Table of Contents

IBhili yamaLungelo imi njengenye yamaxwebhu abalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMerika, esebenza njengendlela esisiseko yokukhusela urhulumente ekuphathweni nasekukhuseleni inkululeko echaza uluntu lwedemokhrasi. IBhili yamaLungelo eUnited States iquka iinguquko zokuqala ezilishumi kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States kwaye yacetyiswa ukulandela ingxoxo esoloko ikrakraye yowe-1787 888 ngokusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ziphendumiso ezisebenzayo ekumiseleni igunya likarhulumente kusemgaqo-siseko kuyimfuneko kummi ngamnye oxabisa inkululeko namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Imeko - ngqangi Yembali: Isizathu Sokuba IBhili Yamalungelo Ibe Eyimfuneko

IBhili yamaLungelo yongezelelwe kumGaqo-siseko kuba umGaqo-siseko wawungenamiqathango esemandleni karhulumente. Ingxoxo emalunga nokuqhathwa kwemiqathango yatyhila ukwahlukana okunzulu phakathi kwabaseki besizwe malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya lorhulumente.

Uludwe loManyano kunye neNkxaso yoLusuku-suku lokuLahleka

Amaqela azimeleyo athethelelwa urhulumente wesizwe onamandla yaye akholelwa ukuba abantu bakhona yaye amaphondo agcina ngokuzenzekelayo onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe. Noko ke, iAnti-Federalist yafuna igunya lokuhlala norhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwaye wakhetha irejista yamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ingxoxo emalunga nokuqhathwa komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. yaqala phakathi kwamaqela amabini, abizwa ngokuba ngamaFederali kunye namalungu alwayo, ngokusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko ngokuxhaswa kwawo ngaphambili ngokusekwa kwawo urhulumente worhulumente onamandla, ngoxa lowo ulandelayo wawuchasa umGaqo-siseko ngezizathu zokuba wawunika amandla amaninzi kakhulu kurhulumente osembindini oxhaphazayo.

Ukulalanisa Okwabangela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Ukungabikho kwerejista yamalungelo esongelwa ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko, ingakumbi kumazwana angundoqo anjengeMassachusetts neVirginia, kunye namazwe aliqela agunyazisa umGaqo-siseko kuphela ekuqondeni okucacileyo ukuba olu xwebhu luza kulungiswa ngokukhawuleza ukuze luquke nencwadi yamalungelo.

UJames Madison wabhala iinguqu njengesisombululo sokulinganisela igunya likarhulumente nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngoMgaqo-siseko. UJames Madison wacebisa uthotho lweendlela zokulungisa izinto ezibaxhalabisayo ngexesha leBhunga lokuqala ngo-1789, ekugqibeleni ekhokelela ekuvumeni kweBhunga elivumela ukurhoxiswa kwe-12, kunye nephondo eliza kuba yiBhili yamaLungelo yaseUnited States eUnited States.

Ukuqonda Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esilimisela Ngayo Igunya Likarhulumente

IBhili yamaLungelo isebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ukunyanzela igunya likarhulumente nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu.

Ukungqubana Okungalawulekiyo Nokungalungelelani

Imiqathango emiselwe liBhili lamaLungelo karhulumente yahlukile kwimida eyayibekwe ngumGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo, kunye namalungiselelo enkululeko yokuthetha nonqulo, njengoko equlethwe kwiSihlaziyo Sokuqala, ebeka imiqathango encinane kurhulumente worhulumente wesizwe ethintela urhulumente ukuba angawenzi amatyala athile angaphantsi kwemimandla enjengentetho nganye noqheliselo lonqulo.

Imiqathango equlethwe kumGaqo-siseko wokuqala yayityekele ekungasingathwali mimandla okanye imiba, kodwa endaweni yoko yadala imiqathango yesakhiwo eyayakhela imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente jikelele, enemida yesakhiwo kumandla karhulumente aquka iitshekhi kunye nomlinganiselo obekwe kukwahlula amagunya, apho isebe ngalinye likarhulumente linokuhlola amandla asetyenziswa ngamanye amasebe.

