Table of Contents

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza njengesiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ukulungiselela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko nokulawula abantu kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukusuka ekulondolozeni iindlela nasekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ukuya ekulawuleni iinkqubo zamanzi nasekumiseleni imithetho, la maqumrhu karhulumente achaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abalungelelaniswe ngayo kubaluleke kakhulu kubahlali, abaninizoshishino, kunye nabani na ofuna ukuqhuba ngokunempumelelo kwiinkqubo zenkqubelano yoluntu.

Izakhiwo zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni zahluka kakhulu kulo lonke elaseUnited States, zibonisa iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zoluntu olwahlukeneyo kunye nomgaqo-siseko onika igunya kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. UMthetho-siseko weshumi oLandlisiweyo kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States wenza urhulumente wommandla woluntu ukuba ube ngumbandela karhulumente kunokuba ube ngumthetho wesizwe, oye waphumela kwisakhiwo solawulo esintsonkothileyo nesahlukeneyo ehlabathini esineenguqu ezinkulu ezisebumeni nomsebenzi ongaveli kurhulumente nommandla kuphela, kodwa nakumazwe anjalo.

Iintlobo ezintlanu ezisisiseko zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

I-Census Bureau yaseka iintlobo ezintlanu zokwahlula-hlula amaqela karhulumente ngezantsi, ingingqi kamasipala, ilokishi, isithili esikhethekileyo, kunye noorhulumente besithili besikolo. Uhlobo ngalunye lusebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwaye lusebenza kwimida ethile yendawo, ludala inkqubo elawulayo ethetha ngeemfuno zengingqi ezibanzi kunye nenkxalabo yoluntu.

Oorhulumente Bamaphondo

I-ounicodes imela ithala lokuqala likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kumazwe amaninzi kwaye isebenza njengezahlulo zolawulo zikarhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye umisele iindawo zelizwe eziqhele ukubizwa ngokuba yi-"lizwe". ELouisiana, zibizwa ngokuba yi "parish" kwaye e-Alaska zibizwa ngokuba "zingalo zolawulo" la mazwe akhiwe kuqala njengezixhobo zolawulo zikarhulumente ukubonelela ukulawulwa nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho nemiyalelo karhulumente.

Ngokwembali, imimandla yaphucuka njengeenkonzo ezithile zorhulumente. Banikela iinkonzo eziphambili, ezinjengokunyanzeliswa komthetho (iphondo), okusesikweni (indlu yenkundla yephondo), nokugcinwa kwendlela yabemi basemaphandleni abagquma indawo enkulu. Njengoko abemi balapho babesanda kwaye kufuneka inkonzo iyanda, uninzi lwamazwe lwawo lwanika igunya elingakumbi lokuhlangabezana neemfuno.

Oorhulumente bephondo basebenza phantsi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zombutho. IBhunga lisebenza phantsi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo eziquka iKhomishini, uMlawuli weBhunga, uMlawuli weBhunga oLawulweyo, kunye neenkqubo zoMgaqo-siseko. Isakhiwo seKomishini yesithethe sihlala sisesona siqhelekileyo, apho abameli abanyuliweyo basebenza kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho neyolawulo oluphezulu. IBhunga elinyuliweyo limisela umlawuli wesigqeba sokusingatha imisebenzi yokwahlula ukulungiselela ulawulo, njengebhodi yequmrhu labalathisi kunye ne-CEO kwinkampani kawonke wonke.

Oorhulumente bakaMasipala

Oomasipala − kuquka izixeko, iidolophu, needolophana — zifuna iindawo ezincinane ezinabemi abaninzi. Oorhulumente bakaMasipala babeququzelelwa (okanye babebhaliswa ngumthetho karhulumente) ngenxa yokuba abemi besixeko babefuna ukuba norhulumente wesixeko onokuthi ube nemisebenzi emininzi, enjengendlela ehamba ecaleni, izitrato, amanzi kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha amanzi amda.

Umahluko phakathi koomasipala noomasipala ubalulekile. Izixeko ziquka (amazwe angengawo), izixeko zigubungela ingingqi encinane, idolophu (imimandla emikhulu, ngokufuthi esemaphandleni), kwaye izixeko zinika uludwe lweenkonzo (imimandla embalwa). Lo mahluko ongundoqo kubungakanani nakwinjongo yendlela urhulumente ngamnye alungelelaniswe ngayo kwaye asebenze ngayo.

Inqanawa yedolophana

Iilokishi zamakhaya okanye iidolophu zisetyenziswa njengamacandelo angaphantsi kwingingqi kumaphondo angama-20, ubukhulu becala kumntla-mpuma naseMbindi. Iinqanawa zedolophana zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo kuxhomekeke kwiphondo. Ngokukodwa, iidolophu zase-New England zinamandla angaphezulu kakhulu kuneendawo ezininzi zokuhlala kwezinye iindawo kwaye zisebenza ngokusemthethweni njengakwizixeko, ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa uludwe olupheleleyo lwamagunya ahlulahlulwe phakathi kwamabala, iilokishi, nakumazwe akwamanye amazwe.

Izidibi ezizodwa

Isithili esikhethekileyo simela uhlobo olukhethekileyo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ocetyelwe ukusingatha iimfuno ezithile zenkonzo. Izithili ezikhethekileyo azinakuchazwa, kodwa zisoloko zikuphela kwendlela yokunikela inkonzo eyimfuneko. Umzekelo, isithili sokhuselo lomlilo singamiswa ukuze kufunyanwe iimfuno zabemi kwenye ingingqi yasemaphandleni.

Isithili esikhethekileyo sidla ngokuba namandla erhafu. Siqhutywa yibhodi elawulayo, enokunyulwa okanye imiselwe. Ezi phondo zinganikela iinkonzo ezisuka kukhuseleko lomlilo nolawulo lwamanzi ukuya kumathala eencwadi neepaki, zizalise izithuba apho oorhulumente abanenjongo eqhelekileyo bengenakuzinceda ngokwaneleyo iimfuno zoluntu.

