumasiko awo. Iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zenza izigqibo zotyalo-mali ezinokuyiphazamisa imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe. Iimarike zemali zisabela ngokukhawuleza kwizenzo zikarhulumente, zinyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali nemali ezimeleyo. I-intanethi, ngoxa isenza kube lula, yenza imisebenzi yamazwe angaphandle ibe nempembelelo kunye nocelomngeni lwamazwe angaphandle

Umthetho nemigaqo yehlabathi

Iintlukwano kunye nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe umisela izibophelelo ezimisela imigaqo-mali elawula ukulawulwa kolawulo oluphezulu. INdibano yeGenocide, iSivumelwano sezizwe Ngezizwe saManywili nakwezopolitiko, kunye nemithetho yeRome yeNkundla yeNkundla yeZizwe Ngezizwe Yesigebenga, konke kudala imigaqo emanyatheneyo. I-World Trade Code Organization ifuna ukuba amalungu avule amashishini ayo aze avume isigqibo esinyanzelekileyo. Njengoko [[FLT: 0] i-UN Tretart [[FLD: 1] ngokwayo] ivuma, ukulingana okuphezulu kwamazwe kunye nozibopholo olunozibophelele ukugcina uxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe zonke kunye nokhuseleko. / kwaye Isahluko VII sigunyazisa iBhunga lokhuseleko lokungene ukungenelela ukungenelwa kokulwa nokuthanda kukarhulumente.

Amalungelo Abantu nongenelelo loluntu

Ulawulo lwamalungelo abantu lwasemva konyaka ka-1945 lungakucel ’ umngeni ukulawulwa kwabantu baseWestphalia. Ukuba urhulumente ubulala abantu bakhe, ngaba uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lunelungelo lokusebenza (okanye umsebenzi) `ukungenelela? “ukungaqiniseki ukukhusela” (R2P), okwamkelwa yi-UN ngo-2005, kungqina ukuba ulawulo lubandakanya imbopheleleko yokukhusela abantu kwizenzo zobundlobongela. Xa urhulumente engaphumeleli ukwenza njalo, lo mgaqo umgaqo ubambeka, uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lungangena kwimo. Le mfundiso ihlala iphikisana kakhulu, njengoko isetyenziswa ukuthethelela isenzo somkhosi esithobhza ulawulo (umz. NATO's 1999 ungenelelo lweKoso).

Ulawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe

Akukho lungiselelo libonisa ukuguqulwa kolawulo ngokucace ngakumbi kune-European Union. Amazwe angamalungu e-EU aye adibanisa ulawulo kwimimandla engundoqo: ayamkela umthetho waseYurophu oza kuqala kunomthetho wesizwe, azithobe kulawulo lweNkundla yezobulungisa yaseYurophu, abelane ngenkqubo yemali kwi-yuroyoni. Ngoxa amazwe agcina ulawulo olusemthethweni, ukuzilawula kwawo okusebenzayo kufanelekile. IBretithendendam yayisingela inxalenye echasene noku kulahleka kolawulo.

Ulawulo lweCyber

Njengoko iinkqubo zolawulo zisanda, umlinganiselo omtsha wolawulo uvele. Amazwe afana neTshayina neRashiya aye aphucula iimfundiso “zolawulo lwe-internet,” ephikisa ngelithi oorhulumente banelungelo lokulawula indawo yamanani kwimida yabo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-United States kunye namazwe amaninzi aseNtshona, axhasa i-intanethi ekhululekileyo nevulekileyo ye-intanethi. Olu xinezeleko ludla ngokudla ngokudlalwa kwiingxoxo ngolwazi lwengingqi, ukulinganisela, kunye nokungalingani komdla-mkelo lwe-intanethi. Umbuzo womntu onegunya elipheleleyo kwi-inthaneti awuphenduliwe.

Ngubani Onegunya Elilawulayo?

Impendulo iyahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkqubo zobupolitika. Ulawulo alukho “apho”"" lusoloko lubekwe kumdlali othile okanye kumaziko athile.

Iinkqubo Zedemokhrasi

Kulawulo-melo, ulawulo lolawulo-bume, luneengcamango zokubekwa ebantwini. Balusebenzisa ngonyulo lwexesha elithile, apho bakhetha khona abameli. Umgaqo-siseko owahlulayo kwaye umisela amandla okuthintela ulawulo olugqithisileyo. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu kungumlamleli: amagosa anyuliweyo, abagwebi, ii-bracess, kunye namaqela enzalamla yenza izigqibo zonke eziphembelela abantu. Abantu banokuba ngabalawuli ngokwemigaqo-mthetho, kodwa balawule kuphela ngexesha elithile nangokungangqalanga. Umgaqo-siseko waseBritani onguMbutho A.V.Dicey waphikisa ukuba iPalamente inguwongabaphathi-mthetho, kodwa ulawulo lwezobupolitika lulawulwa ngokusemthethweni, kodwa lunokuchasa urhulumente, onokuthi ekugqibeleni angabikho.