IBhili yamaLungelo yanikela imida encinane eyayikho ukongezelela kwimida yesakhiwo eyayilungiselelwe kumGaqo-siseko wokuqala, ithetha ukuba kwanokuba urhulumente wesizwe wayenamandla okwenza izinto ngendlela ethile, wayengenakukwazi ukumelana noMmiselo Wokuqala, asebenzise elo gunya ukuphazamisa inkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuqhelisela unqulo.

Izibhengezo Eziqhelekileyo Zamandla Agciniweyo

IBhili yamaLungelo iquka imiqathango ecacileyo yamandla karhulumente kwikomiti yowiso-mthetho nakwezinye imicimbi, kuquka izindululo ezicacileyo ezithi onke amagunya anganikwanga ngokungqalileyo urhulumente worhulumente womGaqo-siseko ngokungqalileyo ngurhulumente onikwe amaphondo okanye abantu. Lo mgaqo-siseko odwelisweyo uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe akanakukwazi ukuzibiza ngegunya elingaphaya koko umGaqo-siseko ukunikela ngokucacileyo.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukukhusela Inkululeko Esisiseko

ISihlaziyo Sokuqala sibonakala njengesona sikhuselwayo esixhaphakileyo kurhulumente. UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo weUnited States uthintela iNgqungquthela ekwenzeni imithetho ephathelele ukusekwa konqulo, ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa konqulo ngokukhululekileyo, okanye ukuphelisa inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yamaphephandaba, inkululeko yendibano, okanye ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo, yaye yamkelwa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, njengenye yeziphendu ezilishumi ezibumba iBhili yamaLungelo.

Inkululeko Yonqulo

Abaseki bale ngxaki bagqala ukukwazi ukuthetha nokunqula njengelungelo lemvelo elikhuselwe yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala, neNgqungquthela eyayingavumelekanga ukwenza imithetho yonqulo okanye inkululeko yokuthetha elinganiselweyo.

Amabinzana amabini kwiSichibiyelo sokuqala aqinisekisa inkululeko yonqulo, kunye noMmiselo kaClaus oweyisa urhulumente ekumiseni umthetho wokuseka unqulo olusemthethweni okanye wokukhetha olunye unqulo ngaphezu kolunye nokuqinisekisa ukwahlulwa kwecawa nephondo. Okwangoku, iFree Execle Specience Claus iyawuthintela urhulumente, kwiimeko ezininzi, ekuphazamisaneni noqheliselo lomntu lonqulo lwawo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nokuxinana

UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Kwezigwebo uqinisekisa ukuba iNgqungquthela inelungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nelokungavumeli oorhulumente ukuba babeke imiqathango kumaphephandaba okanye kumalungelo abantu, yaye uqinisekisa nelungelo labemi lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo nokucela urhulumente wabo.

Inkululeko yokuthetha ithetha ukuba imibutho karhulumente ayinakuthintela amandla omntu okuvakalisa iimbono okanye iingcamango zakhe, kwaye urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuphindezela kumntu osekelwe koko akuthethayo. Olu khuselo luquka ngaphaya kwamazwi nje okuquka intetho efuziselayo kunye nohlobo lonxibelelwano.

Ilungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha livumela abantu ukuba bathethe ngaphandle kokungenelela okanye umgaqo karhulumente, iNkundla Ephakamileyo ifuna ukuba urhulumente athethe ngendlela engqinelanayo ukuze angenelele ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo xa izama ukulawula oko kuthethwayo.

Amalungelo Endibano Nesibongozo

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa livumela abantu ukuba bahlanganisane ngenjongo yoxolo nesemthethweni, benelungelo lokudibanisa kunye nokukholelwa ngokuphandle kweli lungelo. Olu khuselo luqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokuququzelela bonke ukuxhasa iinguqulelo, ukuvakalisa ukungavumelani, okanye ukubhiyozela imilinganiselo eyabelweneyo ngaphandle koloyiko lokucinezelwa ngurhulumente.

IsiHlanzi Sesibini Nesesithathu: Ukukhusela I - autonomy Yobuqu

Imiqathango engqalileyo ekungeneleni kukarhulumente kubomi bobuqu nakwimpahla ifumaneka kwiMimiselo yesibini neyesithathu, kunye noMthetho wesibini ohlaziyiweyo okhusela ilungelo lokuphatha nokuphatha izixhobo kunye noMmiselo wesithathu wokuLawula ukunqandwa kwekota yamajoni kumakhaya abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini woxolo ngexesha loxolo.