Izithili zeSikolo

Izikolo zingudidi lwesihlanu lorhulumente wasekuhlaleni, olujoliswe ngokukhethekileyo kwimfundo karhulumente. La maqela azimeleyo orhulumente adla ngokuba neebhodi ezinyuliweyo, amagunya ahlawula irhafu, nezakhiwo zolawulo ezahlukeneyo neminye imibutho karhulumente. Imimandla yezikolo yahluka kakhulu ngokobukhulu, ukusuka kwimimandla encinane esemaphandleni ekhonza amakhulu ambalwa abafundi ukuya kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zasezidolophini ezifundisa amakhulu amawaka abantwana.

Iifomu nezakhiwo zikarhulumente kaMasipala

Le mithetho-siseko ikwachaza uhlobo lukarhulumente kamasipala, apho kukho iindlela ezintlanu zembali: ibhunga-makhareji-makhareji, ikomishini, intlanganiso yedolophu kunye nentlanganiso yedolophu yabameli. Ifomu nganye isasaza amandla neembopheleleko ngokwahlukileyo phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo nabaphathi-magcisa.

URhulumente weBhunga

Ifomu yebhunga-manager iye yathandwa kakhulu, ingakumbi kwizixeko eziphakathi. Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lukarhulumente. Ngokutsho kohlolisiso lwe-International City/Colivery Management Association (ICMA), olu hlobo lukarhulumente luye lwakhula ukusuka kuma-48% okusetyenziswa kwalo ngo-1996 ukuya kuma-55% asetyenziswayo ngowama-2006. Luxhaphake kakhulu kwizixeko ezinabemi abangaphezu kwama-10 000, ikakhulu kummandla womzantsi mpuma ne-Pasifiki.

Kwesi sakhiwo, ibhunga lesixeko lisebenza njengequmrhu lowiso-mthetho, limisela iinkqubo kunye nemithetho edluliswayo. Ibhunga ngoko limisela umphathi wesixeko onobuchule osingatha imisebenzi yolawulo lwemini ukuya kweyosuku. Oku kwahlulwa komthetho kulawulo kulungelelaniswa nokuzisa ubuchule kubaphathi bakamasipala ngeli lixa kugcinwa uxanduva lwedemokhrasi ngamagosa anyuliweyo.

Umphathi wesixeko unegunya elibalulekileyo lolawulo, kuquka ukuqesha nokuphatha iintloko zesebe, ukulungiselela uqingqo-mali ukwenzela imvume yebhunga, nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezisungulwe libhunga. Usodolophu kwinkqubo yebhunga lomphathi-mikhosi usoloko ephumeza indima enkulu, ekhokela kwiintlanganiso zebhunga kodwa engenalo igunya elizimeleyo.

Urhulumente weMayor-Council

Urhulumente wesigqeba-amandla-ukusilela yinkqubo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni apho usodolophu onyulwa ngqo ngabavoti asebenza njengesikhulu esiyintloko, ngoxa ibhunga lesixeko elinyuliweyo ngokwalo libumba iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho ukwahlulwa kwamagunya afumaneka kurhulumente norhulumente worhulumente, namasebe aphezulu nasemthethweni ahlukeneyo.

Usibonda wekhoni-msipala wesakhiwo sahlula-hlula sibe zintlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo ezisekelwe kunikezelo lwamandla.

Inkqubo ye-Mayor-Council eqinileyo

Kwinkqubo eqinileyo yokufumana ingcebiso, usodolophu onyuliweyo unikwa phantse igunya lolawulo elipheleleyo ngamandla okumisela nokugxotha iintloko zesebe, nangona ezinye iirhafu zesixeko okanye umthetho wephondo olawulayo usenokufuna ukukhutshwa kwebhunga. Kwinkqubo enjalo, abasebenzi bolawulo lwesigqeba basoloko belungiselela uqingqo-mali lwesixeko, nangona olo qingqo-mali kufuneka luvunywe libhunga.

Usodolophu usenokuba namalungelo okufumana ulawulo kwimivo yebhunga, ibhunga likwazi ukuphelisa igalelo elinjalo. Olu hlomelo lwamandla alawulayo luvumela ukuba kubekho ukhokelo olucacileyo nokuziphendulela, njengoko abemi bemi besazi ukuba ngubani obeke ityala kwizigqibo zolawulo nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo.

Izixeko ezininzi ezingundoqo zaseMntla Merika zisebenzisa indlela enamandla yesixokelelwano somphathi-dolophu. Izixeko ezinkulu zithanda esi sakhiwo kuba zinika ukhokelo olunamandla olufunekayo ukulawula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo zasedolophini nokudibanisa amasebe amaninzi neenkonzo.

Inkqubo ye-Mayor-Council ebuthathaka

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwinkqubo ebuthathaka, usodolophu akanagunya lifanelekileyo ngaphandle kwebhunga, esebenza indima enkulu yesithethe njengosihlalo webhunga kwaye unyulwa ngabemi besixeko. Usibonda akanakumisela okanye asuse amagosa yaye akanagunya lakuvota kwibhunga.

Kwinkqubo ezibuthathaka zoosodolophu, ibhunga lesixeko lihlala linamagunya amaninzi aphezulu nawabaphathi bolawulo ukongezelela kwimisebenzi yalo yowiso-mthetho. Indawo yomphathi-dolophu yayinemicimbi yesithethe neyomfuziselo, ngoxa amabhunga, kwelinye icala, ayesebenzisa imigaqo-mthetho eninzi, izimali kunye namandla aphezulu. Le fomu yayixhaphakile ngokwembali kwizixeko zamandulo zaseMerika kodwa iye yaphelelwa ekusetyenzisweni njengoko abantu befuna ukhokelo oluphezulu.

Iindlela zokusebenza

Oomasipala abaninzi baye basebenzisa iindlela ezixubileyo ezixuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente. Izixeko ezininzi zoosidolophu ezinobuchule ziqeshe abalawuli besixeko, abaphathi-mikhosi, okanye iisikhundla ezifanayo ezibekwe phantsi komphathi-dolophu. Umlawuli wesixeko udla ngokuba yindawo yexesha elipheleleyo ejongene nemisebenzi emininzi yolawulo kunye nemithetho enxulumene noqingqo-mali, ulawulo lwabasebenzi, kunye nolawulo lwesebe.

