Urhulumente wase-United States akangombono othe ngqo: amasebe awo amathathu ``legislate', iqumrhu, kunye nekomiti-yomthetho-ukunika imithetho, ukunyanzelisa imithetho, nokuchaza imithetho ebumba ihambo yakho, i-check yomvuzo, ukunyamekela impilo yakho, nenkululeko yakho. Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo kwaye liphembelela amava akho emihla ngemihla akuyo kuphela ulwazi loluntu olusebenzayo olukunika amandla okuzithethelela kwaye ubandakanye nentsingiselo yedemokhrasi. Olu khokelo lwandileyo luhamba ngemiqathango yesebe ngalinye, ngemizekelo ecacileyo yeziphumo zalo zemihla ngemihla, kwaye luchaza inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa izinto ezihlala urhulumente ethembekile.

Isebe Lomthetho: Abenzi Bomthetho Abamisela Imithetho Ophila Ngayo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliyilwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso (ingqungquthela eququzelelweyo), linembopheleleko eyintloko yokuyila nokudlulisa imithetho karhulumente. Le mithetho ichaphazela phantse zonke iinxalenye zobomi bakho, ukusuka emoyeni uphefumla ukuya kwirhafu ozihlawulayo. Kodwa ngaphandle kokumisela imithetho elula, iBhunga likwalawula uqingqo-mali, liqhuba ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo, kwaye limela izilangazelelo ze-qumrhu kulo lonke ilizwe.

Indlela Ingqungquthela Edala Ngayo Imithetho Echaphazela Utyekelo Lwakho Lwamihla Le

Umthetho ngamnye wesizwe uqala njengomthetho, yaye inkqubo yokuguqula ingcamango ibe ngummiselo icotha ngabom kwaye ide ingabi namdla. Nantsi indlela isebe lowiso-mthetho elibuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla:

  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho yokhuseleko nokhuseleko: Imithetho efana noMthetho wezonyango [[FT:2] [Umthetho ongenakuthengwa] [ACA] okanye i-Celean Air Act ichaphazela ukhupho lwempilo onokulufikelela kunye nobunjani bomoya owuphefumlayo. Umzekelo, amalungiselelo e-ACA kwiimeko ezingaphambili kuthetha ukuba izigidi zabantu base-Melika azinakwamkelwa i-inshorensi yempilo ngenxa yesigulo esidlule.
  • Imithetho yokusebenza kunye neWages: imisela iKhomyutha yentlawulo ye-overhenti, nemigangatho yokhuseleko emsebenzini ngoomeli abafana nokhuseleko kunye noLawulo lwempilo (OSHA). Ukuba usebenza ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-40 ngeveki, umthetho ofuna intlawulo yobuninzi obuphezulu uvela kwi-Fair Labor Standard Act, edluliswa yiBhungane.
  • [[NTL:0] Ii-Taxes kunye neenzuzo: Rhoqo ubona itsheki yemali yezokhuseleko loluntu okanye iMedicare, lelo lisebe lemithetho esebenzayo. Iingqungquthela zimisela izibiyeli zerhafu, iintengiso, kunye neetyala, kwaye zimisela ukuba luncedo kwiinkqubo ezifana ne-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, uncedo lokutya (SNAP), kunye neenzuzo zamagqala.
  • Imfundo kunye noMfundi Loans: iinkqubo zoncedo loMbutho wabafundi oluManyeneyo] uPell Grants, Isikhokelo Solwaluko, kunye nomsebenzi-owenziwe kwaye uxhaswa yiNgqungquthela. Iinguqu kumthetho zichaphazela iindleko zemali kunye nomthwalo wetyala kwabaphumeleleyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukhuseleko lweCumumumer: Imithetho enjengeNyaniso kuMthetho we-Lending kunye ne-Consumer Propublic Safety Act ikukhusela kwizenzo zemali ezikhohlisayo kunye neemveliso ezingakhuselekanga. Le mimiselo inika abameli abafana ne-Consumer Finicial Protection Bureaunior (CFPB) igunya lokuthatha inyathelo.