Umbhali

Kwinkqubo yolawulo olungqongqo, ulawulo lujoliswe kumlawuli omnye, intsapho yobukumkani, okanye iqela elilawulayo. Akukho ngqikelelo lunentsingiselo okanye ukuphendula. Umlawuli angagunyazisa kwimbali, iingcamango, okanye ubungcwele. Imizekelo iquka umNtla Korea, apho intsapho kaKim isebenzisa igunya elipheleleyo, kunye neSaudi Arabia, apho ulawulo lwenkosi lulawula phantsi komanyano lwesizwe nolonqulo. Kulo rhulumente, ulawulo aluveli kubantu kodwa lungagunyaziswa ngenkani kwaye lugcinwa ngengcinezelo. Ulungelelwano olusemthethweni lusisixhobo somlawuli, hayi se-galelo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano

Umanyano lwezolawulo luwenza ube nzima ngokuhlula phakathi koorhulumente besizwe nabommandla. EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko udala ulawulo olubini: urhulumente wengingqi ubala amagunya, ngoxa amazwe egcina ulawulo oluzimeleyo. Ugcino loLawulo lweSindululo seshumi elinamashumi amathandathu kumazwe (okanye abantu) onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Amalungiselelo anjalo akhona eJamani, eKhanada, eIndiya, nase-Australia. Umlinganiselo wamandla phakathi komgangatho usoloko udityaniswa ngeenkundla nangezobupolitika, kwaye ulawulo luye lwabelana.

Amazwe Angaphumeleliyo Nolongamo Oluvavanyiweyo

Kwezinye imimandla, ulawulo lukhona kwiphepha kodwa alukho ngokusebenza. “umbuso ongaphumeleliyo” njengoSomalia kangangeminyaka ungenawo urhulumente osebenzayo. Ulawulo lwemeko lwasetyenziswa ziinkokeli zesizwe, iinduna zemfazwe, kwaye kamva ngabaphathi bengingqi. Kwimimandla ekhuphisanayo enjengeMpuma Ukraine, Nagorno-Karabakh, okanye Palestina, abadlali abaninzi bavakalisa ulawulo, kwaye ulwahlulo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngumbuzo othi “Ngubani onegunya elipheleleyo?” akanikeli mpendulo enye.

Indima Yemibutho Yezizwe Ngezizwe

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe iye yaba ziindawo ezibalulekileyo apho ulawulo lusetyenziswa khona, lunyanzelwa luze luphinde lukhutshwe kwakhona.

IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo

I-UN yakhiwe kumgaqo wokulingana ngokusemthethweni (Artle 2(1) yeSiqendu), kodwa iBhunga loKhuseleko lungagunyazisa amanyathelo okuququzelela umkhosi ```````iBhunga''' elisongela uxolo. Amalungu asisigxina eBhunga (i-US, i-UK, i-Russia, iTshayina) analo igunya, ilungelo elibonakalisa kwaye ligqwethe ulawulo loburhulumente besizwe. Iinkonzo zokugcina uxolo zisoloko zisebenza ngokuvumelana namazwe athe , kodwa kwakhona zibumba ulawulo lwamakhaya kwimimandla efana novoti, uvote, namalungelo abantu. Izivumelo zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, njengeKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu, ijonge iimfanelo zezizwe, ithobela ngokunempumelelo ukuhlola okusebenza okuphuma ngaphandle.

IYurophu

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, iEU lelona lingelo lude lokuzama ukudibanisa ulawulo. Amaphondo athathele indawo igunya kwimimandla esuka kukhuphiswano ukuya kumgaqo wokusingqongileyo. IKhomishini yaseYurophu icebisa umthetho, iPalamente yaseYurophu i-cone dideine, kunye neNkundla yezobulungisa yaseYurophu iqinisekisa ukucaciswa okufanayo. IBhunga lesizwe lithathelwe indawo kwiindawo ezininzi ngokuvota okufanelekileyo. Isiphumo sinkqubo entsonkothileyo yokulawula umgangatho omninzi apho ulawulo lungasayi kuba lusafunyanwa kwinkangeleko enye. Ukufumana oku, bona ingcaciso yeBhunga le-EUPU:0 [FU:] ye-Yulonan.