Uvavanyo lwakutshanje lwesakhiwo sikarhulumente lubonisa ukuba ezi ndlela zikarhulumente azifani kangako. Oku kungenxa yendlela eqhelekileyo yokudibanisa iimpawu zesakhiwo ukusuka kwezinye iintlobo ukuya kuhlobo lwangoku. Oku kuguquka kuvumela abantu ukuba balungise izakhiwo zabo zikarhulumente ngokweemfuno kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo zasekuhlaleni.

Urhulumente weKhomishini

Iqela lorhulumente, elalithandwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, liye lanqamuka. Ikhomishini inqabile. Namhlanje, zimbini ukuya kwisithathu ekhulwini kuphela izixeko kulo lonke ilizwe ezisebenzisa esi sakhiwo sikarhulumente.

Kulo mzekelo, abakhomishinala abanyuliweyo basebenza njengamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nawolawulo oluphezulu lorhulumente wesixeko. Umkhomishinala ngamnye ujongene nesebe elithile, elinjengokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke okanye umsebenzi kawonke-wonke, kwaye wenza izigqibo kunye. Esi sakhiwo siyakuphelisa ukwahlulwa phakathi kokwenziwa kwenkqubo nolawulo, kunye nookhomishinala benkqubo kunye nolawulo lwamasebe abo.

Ngelixesha le fomu ivumela ukuphendula ngqo, maxa wambi ingakhokelela ekwenzeni izigqibo ezihlukeneyo. Ukunqongophala kwenkokeli enye ephetheyo kungaphumela kucelomngeni lokusebenzisana kunye nobunzima bokumisela izinto eziza kuqala ezidityanisiweyo kumacala onke.

Urhulumente Wentlanganiso Yesixeko

Nangona uhlobo lwentlanganiso yedolophu yorhulumente lujongwa njengeyona ndlela icocekileyo yedemokhrasi, ngenxa yokuba ivumela bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo ukuba bafumane ilizwi kwizigqibo zenkqubo yasekuhlaleni, liqheliselwa kuphela malunga nesihlanu ekhulwini soomasipala. Olu hlobo lufumaneka ngokuyintloko kwimimandla emincinane yaseNew England apho idemokhrasi ihlala ikho.

Kwinkqubo yeentlanganiso zedolophu, abavoti abafanelekileyo bahlanganisana ngamaxesha athile ukuze bathethe kunye nokuvota ngqo kwiinkqubo zasekuhlaleni, kwiinkqubo zoqingqo-mali, nakwimigaqo-mthetho. Phakathi kweentlanganiso, kunyulwe abanyuli okanye ibhodi yabanyuli abaphumeza izigqibo ezenziwa kwiintlanganiso zedolophu kwaye basingatha imicimbi yezolawulo eqhelekileyo.

Intlanganiso Yommeli Wesixeko

Intlanganiso yedolophu emelelweyo ifaka intetho yentlanganiso yesithethe yedolophu ngokuba abavoti abavelayo abaya kwiintlanganiso zedolophu nabo bavotelwa. Abavoter bakhetha inani elikhulu labemi ukuba babamele kwiintlanganiso zedolophu, apho kuphela banokuvota. Olu hlobo lukarhulumente lufumaneka kwisixeko esingaphantsi kwe-1%, phantse kuphela kwimimandla emincinane, kumasipala aseNew England.

Isebe Elisemthethweni Kurhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Isebe lowiso-mthetho limisela umgaqo wokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisiphi na isakhiwo sikarhulumente. Eli sebe liquka abameli abanyuliweyo abaxubusha ngemibandela, abamisela izinto eziza kuqala, nokumisela imithetho nemimiselo elawula uluntu.

AmaBhunga eSixeko neeBhodi zamaLifa leMveli

Kumphezulu wesakhiwo kukho iMayar, iBhunga lesiXeko, okanye zombini, kuxhomekeke kwimodeli yolawulo (iSikolo-Sikhanusi v. iBhunga lomphathi). Banoxanduva lokumisela inkqubo, uqingqo-mali oludlulisayo, kunye nokumela izilangazelelo zabemi basekuhlaleni.

Amabhunga ezixeko kunye neebhodi zephondo lengingqi zisuka kumgangatho wantlanu ukuya kumalungu alishumi elinesihlanu, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bolawulo kunye neemfuno zomthetho karhulumente. Amalungu anganyulwa kubukhulu, ngesithili okanye ngegumbi, okanye kudityaniswe zombini iindlela. Kunyulo olukhulu kufuneka abatshayeli baqhube isixeko jikelele, ngeli lixa unyulo olusekelwe kwisithili lingummandla, ngamnye enyula ummeli walo.

Imisebenzi ephambili yequmrhu lowiso-mthetho iquka:

  • Ukwamkela imigaqo-nkqubo nemithetho yasekuhlaleni
  • Uqingqo-mali lonyaka noninzi lweendleko
  • Ukubeka iindleko zerhafu neendleko zeenkonzo
  • Ukusekwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo nezinto eziza kuqala kuluntu
  • Ukubonela ngaphezulu ukuphunyezwa kwamagosa aphezulu namasebe
  • Izivumelwano zokujikeleza
  • Ukuqhuba amatyala kawonke-wonke kwimibandela ebalulekileyo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Inkqubo Yomthetho

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamisela imithetho ngendlela yomthetho ebandakanya umthetho ocetyiswayo oxutyushwayo ebudeni beentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ukubukelelwa kweekomiti, baze bavote kula manyathelo acetyiswayo — konke oku kuqhubeka kuthobela imithetho karhulumente neyamagunya. Xa ivunyiwe, lo mthetho kufuneka utyikitywe nguMayor okanye umlawuli oyintloko, kuxhomekeka kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iqala xa ilungu lebhunga, usodolophu okanye ummi ecebisa umthetho omtsha. Isindululo ngoko sibhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo ukuze kuqwalaselwe iinkcukacha kunye nenkcazelo kawonke-wonke. Emva kokuqwalaselwa yikomiti, umlinganiselo ubuyela kwibhunga elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nokuvota. IMininzi iMithetho ifuna ukuba kufundwe izihlandlo ezininzi kwaye kuchotshelwe abantu phambi kokunikwa imvume yokufumana umntwana okokugqibela, ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuba nethuba lokuba nenxaxheba ekuhleni kwasesidlangalaleni.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Inkoliso yeekomiti zowiso-mthetho zasekuhlaleni zilungelelanisa ngokwazo zibe ziikomiti ezijolise kwimimandla ethile yezomthetho enjengezemali, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, okanye ucwangciso kunye nokuhlahlela.