Uqingqo - mali Namandla Okuthenga

IBhunga lilawula amandla esingxobo: limisela indlela echithwa ngayo imali. Eli gunya lichaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla ngeendlela ezinzulu. Xa iprojekthi yenkcubeko yekomyutha, ufumana iindlela ezingcono, iibhulorho, kunye nothutho lukawonke-wonke. Xa kunciphisa inkxaso-mali yophando lwenzululwazi, impumelelo yezamayeza ithoba. Uqingqo-mali lumisela kwakhona ubungakanani bemali yomkhosi, ubuchule benkonzo yeposi, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo kwi-pakipaki. Unyaka ngamnye, iNdluvo lwendlu ne-mali yendlu yendlu yendlu yenkcitho, kunye nenkcitho yemali yemali yemali ebhankiweyo, kwaye imveliso yokugqibela ichaphazela yonke kwimingcukatho yakho yemali yenzala yakho kwimali exhaswa ngumfundi othenjiweyo ngurhulumente.

Umelo nolawulo

Isebe lemithetho likwasebenza njengelizwi lakho eWashington. Ummeli noMmeli wakho uphulaphula iimfuno zongcoliso, abalawuli beedolophu, kunye nokuvota ngenxa yakho. Ngaphandle kokumelelwa, iBhunga liqhuba ulawulo lwesebe elilawulayo ngokuphulaphula nokuphengulula. Umzekelo, xa umbutho karhulumente onjengoMbutho weNtlalo-bume (EPA) uthomalalisa imilinganiselo yongcoliso, iikomiti zembutho-ntle zingabiza amagosa ukuba anikele ubungqina, afune amaxwebhu, aze amisele umthetho wokuguqula okanye ukuguqula loo misebenzi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abameli abamisela imithetho ehlala ihleli kwi-Arhentellimente ezihlala ijonge abantu.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Abanyanzeli Abasebenzisa Imithetho

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli yaye eliquka abasebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezine kumaziko nakumaziko asekuhlaleni, linembopheleleko yokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho ewiswe yiBhunga. Eli sebe lichaphazela ubomi bakho izihlandlo ezininzi yonke imihla, ngokufuthi ngeendlela ongaziqapheliyo de into ingasebenzi kakuhle.

Impembelelo Engqalileyo YoMongameli Kumgaqo - siseko Nobomi Bemihla Ngemihla

UMongameli umisela ingcebiso yesizwe, anike imiyalelo yezolawulo, anike amaqumrhu alawulayo, aze alathise indlela yokuchaza nokunyanzelisa imithetho.

  • Imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo: UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo etshintsha inkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda iKhonkxale. Umzekelo, imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yokufuduka ingachaphazela lowo uvunyelwe ukungena kwilizwe, ubume be-DACA abamkeli, kunye nokugcinwa kwemithetho yemida. Umyalelo omnye wegunya uyakwazi ukuguqula ubomi bezigidi zabantu ebusuku.
  • [[NTL:0] Iinguqu zomthetho: Abameli boMbutho phantsi kolawulo loMongameli] njenge-Arhente yoKhuselo lwendawo engqongileyo, iSebe lemfundo, kunye neSebe leeNkonzo zezeMpilo nezoluntu(iissue) ezinamandla omthetho. Umthetho omtsha kwimigangatho yezempumelelo yepetroli uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ixabiso kunye nokufumaneka kweenqwelo-nqwelo-mafutha. Utshintsho kwimithetho yenethi yemithetho yezobundidi yemithetho yezonyango imisela indlela ongena ngayo kwi-intanethi.
  • Inkqubo kunye noTrhwebo olungaqhelekanga: UMongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo, ubeka amajelo aphezulu, kwaye ulawula ulwalamano lwezentlalo-ntle. Xa ulawulo luphinda luthetha ishishini, ixabiso lempahla engenisiweyo (ukusuka kwizinto ze-elektroniki ukuya kwiziqhamo). Izigqibo zokurhoxa kwizivumelwano zemozulu yezizwe ngezizwe zichaphazela ungcoliseko lwehlabathi kwaye, ekugqibeleni, umoya owuphefumlayo.
  • Ingxamiseko zobuzwe: Ngamaxesha obunzima / , iintlekele zendalo, okanye izisongelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe, uMongameli angavakalisa ungxamiseko lwesizwe, avule amandla akhethekileyo ukubuyisela imali, imikhosi yokuthumela, okanye amisele imiqathango yokuhamba. Ingxowa ye-COVID-19 yasebenzisa kakhulu amandla olawulo ukunyusa ukuphuhlisa isitofu nokunika uncedo lwezoqoqosho.