Iintlawulo zezemali zehlabathi

Imali yeNkcubeko yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo neBhanki yehlabathi inempembelelo enkulu kumazwe okuboleka. Ngokobolekisa ngemibandela, zifuna utshintsho lokwakha, utshintsho lwezimo, kunye nolawulo. Ngoxa amazwe evuma ngokusemthethweni kwezi meko, ulawulo lwawo luncitshiswa ngokunempumelelo, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo anemiqathango elinganiselweyo. Ukujongwa kwemigaqo yezoqoqosho, okwangoku, onke amalungu amazwe ajongene noontanga ukuba ahlole ngamaxesha athile.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

I-Afrikan Union, i-Organization of America, i-ASEAN, kunye nezinye iziqu zengingqi zolawulo lwemibutho yengingqi. Zingagunyazisa ukungenelela (umz., ii-AU eSomalia, izenzo ze-OAS eHaiti) zize zikhuthaze izithethe ezifana nolawulo lwedemokhrasi okanye amalungelo abantu. Le mibutho imela indawo ephakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente kunye negunya lomhlaba wonke.

Iimpikiswano EzingeeNkcukacha Ngolongamo

Intsingiselo yolongamo isoloko iphikiswa kwiimeko eziliqela ezinyanzelisayo.

Ulongamo Nemekobume

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu akuwuhloneli umda. Ukukhutshwa komoya welizwe kuchaphazela sonke isijikelezi langa; ungcoliso lwaso lunqumla imida. Izivumelwano ezifana neParamente ye-Paris Adventity zifuna ukuba kubekho amatyala okubeka nokuwaxela, kodwa ukunyanzelisa akunamandla. Ingcamango “yolawulo lwemeko-ntle” ibuza enoba amazwe anelungelo elingakhutshwanga lokusebenzisa ubuncwane bawo, okanye anokuba ayabathemba abantu. Umgaqo “omntu oqhelekileyo kodwa owahlukileyo umele ukuba umele ukuba unike iziphumo zemali, kodwa uyavuma ukuba onke agunyazisa umsebenzi kodwa amazwe aphuthile anokufumana umthwalo onzima ongokwembali.

Ulawulo lwamanani

Oorhulumente baya bagxininisa ekulawuleni indawo yabo ye-apply. I- “Great Firellall” yeTshayina ivingca iiwebhsayithi zangaphandle; i-European Union's General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) ibeka imithetho kuyo nayiphi na inkampani ephatha i-EU yabemi, nokuba inkampani isekelwe kwelinye ilizwe. I-United States inyanzelele ukuqukuqela okukhululekileyo okunokuthenjwa” ukulondoloza imisebenzi yayo yezobugcisa. Ulawulo lwamanani luchaphazela ukuchopha, imfihlo, ukhuphiswano lwe-jiningo. Oyena mandla alawula ugcino-data ahlala engekho mthethweni.

Ulawulo lwesithuba

I-Outer Space Treaty (1967) ivakalisa ukuba isithuba asiphantsi kwemibutho yesizwe, kodwa silawula ulawulo kwizinto eziziqalisayo. Njengoko umsebenzi worhwebo kunye nempahla zomkhosi zinwenwa ngokujikeleza, kuphakama imibuzo ngolongamo kummandla ongaphandle komhlaba. Ingaba uhlanga lungazenza isiseko senyanga njengendawo elawulayo? Zingapheliswa njani iimpikiswano ngezijikelezi-masti okanye ukungcola kwesibhakabhaka? Ingcamango yolawulo iyanwebeka kumlinganiselo omtsha.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lusasoloko luyingcamango esisiseko yentlangano yale mihla yezobupolitika. Iguqukile ukusuka kwimikhosi yasekuhlaleni epheleleyo ukuya kwimvume ethandwayo, ukusuka kwinkululeko yehlabathi ukuya kwintsebenziswano exhomekekileyo. Ngoxa iphondo lisanelungelo njengelikhulu elinegunya, amandla alo asoloko ejijwa zingcinezelo zangaphakathi `democrative, imfazwe yamakhaya, kwaye ngenxa yemikhosi yangaphandle, ukulawulwa komthetho wezizwe, imigaqo-zizwe, intsebenziswano yesizwe, kunye nentsebenziswano zamanani. Umbuzo othi “Ngubani onegunya elipheleleyo?” akanayo impendulo ehlala ihleli, isoloko idityaniswa, kwaye ifanele ukubuyiselwa. Kubafundi bezobupolitika, ukuqonda ulawulo, kuthetha ukuqondana kungekhona apho igunya likhona namhlanje, kodwa kutshintshwa njani nanjengoko ukukhuphindwa kwehlabathi, ukuxakeka kwe-antlukwanobuzwe phakathi kwegunya negunya lezizwe ngezizwe ezisemhlabeni.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona i Encyclopedia ye Philosophy ungeno kulawulo kunye Enclopædia Britannica ushwankathelo[.