Ukongezelela kwiikomiti zangaphakathi, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokuseka iibhodi zokufundisa kunye neekhomishini ezimiselwe abemi abanobuchule nemigaqo yoluntu ngemibandela ethile. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka iikhomishini zokucwangcisa, iipaki neebhodi zokuzihlaziya, iibhodi zethala leencwadi, kunye neekomishini yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu kurhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Isebe eliphetheyo liphumeza imithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo, liqhuba imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, lize lijonge ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo zikamasipala.

I-Mayor

Indima namandla oosodolophu ahluke kakhulu kwiintlobo zikarhulumente. Oosodolophu abanamandla kakhulu kuhlobo lorhulumente wesibonda, kwaye banyulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngabemi kuloo ofisi. Uninzi lwabasibonda bedolophu babuthathaka kuhlobo lwebhunga lomphathi-mikhosi, kwaye banyulwa kwibhunga lesixeko.

Kwinkqubo ezomeleleyo zoosodolophu, usodolophu usebenza njengegosa eliyintloko lesixeko, eliphethe igunya eliphezulu lolawulo. Iimbopheleleko eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukutyumba nokususa iintloko zesebe, ukulungiselela uqingqo-mali onyanzelekileyo onyakeni, ukulawula izixeko, nokumela isixeko kunxibelelwano lwamasebe. Ababondli abanamandla basoloko behlala bekwiziofisi zexesha elipheleleyo nabasebenzi abanobuchule bokuxhasa imisebenzi yabo yolawulo.

Kwinkqubo zesibonda esibuthathaka okanye yebhunga lomphathi-mikhosi, indima yosodolophu ingowona mcimbi wesithethe kwaye ifuzisela. Abasibonda bodolophu bakhokela kwiintlanganiso zebhunga, bamela isixeko kwimisebenzi yasemthethweni, kwaye basebenza njengobuso babantu borhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kodwa abanalo igunya lokulawula elizimeleyo.

Abalawuli besixeko nabaphathi

Abaphathi besixeko abangoomalathisi abayintloko kurhulumente wamabhunga oomasipala nakwiinkqubo ezithile zoosidolophu eziye zamkela izakhiwo ezixutyiweyo. Abaphathi beziXeko batyunjwa libhunga lesixeko ngokusekelwe kwiimfaneleko zobuchule namava olawulo lukamasipala.

Uxanduva lomphathi wesixeko lubandakanya imisebenzi yolawulo, equka:

  • Ukufihla, ukukhokela nokuvavanya iintloko zesebe
  • Ukulungiselela uqingqo-mali lonyaka ukwenzela ukuqwalaselwa
  • Ukuzalisekisa imithetho nemithetho eyamkelwe libhunga
  • Imisebenzi yokuququzelela kuzo zonke iisebe zesixeko
  • Ukunika ibhunga ingcebiso yezakhono kwimicimbi yezomthetho
  • Ukulawulwa kwentsebenziswano yemisebenzi kunye nokuthelekisa
  • Ukubonela phambili inkqubela kwizakhiwo
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo okufanelekileyo nokunempumelelo

Abaphathi bezixeko basebenza ngendlela eliyolisa ngayo ibhunga yaye banokushenxiswa ngevoti yebhunga, beqinisekisa ukuba baya kuphendula kumagosa anyuliweyo ngoxa benikela ubuchule kulawulo lukamasipala.

Abaphathi bephondo nabaphathi

Oorhulumente bamaphondo basebenzisa izakhiwo ezifanayo zesebe ezilawulayo, nabalawuli abanyuliweyo bephondo kwezinye iindawo kunye nabalawuli bephondo abamiselweyo kwezinye. IBhunga-Elethiweyo ngulo ulungiselelo lwabavoti abanyulela ibhunga kunye nomphathi-mandla. Esi sakhiwo sinika ubalo lwezibonelelo zolawulo oluphezulu olunamandla olufana nolo loosodolophu abanamandla ezixekweni.

Amasebe oLawulo kunye nokukhutshwa kweenkonzo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balungelelanisa imisebenzi yabo yolawulo kumasebe asingatha iindawo ezithile zenkonzo neembopheleleko. Umsebenzi ongundoqo kamasipala ngamnye, njengomsebenzi wemisebenzi kawonke-wonke, iMiphaka neNkcubeko, iMali, okanye uKhuseleko loLuntu, ukhokelwa liSebe leNkqubela. Ezi nkokeli zinikela ingxelo kuMphathi weSixeko okanye i-CAO kwaye zimele ziphendule ngomsebenzi wesebe labo kunye nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo.

ISebe

Nangona inkqubo ethile yentlangano ingafani ngokwamandla, uninzi loorhulumente basekuhlaleni luquka la masebe angundoqo alandelayo:

Ukhuseleko

Amasebe okhuseleko lukawonke-wonke aquka amapolisa, umlilo, kunye nemisebenzi yezonyango yongxamiseko. La masebe akhusela abemi nempahla, asabela kwiimeko zongxamiseko, anyanzelisa imithetho, anika imfundo yokuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho neyokhuseleko lomlilo.