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba uHlaziyo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nempu enganxibelelani nemikhosi nokusebenzisa elo xhanti kwiinjongo ezingokwesithethe ezifana nokuzikhusela ngaphakathi ekhaya, kodwa kwakhona lwathi ilungelo alingomda kwaye alilolungelo lokuphatha nasiphi na isixhobo nangayiphi na indlela nangayiphi na injongo.

La malungelo adityanisiweyo athintela urhulumente osembindini ukuba angabi namandla agqithiseleyo ngokumisela izigaba zokuzilawula azinakuhlasela ngokusemthethweni.

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komhlaba: Ukukhuselwa Kuphando Nezinto Ezingekho Mthethweni

UMthetho wesine oLawulweyo umela umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wamandla karhulumente ophando kunye nokugcinwa komthetho.

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni, sifuna imvume yokukhutshwa kuphela ngesizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye sichaze indawo ekufuneka iphandwe nezinto ezimele ziphathwe, ezithintela igunya lobugosa likarhulumente, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho zisekelwe kwizizathu ezifanelekileyo.

Oku kulungiswa kumisela umgaqo osisiseko: urhulumente akanakuhlasela iindawo zabucala okanye athabathe impahla ngaphandle kokubekwa kwetyala kunye nokubonakaliswa kwesizathu esilindelekileyo. Oku kunyanzelisa ukuba umthetho unyanzele ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba uthethelele izenzo zabo phambi komantyi ongathathi cala, uthintele ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okungekho mthethweni.

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokhuseleko ekuzichaseni

IsiHlanzi soMmiselo wesihlanu siqulethe imigaqo emininzi ethintela igunya likarhulumente kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho nangaphaya kwayo. IsiHlanzi sesihlanu sikhusela amalungelo abantu kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, sithintele ukungazivumelani, kwaye siyayithintela ingozi ephindwe kabini, siqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukukhuselwa ekuzichaseni

IsiHlanzi soMgaqo-nkqubo wesihlanu sithintela urhulumente ekunyanzeleni umntu omangalelwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba angqine ulwaphulo-mthetho enkundleni, kungenxa yokuba ukuba umntu otyholwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho akavumi ukuthetha ngalo, kuthiwa ucela owesihlanu. Oku kukhusela urhulumente ukuba angawanyanzeli abantu ukuba babe ngamangqina.

Ukhuseleko lwengozi oluphindwe kabini

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu sifaka umthetho ophindwe kabini, othintela urhulumente ekuphindeni achaze umntu onolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo ukuba sele befunyenwe bemsulwa kanye. Lo mda uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakusebenzisa ubuncwane bakhe obukhulu ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukutshutshisa abantu de afikelele isiphumo afuna ukusifumana.

Iimfuno Zolungiselelo

UHlomelo lwesihlanu lufuna ukuba oorhulumente basebenzise umthetho ngokungaguquguqukiyo nangokufanelekileyo. Inkqubo efunekayo isebenza njengomlinganiselo omkhulu kwisenzo sikarhulumente esizimeleyo, ufuna ukuba amatyala asemthethweni alandele imithetho emiselweyo yaye abantu baphathwe ngokusesikweni phantsi komthetho.

IsiHlanu, Isihlaziyo Sesixhenxe Nesesibhozo: Ukuqinisekisa Ukuqhubana Okufanelekileyo Kwasemthethweni

Ezi ziphendu zisebenza kunye ukumisela ulawulo lukarhulumente kwinkqubo yokugweba nokuqinisekisa ukuba kugwetywa ngokusesikweni.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Wokwenziwa Kwezono: Ukugwetywa Okufanelekileyo

ISithandathu SoHlaziyo siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala elifanelekileyo nelikhawulezayo, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala engakhethi buso, nelungelo lokufumana icebiso elingokwasemthethweni.

Uhlaziyo Lwesixhenxe: Izilingo Zomtshato

ISihlaziyiso seSebentswana sigcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iimpikiswano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente, okanye phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, zinokuconjululwa ngoontanga kunokuba zipheliswe ngamagosa aseburhulumenteni kuphela.