Amasebe eKhabhinethi neZibonelelo Niyasebenzisana Nemihla ngemihla

Ngaphandle koMongameli, isebe eliphetheyo linesebe elikhulu kunye namasebe anikela iinkonzo kunye nemigaqo enyanzelisayo. Nazi ezinye zezinempembelelo:

Isebe lezothutho

IDOT icwangcisa imilinganiselo yokhuseleko yezithuthi, ukwakha nokugcina inkqubo yohola wendlela ephakathi kwentshona, ukulawula uhambo lwenqwelo-moya, kwaye ijonge uLawulo lweFederal Aviation Administration (FAA). Xa uqhuba inqwelo-moya enqamlezileyo, ukhwela inqwelo-moya, okanye uthathe uloliwe, imithetho yeDOT kunye notyalo-mali kuchaphazela ukhuseleko kunye nesantya sakho sohambo.

ISebe lezeMpilo neeNkonzo zoLuntu

I-HHS ilawula iMedicare, iMedicaid, iziko loLawulo lwezifo nothintelo (CDC), i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA), kunye neZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo (NIH). IFDA iyawavumela amayeza owasebenzisayo kunye nemithi yokugoma oyifumanayo. ICDC inikela imigaqo yempilo ebumba ukuziphatha kwabantu, ukusuka kwizikhuseli zokufihla isigqubuthelo ukuya kwizilumkiso zokutya.

ISebe lezemfundo

IDOE inika uncedo lwabafundi, inyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu ezikolweni, iqokelela inkcazelo ngeziphumo zemfundo. Iinkqubo zayo ziphembelela oko kufundiswa kumagumbi okufundela, indlela izikolo ezizisingatha ngayo izikhalazo zocalucalulo, nokuphumelela kwemfundo ephakamileyo.

ISebe loKhuseleko lwaMakhaya

I-DHS ijonge ukhuseleko lomda, ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, i-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Ababoniseli be-TSA bahlola iingxowa zakho kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya. I-FEMA ilungelelanisa iimpendulo zentlekele emva kweenkanyamba okanye kwemililo. I-Immigration kunye ne-CFORMU Inyanzela ukuba kugxothwe imiyalelo.

Isenzo

Ukudlulisa umthetho linyathelo lokuqala. Isebe eliphetheyo kufuneka liwuphumeze. Xa iKhomyutha igqithisa umthetho omtsha wemekobume, i-EPA ibhala imithetho engqalileyo ukuze iwuzalisekise, ivavanya imizi yogcino-lwazi ukuze ivumelane, kwaye ibeka iimali kubaphulaphuli. Xa iBhunga litshintsha umthetho werhafu, ifomu yeNdebeko yeNgeniso (IRS) yokuhlaziya, ukhokelo, uphicotho-zincwadi. Ukusebenza kwalo nawuphi na umthetho kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela isebe elilawulayo elikhetha ukuwunyanzelela ngayo.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Izaphuli - mthetho Ezikhusela Amalungelo Akho

Isebe lejaji, eliqulethwe yiNkundla Ephakamileyo neenkundla ezisezantsi zezephondo, litolika imithetho nomGaqo-siseko. Lisebenza njengenkcazo epheleleyo, ukucombulula iimbambano nokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mthetho okanye nyathelo liphezulu liphula amalungelo asisiseko aqinisekisiweyo kuwe. Impembelelo yezigwebo idla ngokufikelela ngaphaya kwamaqela akhawulezileyo kwityala, ukubumba imobume esemthethweni yabo bonke abantu.