Imisebenzi Yasekuhlaleni

Amasebe emisebenzi kawonke-wonke agcina izibonelelo ezisemzimbeni zoluntu, kuquka izitrato, iindlela zokuhamba ngeendleko, amanzi amdaka, kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke. AmaSebe aphinda ahlulwe ngokwahlulwa ngokwezahlulo (umz., icandelo ngalinye lilawulwa ngabalawuli okanye abaquququzeleli. Imisebenzi yoluntu ikwaphatha ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo, ukuhlanjwa kwekhephu, ukususwa kwekhephu, nokugcinwa kwemiqondiso yendlela.

Ucwangciso nophuhliso

Uphuhliso lwecandelo elikhokelayo lokulungiselela uphuhliso olubanzi, ulawulo lolawulo lwezolawulo, kunye nophuhliso. Isicwangciso siyiplani okanye isikhokelo sokukhula koluntu olulungelelanisiweyo. Injongo yokuceba kukwenza uluntu oluyindawo elungileyo yokuhlala, ukusebenza, ukuya esikolweni, nokudlala.

Ezi zicelo zophuhliso, ukunyanzelisa imimiselo yokwahlula, ukuqhuba izifundo zokucwangcisa ezinde, nokusebenza ngokucwangcisa ukubumba ikamva loluntu. Ukwakhiwa komsebenzi wolwakhiwo kunye noluqikelelo lwekhowudi kusoloko kungaphantsi kocwangciso kunye nophuhliso, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwakhiwo luhlangabezana nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko kunye neemfuno zokwakha.

Imali

Isebe lemali lilawula imisebenzi yemali karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kuquka ukulungiselela uqingqo-mali, ukuqokelela imali, ukuthenga, ukuqokelela ingeniso, kunye nokunika ingxelo ngemali. La masebe aqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yemali, ulawulo lwangaphakathi, ukuhlawula imali, nokubonelela ngohlalutyo lwemali ukuxhasa ukwenza izigqibo.

Umphathi wemali okanye umgcini-mali usebenza njengegosa eliyintloko lezemali, esebenza ngokusondeleyo nosodolophu okanye umphathi wesixeko kunye nequmrhu lemithetho elilawula ukuphuhliswa koqingqo-mali nenkqubo yemali.

Oovimba Abangabantu

Amasebe oovimba babantu alawula ulawulo lwabasebenzi, kuquka ukuqeshwa, iinzuzo zabasebenzi, unxulumano lwabasebenzi, uqeqesho nophuhliso, nokuthobela imithetho yemisebenzi. La masebe agcina iingxelo zabasebenzi, anika intlawulo kunye neenkqubo zokuhlela, kwaye axhasa iinkqubo zokhuseleko zabasebenzi.

Imizi Nokuzonwabisa

Imizi yokuzonwabisa namasebe ezokuzonwabisa agcina iipaki, iindawo zokuzonwabisa, neendawo ezivulekileyo ngoxa enika abemi babo bonke ubudala iinkqubo zokuzonwabisa nemisebenzi. Iinkonzo ziquka amaqumrhu emidlalo angabantu abatsha, iinkampu zasehlotyeni, iinkqubo eziphambili, imicimbi yenkcubeko, kunye neendawo zokuqesha.

Iinkonzo zoLuntu

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ugcina amasebe ajongene neenkonzo zoluntu ezifana namathala eencwadi, iinkonzo zoluntu, uncedo lwezindlu, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, kunye nokudityaniswa koluntu.

Imisebenzi Yenkxaso

Ukongeza kumasebe okuhambisa iinkonzo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina imisebenzi yokuxhasa enceda imisebenzi esebenzayo:

  • IiNkonzo zoMphathiswa: iziXeko okanye amagqwetha ephondo anika ingcebiso esemthethweni, amele urhulumente kwiligi, amasiko edrafti kunye nezivumelwano, kwaye aqinisekisa ukuthobelana ngokusemthethweni
  • Ubuxhakaxhaka bolwazi: Amasebe e-IT agcina iinkqubo zekhompyutha, iinethwekhi, kunye nezibonelelo zobugcisa ezixhasa yonke imisebenzi karhulumente
  • Ii-ofisi zolwazi lukawonke-wonke zilawula unxibelelwano lwe-media, uthungelwano lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokudityaniswa koluntu
  • I-Ofisi ye-Clerk: abaphathi bakaMasipala bagcina iirekhodi ezisemthethweni, balawule unyulo, benze izicelo zikawonke-wonke, kwaye baxhase iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho

Ulawulo Lolawulo Loburhulumente Nezixeko Zobuhlobo

Isakhiwo sombutho karhulumente sichaza indlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni alungelelaniswe ngayo, onikela ingxelo yokuba ngubani, amasebe neenkonzo asebenza kunye. Embilinini, ngumqondiso wegunya, imbopheleleko, kunye nemigca yokunika ingxelo.

Kurhulumente webhunga-manager, iqumrhu lecawa lengingqi lisuka kwibhunga lesixeko lisiya kumphathi wesixeko, lize ke liye kwiintloko zamasebe, kwaye ekugqibeleni liye kubaphathi bamacandelo nabasebenzi abaphambili. Usodolophu uhlala kumgangatho ofanayo namalungu ebhunga ngokwegunya, nangona ekhonza njengegosa eliphetheyo.

Kwinkqubo enamandla yomphathi-dolophu, usodolophu uhleli phezu kweqela leenqanawa lolawulo, neentloko zesebe ezinikela ingxelo ngqo kusibonda-dolophu okanye kumphathi-mikhosi omkhulu. Ibhunga lesixeko lisebenza njengesebe elahlukileyo, lisebenzisa imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo kodwa lingalathiseli ulawulo kumasebe olawulo.

Ingxelo ecacileyo yolwalamano nezakhiwo zentlangano inika iingenelo ezininzi:

  • Ingxelo yomsebenzi neziphumo
  • Unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo kunye nokulungelelana
  • Imigca ecacileyo yegunya ekwenzeni izigqibo
  • Ulwabelo lwezibonelelo olunempumelelo kunye nolawulo
  • Ukubonakala kwabemi nabagcini-mali

Indima YeziTshato zikaMasipala

Umthetho-siseko kamasipala luxwebhu oluchaza umbutho, amagunya, imisebenzi, neenkqubo ezibalulekileyo zikarhulumente wesixeko. Amatshati asebenza njengomgaqo-siseko woorhulumente basekuhlaleni, emisela isiseko abasebenza kuso.