IsiHlomelo Sesibhozo: Isohlwayo Esizukileyo

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesibhozo ukhusela ekuhlawulweni kwebheyile eninzi, ekuhlawulweni ngokugqithisileyo, nakwisohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, kunye nezi ziphendu ezisebenza njengeechezu zamandla okugweba nawaseburhulumenteni, uqinisekisa ukuba kugwetywa ngokusesikweni nangokulungelelanayo kwiinkundla zomthetho nakwezogwebo.

Ilungiselelo lebheyile liyabalela urhulumente ekubeni aphume ezintoni ezingoovimba ngokungenasiphelo ngokubacela ukuba bahlawule ibheyile ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala okanye bahlawule imali ehlawulwayo ngenxa yesiqinisekiso sokuba abanakukwazi ukuyihlawula.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - Ninth: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Angenazintlukwano

ISindululo seNinth sithetha ngenkxalabo ephambili: ukuba ukudwelisa amalungelo athile kusenokuchazwa njengokuthetha ukuba kuphela loo malungelo akhuselweyo. IsiHlanzi soMgaqo-siseko simida karhulumente ngokuthi ukudweliswa kwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko akuyi kuthathwa njengokukhanyela okanye ukwahlulwa kwabanye abagcinwe ngabantu, okusebenza njengenkuselo kurhulumente othetha ukuba amalungelo abantu kuphela anawo ngalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo.

ISindululo SeNinth sithetha ngobukho bamanye amalungelo asisiseko angakhankanywanga ngokukhethekileyo, nawo athintela urhulumente ekuphuleni la malungelo angamiselwanga, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iBhili Yamalungelo Amkelekileyo ayichazwa njengoluhlu olupheleleyo lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

IsiHlanzi seSindululo sesi-9 sithi abantu banamanye amalungelo angadweliswanga okanye adweliswe kumGaqo-siseko, nala malungelo angacaciswanga aquka amalungelo okuhamba, ukuvota, ukutshata, ukuba nemicimbi yesondo, nokwenza izigqibo ngomzimba womntu.

IsiHlomelo Seshumi: Ukubuyisela Amandla Emarhulumenteni Nakubantu

IsiHlaliso seshumi leSihlaziyi sisebenza njengelitye leBhili yamaLungelo, liqinisa ngokucacileyo umgaqo karhulumente wesizwe olinganiselweyo. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi elinamashumi asixhenxe umisela amandla karhulumente aphakathi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amagunya awagunyaziswanga eUnited States nguMgaqo-siseko, okanye awalelwe amarhulumente, agcinelwe amaphondo okanye abantu.

ISindululo seshumi elinamashumi asixhenxe sigxininisa ukuba ukufakwa kwerejista yamalungelo akuwutshintshi umsebenzi osisiseko karhulumente wesizwe, ohlala engurhulumente onamagunya alinganiselweyo nadwelisweyo, ukuze umbuzo wokuqala obandakanya ukusebenzisa igunya lesizwe ungaphuli kusini na amalungelo omntu, kodwa nokuba ugqithise amagunya karhulumente wesizwe adwelisweyo.

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu sisebenza njengovavanyo kulwandiso lwamagunya karhulumente, ukuqinisekisa umgaqo wolawulo nokuzimisela igunya likarhulumente osembindini akuphelelanga kwaye amandla karhulumente abalulekileyo ahlala kumazwe nasekuhlaleni okanye ngokuthe ngqo kunye nabemi, egxininisa ukuba urhulumente worhulumente ungomnye wamagunya alinganiselweyo nadwelisweyo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwesigwebo SoMthetho Weshumi

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zasetyenziswa kwiSindululo seSihlaziyo seSihlaziyo seshumi, ngokufuthi xa zizama ukufumanisa ukuba urhulumente wengingqi usebenza ngaphakathi okanye ugqithe imida yegunya lakhe. La matyala abonisa indlela inguquko eqhubeka ngayo isebenza njengomlinganiselo osebenzayo kumandla karhulumente, kungekhona nje umgaqo wentelekelelo.

Imfundiso Yokwahlula: Ukukhusela Oorhulumente Belizwe

Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo yawanciphisa kuphela amandla karhulumente karhulumente. Noko ke, oku kwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. IBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente karhulumente yawanciphisa amandla karhulumente kuqala, kodwa kamva amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo andisa inkoliso yeBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe.