Indlela Iinkundla Eziwachaphazela Ngayo Amalungelo Akho Emihla Ngemihla Namankululeko Akho

Nazi imizekelo embalwa yendlela iinkundla ezibuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla:

  • [[FLT: 0] Inkululeko Yokuthetha nentetho: Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kuMphetho-mda wokuqala zichaza oko ungakuthethayo, ukuposa kwi-intanethi, okanye ukuqhankqalaza. Iimeko ezifana I-Citizens United v. FEC [2010] ichaphazela imali yephulo, ngelixa [[FLT: 4.] [[FLT]] [[FLL:][FL:2] [2011] icacisa amalungelo abafundi asuka-intetho ye-amputha kumajelo eendaba oluntu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Privacy kunye noMsinga: Riley v. California [2014, iNkundla yagqiba ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso phambi kokukhangela icell phone yakho. Esi sigqibo sikhusela ngqo ubuninzi bogcino-lwazi lobuqu oluthwele epokothweni yakho yonke imihla.
  • Umtshato kunye nentsapho: Isigqibo sophawu lwembali
  • Ubulungisa obungundoqo: Isigqibo seNkundla kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, amalungelo eMiranda, kunye nokugweba imigaqo elawula indlela amapolisa asebenza ngayo nawe ngexesha lokumisa kwemoto okanye lokubanjwa. Imfuneko yokuba abaphathi bakufunde amalungelo akho avela kwingubo ePhakamileyo imanda v. Arizona [
  • [[NTLA] Umthetho wezemfundo nowoMngeni: iinkundla zoMasipala ziva imingeni kwimimiselo ye-EPA, ikhuseli labathengi, kunye netyala lemveliso. Isigqibo senkundla sokunqanda okanye sokuxhasa umthetho singachaphazela ubunjani bamanzi akho okusela okanye ukhuseleko lwemveliso oyithengileyo.

Amandla ENkundla Ephakamileyo Okuhlola Izeejaji

Amandla abalulekileyo esebe eligwebayo kukuhlola okugwebayo, okuthetha ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo inokuthi ivakalise imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingangqubananga nomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya, elimiselwe ku ukubeka imodyry v. Madison [183] [183]], lithetha ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo inokuthi ibethe umthetho odluliswe yiKhomishini okanye umyalelo okhutshwe nguMongameli ukuba ungquzulane noMdizo-siseko. Umzekelo, [iintenterst] kwisigqibo se-Intellives j [iokst] [iii orgat] [i orgs.[3] [iiR.V.]

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kwamanye amasebe, luqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yakho esisiseko ayinyathelwanga sisininzi esidumileyo okanye isigqeba esiphezulu esifikelelayo. Ngalo lonke ixesha iNkundla ikhupha isigqibo, imisela umzekelo omele ulandelwe ziinkundla ezisezantsi yaye ibumba umthetho wexesha elizayo.

Iinkundla Zomanyano Ezisezantsi Neengxabano Zakho

Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifumana ingqwalasela eninzi, inkoliso yamatyala karhulumente iqulwa ziinkundla zesithili kunye neenkundla zezibheno. Ezi nkundla zisingatha iimbambano ezibandakanya umthetho karhulumente, njengokuchaswa kwemvume, ukuwa koorhulumente, ukuwa komGaqo-siseko, imingeni yokumangalelwa, kunye nokumangalelwa korhulumente worhulumente. Ukuba ukhe umangalelwe ngumbutho wesizwe, umangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente, okanye kufuneka ucombulule imbambano phantsi komthetho wephondo, uza kuvela kwinkundla yesithili. Abagwebi balapho bachaza imimiselo baze basebenzise imigaqo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, kwaye izigqibo zabo zinokubhenela kulo tyala.

Unxulumano lwamasebe: Iindlela Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Abaseki bale sebe lamasebe amathathu badala ukuba asebenze kunye ajonge amandla elinye nelinye. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ithintela naliphi na isebe elinye ukuba lingalawuli amanye. Ukuqonda indlela abaqhubana ngayo kukunceda ubone ukuba kutheni inyathelo likarhulumente licotha kwaye lithanda ukuxabana, kodwa kutheni lenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko yakho.