Izixeko zisenokusebenza phantsi komthetho jikelele, intsingiselo yokuba zilandela amalungiselelo amiselweyo amiselwe ngumthetho wesizwe, okanye phantsi kolawulo lwasekhaya olunika inkululeko engakumbi yasekuhlaleni. Ngokuxhomekeke kurhulumente, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangasebenza phantsi komthetho-siseko wabo, phantsi komthetho-siseko, okanye urhulumente usenokuba nombutho worhulumente oqeshiweyo nomthetho jikelele.

Umthetho-siseko wasekhaya uvumela abantu ukuba balungelelanise izakhiwo, amagunya, kunye neenkqubo zabo ukuze bahlangabezane neemfuno kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo zasekuhlaleni.

  • Uhlobo lorhulumente nokusasazwa kwamagunya
  • Ukwakhiwa nonyulo lwequmrhu lowiso-mthetho
  • Imisebenzi yoosodolophu okanye yesikhululo esiyintloko
  • Ulawulo lwesebe
  • Iinkqubo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali
  • Imisebenzi yamakhaya kunye neenkqubo zabasebenzi
  • Ukuqalisa, i-arhendendum, nokukhumbula izinto
  • Iinkqubo zokulungisa i-anter

Ulungiso olufuna imvume yabavoti, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu ezisisiseko kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zibonisa oko kukhethwa ngabantu.

Igunya likarhulumente Koorhulumente Bendawo

Ngokungafaniyo nolwalamano lorhulumente worhulumente wase-U.S. kunye norhulumente (apho amandla ahlukeneyo), oorhulumente bakamasipala abanawo amandla angaphaya koko banikwe kona ngamaphondo abo. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa ngokuba nguLawulo luka-Dillon, uqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zikarhulumente ezinezo gunya ezinikwe ngumgaqo-siseko okanye ngumthetho ocacileyo kuphela.

Amazwe agcina umgangatho ophezulu wegunya kwaye agunyazisa ukuhlangabezana nomgangatho othe ngqo wenkonzo karhulumente nokuhambisa iinkonzo zikarhulumente kunye neenkqubo kumaziko awo.

Olu lwalamano lwengingqi-local luthetha ukuba izakhiwo zikarhulumente, amagunya, kunye nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni ziyahluka ngokomlinganiselo ngokwemeko-bume. Oko isixeko sinokukwenza kwelinye ilizwe kungakwalelwa okanye kufune imvume yombuso kwelinye ilizwe. Ukuqonda esi siseko somgaqo-siseko kubalulekile kuye nabani na osebenza okanye ofunda norhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ukusebenzisana kweSebe likarhulumente kunye nokuhambelana

Ukuntsonkotha nokwahlulwa korhulumente wasekuhlaleni kuye kwakhokelela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsebenziswano yoorhulumente base-United States ezikhoyo ngokufuthi zibumba "iindawo ezisisingqino zoorhulumente", "iibhunga lengingqi lengingqi lengingqi", okanye "iinkqubo zoorhulumente" ezi zilungelelanisa ucwangciso lwengingqi kwaye zisebenza njengeenkqubo zokuqhutyelwa phambili kwemibandela yengingqi, kodwa azinamandla ngokwesiqhelo kwizalamaneni lamalungu azo.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni nabo bayasebenzisana:

  • Izivumelwano zorhulumente: izihlanganisi phakathi kwamazwe ukwabelana ngeenkonzo, izibonelelo, okanye izibonelelo
  • Amagunya ee-IMT:0 agunya: intsingiselo eyenziwe ngoorhulumente abaninzi ukucombulula iingxaki ezahlulweyo
  • Izivumelwano zoncedo loMsebenzi: Amalungiselelo oncedo longxamiseko phakathi kolawulo
  • Izithili zengingqi zenkonzo: Amaqumrhu amaninzi adiscinezelekileyo anika iinkonzo ezithile
  • Iinkonzo eziqinisiweyo: Ukubekwa kwemisebenzi ethile kunqumla imida elawulayo

La malungiselelo entsebenziswano avumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bafikelele umgangatho wezoqoqosho, bacombulule imicimbi yengingqi, baze banikele iinkonzo ngendlela elungeleleneyo ngoxa begcina iimfuno zikarhulumente ezihlukeneyo.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Emmisweni Nokuzibandakanya Noluntu Lonke

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ophumelelayo ufuna ukuba abe nenxaxheba kubemi abafanelekileyo nokuganana.

Iintlanganiso Zasesidlangalaleni Neendlebe

Amabhunga namabhunga ephondo leziXhosa aqhuba iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo apho abemi banokuqwalasela iingcinga zikawonke-wonke, banikele igalelo, bagcine amagosa etyala. Inkoliso yamazwe anika ixesha lokugqabaza uwonke-wonke kwimibandela ecwangcisiweyo kunye nemicimbi jikelele. Ukuchongwa kwabantu ngemibandela ethile enjengokufumana uqingqo-mali, iinguqu zokwenza uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, okanye imisebenzi emikhulu ivumela ukungeniswa kwegalelo loluntu.

Ibhodi neeKhomishini zoMgaqo-nkqubo

Isalathisi somsebenzi weCandelo loLuntu, iSebe loPhuhliso loLuntu, iSebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko neMidlalo yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni, iSebe leMidlalo

UKhetho

Unyulo oluthe rhoqo lwamagosa asekuhlaleni lunika inkqubo esisiseko yokuphendula ngedemokhrasi. Abachongi bakhetha amalungu ebhunga, oosodolophu, namanye amagosa aza kumela izilangazelelo zawo namaxabiso awo. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa amanyathelo okuvota ukuvumela isigqibo esithe ngqo somvoti kwiimbambano ezithile, amanyathelo okuthatha inyathelo, kunye nokukhumbula.