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, inkoliso yamalungiselelo kaBill yasetyenziswa kumazwe adlula kuMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine kwinkqubo eyaziwa njenge-Primediation, eqala ngenkululeko yoxwebhu oluthethayo kwiGitsow v. New York (1925). Oku kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuphumelela kweBhili yamaLungelo ekuthinteleni amandla karhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba.

Indlela IBhili yamaLungelo Esebenza ngayo njengendlela yokukhangela

IBhili yamaLungelo ayidwelisi nje uluhlu lokhuseleko lomntu ngamnye; idala inkqubo edityanisiweyo ethintela amandla karhulumente kwiinkqubo ezininzi.

Ukwenza amaceba e-Autonomy nganye

Izindululo zimisela iindawo apho urhulumente engenakungenelela khona. Nokuba yingcwele yekhaya lomntu ekhuselwe yiMithetho yeSithathu neyesine, ukhuseleko lweengcinga neenkolelo zomntu ezikhuselwe luHlaliso lokuqala, okanye ukhuseleko lomntu olukhuselweyo luMphetho-mda wesine, la malungiselelo adala imimandla ebanzi yenkululeko umntu ngamnye angenakungena kuyo igunya likarhulumente.

Ukufuna ulawulo lwejaji

Amalungiselelo amaninzi eBhili yamaLungelo afuna ukuba amagosa karhulumente afumane imvume kubagwebi abangoondilele phambi kokuba enze izenzo ezithile. Isiqinisekiso soMmiselo wesine sibonakalisa lo mgaqo, unyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba ulwenzelo olunokwenzeka lukho ngaphambi kokuphengulula okanye ukuxhuzula. Oku kunyanzelisa uhlolo oluzimeleyo kumandla olawulo.

Ukunikela Ulawulo Olusemthethweni

IBhili yamaLungelo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni inkululeko yabantu ngokubeka imida ekhethekileyo kumandla karhulumente ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphazanyiswa kwenkululeko yobuqu, kunye nale nkululeko, equka amalungelo asisiseko afana nenkululeko yokuthetha, yokufihla umlomo, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo, eyimfuneko ekukhuseleni abemi ekuxhatshazweni ngurhulumente.

Xa amagosa karhulumente ephula le migaqo, abantu banokucela uncedo kwiinkundla ukuba bacel ’ umngeni izenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

IBhili Yamalungelo Kwinkqubo Yanamhlanje

Imigaqo emiselwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo iyaqhubeka ibumba iingxoxo zale mihla eziphathelele igunya likarhulumente nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukusuka kwinkxalabo yobuqu yamanani ukuya kwimibuzo malunga nokuhlola, ukusuka kwiingxoxo ezingemali zezephulo ukuya kwiingxoxo ngenkululeko yonqulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, ezi ziphendulo zeshumi elinesibhozo zenkulungwane zisasebenza ngokuphawulekayo.

Ukulungelelanisa Unqabiseko Nenkululeko

Iinkundla zisoloko ziphikisana nemibuzo ephathelele indlela ukhuseleko lweSine SoMthetho ohlaziyiweyo olusebenza ngayo kubugcisa obutsha, indlela imigaqo Yokuqala YoMthetho Wokwenziwa Okufanelekileyo elawula ngayo intetho ye - Internet nendlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto ezifunekayo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Iinkcazelo ezitshintshayo

Ngelixa umbhalo weBhili yamaLungelo uhlala ungatshintshi, utoliko lwezomthetho luyaqhubeka luguquka. Iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise imigaqo yeshumi elinesibhozo yenkulungwane ukuya kwiimeko ezingamashumi amabini anesithathu, zimisela indlela ukhuseleko oluqwalaselwe ngayo ekuqaleni kwilizwe lemibhobho yamalungelo kunye nomatshini wokushicilela osebenza kwiifowuni kunye nakumajelo entlalo-ntle.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kwamalungelo Abantu Namalungelo Omntu Ngamnye Norhulumente Olinganiselweyo

Nangona inkxalabo yabachasi bezopolitiko ngokumisela ulawulo lwamandla karhulumente karhulumente yanikela uvukelo lokuqala lweBhili yamaLungelo, iBhili ayiniki nje kuphela imiqathango kwisenzo sikarhulumente, njengoko ifuna ukulondoloza inkululeko ngokukhusela imimandla ethile egqalwa njengeyimfuneko kwinkululeko nesidima somntu ngamnye ngokwesithethe.