Ukukhangela Kwisebe Lomthetho

  • I-Vito esebenzayo: UMongameli angawugqithisa umthetho odluliselwe yiKhonkxa, enyanzela iKhomishini ukuba iwulawule ngesibini sesithathu sobungangamsha kumacala omabini.
  • Impinda yeJudicial:[ Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha umthetho njengongamiselwanga, itshitshisa uwiso-mthetho.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Ukuqinisekisa: UMongameli umisela abagwebi borhulumente namagosa aphezulu, kodwa iNdlu yeQela kufuneka ibaqinisekise. Oku kunika iBhunga uvavanyo kumadinga abaphathi abaphezulu lo gama kwakhona evumela uMongameli ukuba abumbe ijaji.

Amanqaku Esebe Elilawulayo

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukulawula okuqulethweyo: Iikomiti ziphanda izenzo zempatho-mandla, amaxwebhu e-pappoena, kunye namangqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla okuququzelela: Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye abagwebi borhulumente; iCampte ityala kwaye ingakwazi ukulisusa.
  • Ulawulo lweBhodi Yolawulo: iKhomishini ilawula ukuxhasa ngemali, ngoko uMongameli akanakuyisebenzisa imali ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Impinda yeJudicial: Iinkundla zingabetha imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo egqitha igunya lomgaqo-siseko likaMongameli.

Iingxelo Kwisebe Eligwebayo

  • [[UMTL:0] Isivumelwano kunye neNgqiniseko: uMongameli umisa abagwebi, kwaye iBhunga leNtlanganiso liyabaqinisekisa. Oku kuqinisekisa uxanduva lwezopolitiko.
  • Amandla aPhambiliyo okuTshintsha i Jurisdition: IKhomishini ingamisela imiqathango enokuthi iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyive, kwaye ingenza utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze kuwiswe izigqibo zokwaphula umthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho yaBagwebi:[[FT:1] abagwebi boManyano banganyanzelwa baze basuswe yiKhonklathisi yehambo evakalala.

Imizekelo yemidlalo yehlabathi lokwenene

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo nguMthetho weNkqutyana ePhakamileyo. Umthetho oLawulweyo ogqithileyo (uMphathiswa), uMongameli wawutyobela (umvukelo), kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawuxhasa kwisigqibo (umthetho) sowangowama-2012. Emva koko, isebe eliphetheyo lawusebenzisa umthetho, kodwa uMongameli olandelayo wasebenzisa izenzo zolawulo ukuguqula umthetho walo, yaye kamva iKhomishini yaphinda yasilungisa isohlwayo isiso somyalelo ngamnye. Inkundla yaqhubeka nokuva imingeni, njengo [[FLT: 0] iCaliforn v. Texas[FL:1] [201], eyaxhasa umthetho kwakhona. Oku kuphinda kubonise indlela onke amasebe asebenza ngayo.

Isiphelo: Ukuzinika Amandla Ngokuqonda

Isebe lemithetho libhala imithetho, isebe elilawulayo liyayinyanzela, kwaye isebe elilawulayo liyayichaza, kodwa akukho nanye yale mibandela ngaphandle kokuba uyayiqonda indlela echaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho. Xa usazi ukuba iBhunga limisela umvuzo omncinci, ungaxhasa ukuba unyuswe. Xa uqonda ukuba uMongameli unika imiyalelo yezolawulo oluphezulu ekufudukeni kwabantu, ungalandela iindaba kwaye wenze okuthile. Xa ubona ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo igqiba amalungelo eyimfihlo, ungakhusela ugcino-lwazi lwakho. Ulwazi ngendlela isebe ngalinye elikuguqula ngayo kumbandela ongasebenziyo ube ngummi othenjiweyo. Sebenzisa elo gunya: ukuvota kukhetho ngalunye, ukudibana nabameli bakho, ulandele amatyala enkundla, kwaye ubambe ityala elingumphathi-ofisi elungele ukuphendula.