Amanyathelo Okubandakanyeka Kuluntu

Urhulumente wale mihla usebenzisa iindlela ezizizo eziquka ukuganana kweedolophu, iiholo zedolophu, uphando olukwi-intanethi, unxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ntle, iinkqubo zokusebenzisana noqingqo-mali olufuna ingqwalaselo.

Iingxaki Kwintlangano Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Kule nkulungwane yama - 21 oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajamelana neengxaki ezininzi zentlangano:

Iikona

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usebenza phantsi koxinzelelo lwemali olubalulekileyo, nemithombo yengeniso elinganiselweyo kunye neemfuno zeenkonzo ezinyukayo. Irhafu emiselwe ngurhulumente kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali eseleyo, ukuhla koncedo lukarhulumente, kunye nothintelo lwezibonelelo lwezoqoqosho olukhoyo lweenkonzo nezibonelelo. Le mingeni yemali inyanzelisa izigqibo ezinzima malunga nomgangatho wenkonzo, abasebenzi, kunye notyalo-mali lweko-mali.

Ukwaluphala

Inkoliso yezibonelelo zasekuhlaleni zeMelika ``Iindawo ezibanzi'', iibhulorho, iinkqubo zamanzi, iinkqubo zokukhuculula amanzi endle/iindleko zokulungisa ezingundoqo okanye ukubuyisela. Iindleko zokuthetha nogcino olubambekayo kunye nokuphucula iinkqubo zemigangatho yale mihla ukuhlangabezana noxinzelelo loqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni kwaye zifuna ucwangciso lwexesha elide kunye neenkqubo zotyalo-mali.

Ukutshintsha Ii-Demographics

Ukwanda kwabemi, kuquka ukwaluphala, ukuhlukahluka, nokutshintsha kwezakhiwo zekhaya, kudinga ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balungise iinkonzo kunye namaqhinga okuganana. Ukuqonda nokusabela kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zoluntu kuvavanye ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo ngokwesithethe.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuhlaziywa

Utshintsho lobugcisa beqonga olukhawulezileyo lubangela amathuba kunye nocelomngeni kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo yamanani, ugcino-lwazi oluzinzileyo, ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha, kunye nobugcisa besixeko obuchuliweyo bufuna utyalo-mali kwizibonelelo kunye nakubuchule babasebenzi. Ukulungelelanisa izinto nokucoceka kufuna ucwangciso olucoselelekileyo kunye nolwabiso lwezibonelelo.

Ukuntsonkotha koorhulumente abasebenzisanayo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka asebenzise unxulumano oluntsonkothileyo noorhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente bamazwe, ngokuvisisana nemiyalelo, ukukhusela, nokudibanisa iinkqubo kumgangatho ohlukahlukeneyo karhulumente. Iimfuno ezingamiselwanga kunye neemfuno ezingqubanayo zingasicutha amandla nobuncwane basekuhlaleni.

Ukuthenjwa Nobungqina

Ukuhlala uthembekile ebantwini nokukhuthaza abantu ukuba batshate kusoloko kungumsebenzi onzima.

Owona Mkhwa ulungileyo kwiNtlanganiso kaRhulumente

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abaphumelelayo baneempawu nezenzo eziliqela zokulungelelanisa:

Uthutho olucacileyo nomgaqo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ophumeleleyo umisela imisebenzi ecacileyo, imibono, nezinto eziza kuqala ezikhokela ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye nokwabiwa kweempahla.

Ulawulo loogcisa

Enoba ngoomamane besixeko, abalawuli abanobuchule, okanye iintloko zesebe eziqeqeshiweyo, oorhulumente abasebenzayo basebenzisa iindlela zolawulo lobuchule. Oku kuquka ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obusekelwe ekwenzeni izigqibo, umlinganiselo womsebenzi, ukuphucula okuqhubekayo, nokunamathela kwimilinganiselo yezobugcisa nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Imisebenzi Ecace Gca

Imisebenzi ecacileyo ibangela ukuba abantu bathembeke kwaye baphendule. Ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ziquka iintlanganiso ezilula, iingxelo zikawonke-wonke ezifikelelekayo, iingxelo zemali ezicacileyo, iibhodi zomsebenzi, nonxibelelwano oluqhubekayo ngemisebenzi nezigqibo zikarhulumente.

Ulawulo olunobuchule

Urhulumente osebenzayo wasekuhlaleni ukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo, abasebenzi, kunye nabasebenzi abathintelayo ekuhlaleni.

Ukuziqhelanisa Nokuzihlaziya

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abakwaziyo ukutshintsha indlela abasebenza ngayo, bakulungele ukuhlolisisa nokuphucula izakhiwo, iinkqubo neenkonzo zabo. Oku kuquka ukukhuthaza izinto ezintsha, ukufunda kwezinye iindawo, nokuqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo kunye neemfuno zoluntu.

Ukuveliswa Kwemali Kubantu

Ukuphumelela kukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kuxhomekeke kwinkcazo, abasebenzi abanomdla. Imibutho ephumelelayo ifaka imali engakumbi ekubhaliseni, ekuqeqesheni, ekuphuhliseni inkqubela yemfundo, nasekuphuculeni kwenkcubeko yomsebenzi.

Ukwenziwa Kotshintsho Nokutshintsha Koburhulumente Basekuhlaleni

Ngamaxesha athile abantu baqwalasela utshintsho kwizakhiwo zabo zikarhulumente ngenxa yolwando, ucelomngeni okanye ukutshintsha kwezinto ezikhethwayo. Kwiimeko xa kusenziwa iinguqulelo zokwakha, okukhona kuxhaphaka ukwenza utshintsho olunjalo kubandakanya ukwanda okanye ukunciphisa inani lamalungu ebhunga, ukuphucula indlela yokunyula usodolophu, nokuguqula igunya losodolophu.