IBill of Rights ibonisa umgaqo osisiseko wentanda - bulumko: ukuba abantu banamalungelo emfuza angaphambi korhulumente yaye urhulumente ukho ukuze akhusele la malungelo, kungekhona ukubanika wona. Ngokumisela ngokucacileyo oko urhulumente anokukwenza, iinguqu ziqinisa ingcamango yokuba igunya likarhulumente lilawulwa lize linyanzelwe, kungekhona ukuba liphelele.

Intanda - bulumko Yamalungelo Emvelo

IBhili yamaLungelo iquka intanda-bulumko yamalungelo emvelo eyaphembelela ukusekwa kweMelika. Le ntanda-bulumko ikholelwa ukuba amalungelo athile azalwa ngabantu kwaye urhulumente osemthethweni umele awahlonele la malungelo. Izilungisi aziwavelisi amalungelo; ziyawaqonda kwaye ziyawakhusela amalungelo asekho.

Ulongamo Oluthandwayo

Ngokuzinzisa amagunya "abantu" kwiSiHlanziso seMimiselo yeNyeni neSishumi, iBhili yamaLungelo iqinisa umgaqo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo .

Imizekelo Eluncedo Yendlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esisikel ’ Imiqathango Ngayo Igunya Likarhulumente

Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo kuyacaca ngemizekelo ecacileyo yendlela ezikhuselwa ngayo.

Ukunyanzelisa Umthetho

Amapolisa akanakungena ekhayeni lakho ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, nokuba athe akrokrela ukuba usenza isenzo solwaphulo - mthetho, akanakunyanzela ukuba ungqine ngokuchasene nawe, akanakukuhlala ungenatyala, akanakukubeka kwisohlwayo senkohlakalo.

Uqeqesho lomthetho

IBhunga alikwazi ukumisela imithetho emisela unqulo olusemthethweni okanye enqanda uqheliselo lonqulo, alinakulwaphula umthetho okanye livukele ngoxolo.

Imiqathango yecandelo

Isebe elilawulayo alinakuwahlalutya amaphephandaba, licinezele amachaphaza, okanye libohlwaye abantu ngeembono zabo zezobupolitika. Alikwazi ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa ngaphandle kogunyaziso olufanelekileyo. Alikwazi ukubathintela abantu ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo.

IBhili yamaLungelo NesiProfethi

IBhili yamaLungelo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni inkqubo karhulumente ngokuchaza imida phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente naphakathi kwamandla karhulumente namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

UmGaqo-siseko uzalisekisa ingcamango yolawulo lorhulumente ethintela urhulumente ukuba angaphazamisani nemibandela emininzi yangaphakathi karhulumente, urhulumente worhulumente jikelele ekwazi ukumisa imiqathango kwimicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi uqinisa lo mgaqo ngokuwabeka ngokucacileyo amagunya angagunyaziswanga kumaphondo okanye kubantu.

Ukukhusela Umbuso

Ngokumisela imiqathango yamandla karhulumente, iBhili yamaLungelo inceda ekulondolozeni ukuzilawula korhulumente wesizwe kwiindawo ezinganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe. Eli candelo legunya lidala olunye uvavanyo kumandla karhulumente, njengoko amazwe enokuba yilaboratori yedemokhrasi kwaye njengezinto eziphikisanayo nokuqhatha kwequmrhu lorhulumente.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Abantu Kuzo Zonke Iimeko

Ngokungeniswa, iBhili yamaLungelo ngoku ikhusela abantu kuko konke ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo asisiseko karhulumente norhulumente. Olu khuselo lubini luqinisekisa ukuba akukho mgangatho karhulumente onokuphazamisa inkululeko yoluntu, uvelisa ukhuseleko olubanzi lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo Ngamalungelo

Iingcamango eziliqela eziphosakeleyo ngokuphathelele iBhili yamaLungelo zinokukhokelela ekungaqondani ngendlela eliwathintela ngayo amagunya karhulumente.