Utshintsho lokwakha lungabandakanya:

  • Ukutshintsha ukusuka kuhlobo olunye lukarhulumente ukuya kolunye (umz., usodolophu-ikhoni ukuya kwibhunga-mphathi)
  • Ukusebenzisa okanye ukuphinda umisele umthetho
  • Ukulungisa ubungakanani okanye indlela yonyulo yequmrhu lowiso-mthetho
  • Ukulungisa amandla nemisebenzi yomphathi-dolophu okanye umlawuli oyintloko
  • Ukuququzelelwa kwamasebe olawulo
  • Ukuyila okanye ukususa iiofisi ezithile okanye izikhundla

Utshintsho olunjalo lufuna ingxubusho eninzi yoluntu, uhlolo-nkqubo lwemithetho yomgaqo-siseko, kunye nemvume yabavoti. Utshintsho oluphumelelayo lubonisa uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo ngeemfuno zoluntu, ufundisiso lwendlela ezingcono zokuqhuba kunye nokuthembisana kwabasebenzi.

Ikamva Lombutho Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Umbutho karhulumente wasekuhlaleni uyaqhubeka uguquka ngenxa yokuguquka kweemeko kunye nolindelo.

Utshintsho lwamanani

Ubuxhakaxhaka butshintsha indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasebenza ngayo kunye nokusebenzisana nabahlali. Ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo kwi-intanethi, izicelo zeselula, imvume yamanani, kunye neentlanganiso zikawonke wonke kwandisa ukufikelela nokuvuselelwa. Ugcino-lwazi olunento kunye nobuchule bokufakelwa kukunika izixhobo ezintsha zokwenza izigqibo kunye nokulungelelanisa iinkonzo.

Ukuzinzisa Nokuzinziswa

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, iintlekele zemvelo kunye nemekobume kufuna ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamanyane ukuze baqinise inkqubela kwintlangano kunye nemisebenzi yayo. Oku kusenokubandakanya ukumisela iindawo ezintsha okanye amasebe ajolise ekulondolozweni, ekulawuleni imeko-bume.

Ukulingana nokulingana

Ukuqwalasela ngakumbi ukulingana nokufakwa kwelungu kuphembelela uququzelelo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ii-ofisi ezibekwa phantsi zidala intsebenziswano, ziqhuba uhlaziyo lwemigaqo-nkqubo noqingqo-mali, kwaye zisebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba imibutho nezenzo zoburhulumente zinceda onke amalungu oluntu ngokusesikweni.

Ukhuthuzo lwengingqi

Njengoko imingeni isiya inqamleza imida, iindlela zokulawula nokuhanjiswa kweenkonzo ziyanda. Ngoxa ukuqiniswa ngokupheleleyo kuyinto enqabileyo, ukuqiniswa okusebenzayo nentsebenziswano yengingqi kukhula kwiindawo ezinjengezothutho, inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho, kunye nolawulo lwemekobume.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobuChwephesha kunye noXwetheko

Izixhobo ezintsha neqonga lokubophana kwezentlalo zitshintsha indlela abemi abasebenzisana ngayo norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ukuncedisa ekuqingqeni uqingqo-mali, ukurhwebelana, neeholo zedolophu ezisebenzisa amanani amanani zivelisa amathuba amatsha okulawula okuqulunqwa, nangona ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufikelela okulinganayo kusebalulekile.

Imithombo yokuqonda urhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Iincwadi ezininzi zinceda abemi, abafundi noochwepheshe baqonde ukuba kukho urhulumente okhoyo:

  • UManyano lohlanga lweziXhosa: Inika uphando, ubuncwane, kunye noqeqesho kurhulumente kamasipala http://wwww.lc.org[
  • Imanyano yehlabathi ngokubanzi yoLawulo: inika inkqubela-phambili yobuchule kunye noqheliselo olulunge ngakumbi kubaphathi borhulumente basekuhlaleni httpts [///i-cma.org
  • U.S. Censure Bureau: Ipapasha ugcino-lwazi olubanzi kulungiselelo lukarhulumente nakwimali http://wwww.census.gov/tops/public-kateotor/projekti.ht
  • umanyano lwesizwe sikamasipala: Gqiba ulwazi-luchongiweyo lwemeko nenkxaso kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni
  • Ii-website zikarhulumente zalapha: Inika iitshati zentlangano, irhafu, kunye nolwazi malunga nemithetho ethile

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda intlangano karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kubalulekile ukuze kubekho inxaxheba ephumelelayo ekuhlaleni nasekuququzeleleni uluntu. Izakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni wasekuhlaleni zibonisa isiseko somgaqo-siseko onika igunya kulawulo lwengingqi, inkqubela yembali, neemfuno ezahlukahlukeneyo zemimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Nokuba zilungelelaniswe njengemiba, oomasipala, ingingqi, okanye izithili ezikhethekileyo, nokuba zisebenza phantsi komphathi-mikhosi, ikomishini, okanye iindlela zeentlanganiso zedolophu, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baneenjongo ezifanayo zokunceda imibutho yabo nokuphendula iimfuno zasekuhlaleni. Le micimbi ikhethekileyo yentlangano ingaphantsi kokuba inika ulawulo olunempumelelo, oluneempendulo, nolunentsabelo.

njengoko abantu bejamelene neengxaki namathuba, amalungiselelo karhulumente ongingqi aya kuqhubeka elungelelanisa. Owona rhulumente uphumeleleyo uya kuba ngalawo agcina izakhiwo ezicacileyo zentlangano, asebenzise iindlela zolawulo ezingoogcisa, abandakanyeke kubemi ngokunentsingiselo, kwaye ahlale ebhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo ukuze alungelelanise iimeko ezitshintshayo.

Kubemi, ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni alungelelaniswe ngayo kunika isiseko sokufumana inkxaso-mali. Ukwazi ukuba ngubani owenza izigqibo, indlela ezimkelwa ngayo iinkqubo, kunye nendawo yokulathisela inkxalabo okanye iingcamango kunceda abasebenzi basekuhlaleni bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uhlala elona qondo lorhulumente osondeleleneyo nabantu, uchaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngeendlela ezininzi. Ngokuqonda indlela aba rhulumente abalungelelaniswe ngayo nendlela abasebenza ngayo, sonke sinokufak ’ isandla ekomeleleni, ekulawuleni abantu basekuhlaleni nakuluntu olungcono.