IBhili yamaLungelo Imida Kuphela Kuphela Kukuthintela Urhulumente, Asingomagqwetha

IsiHlamlisi soQala sikukhusela kuphela ekungeneleni korhulumente kwaye asiyinqandi inkampani yabucala okanye umqeshi ukuba athathe inyathelo ngokuchasene nawe ngenxa yento oyithethayo, kwaye asithintela iiyunivesithi ekunyanzeleni imithetho yehambo, kwaye imigangatho yezentlalo-ntle yezentlalo-ntle nayo ayifuneki ukukhusela intetho yakho. Lo mahluko ubalulekileyo: iBhili yamaLungelo alawulayo, kungekhona isenzo sabucala.

Amalungelo Azimele Aphele

Ngeli xesha iBhili yamaLungelo imisela ukhuseleko olunamandla, iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba la malungelo abekwe phantsi. INkundla Ephakamileyo ifuna ukuba urhulumente anikele uthethelelelo olunamandla lokuphazamisana nelungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha xa izama ukulawula oko kuthethwayo. Urhulumente ungazibekela imiqathango esengqiqweni xa kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela izilangazelelo ezinyanzelisayo, nangona umthwalo wokuzithethelela uxhomekeke kurhulumente.

IBhili Yamalungelo Ayisosithuthi

ISindululo seNinth sicacisa ukuba uludwe lwamalungelo athile athetha ukuba awekho amanye amalungelo. IBhili yamaLungelo ikhusela inkululeko ethile esisiseko ngokungqalileyo, kodwa abantu balondoloza amalungelo awongezelelekileyo angakhankanywanga ngqo kulo mbhalo.

Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwamalungelo

Ezi zinguquko zokuqala zilishumi zisikhumbuzo esibalulekileyo sonikezelo lohlanga lwethu ekumiliseleni igunya lorhulumente nokuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Kwixesha lokwandisa amandla karhulumente nobugcisa obutshintshayo, iBhili yamaLungelo ibalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko yomntu ngamnye negunya likarhulumente elinyanzelisayo.

Ukuphapha nemfundo

Imfundo ephathelele la malungelo asisiseko nokuphaphazela ekuwakhuseleni ekungeneni kuseneembopheleleko ezibalulekileyo kwisizukulwana ngasinye.

Ukuqhelana Neengxaki Ezintsha

Njengokuba ibutho liguquka kwaye kuvela imingeni emitsha, imigaqo equkwa kwiBhili yamaLungelo kufuneka isetyenziswe kwiimeko ezintsha. IiNkundla, abamisi-mthetho nabemi kufuneka basebenzele ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi ntaba zihlala zinentsingiselo ekutshintsheni imeko ngeli lixa zilondoloza injongo yazo engundoqo yokumisela igunya likarhulumente.

Oyena Mdla: Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esisikel ’ Imiqathango Ngayo Igunya Likarhulumente

IBhili yamaLungelo imisela urhulumente imiqathango yolawulo ngobuchule obuninzi obudityanisiweyo:

  • Iziphengululo: Iziphengululi ziyalwalela urhulumente ukuba angasebenzeli kwiindawo ezithile, ezifana nokuseka unqulo, ukubeka umda wentetho, okanye ukwenza uphando olungaqondakaliyo
  • [[UMTL:0] Iimfuno eziPhicothiweyo: Izilungiso ezininzi zifuna urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezithile, ezifana nokufumana imvume okanye ukunikezela kwinkqubo efunekayo, phambi kokuba athathe izenzo ezithile
  • Amandla agciniweyo: IziHlalisi ze-Ninth kunye ne-Tenth zicacisa ukuba urhulumente wezwe unamagunya adweliswe kuphela, nawo onke amanye igunya agcinelwe amagunya okanye abantu
  • Judicial Infromance: Iziphene zinika izindululo ezisemthethweni kubantu ngabanye ukuvavanya izenzo zikarhulumente enkundleni, kudala ukuphendula koxanduva kunye neziphumo zokwaphula umthetho
  • Iziqhano ze-Autonomy: Izilungisi zimisela iindawo zenkululeko yomntu ngamnye apho urhulumente engenako ukuphazamisa, ukukhusela inkululeko nesidima sobuqu
  • IMaleko e-Multiple of Protection: Ngokungeniswa, iBhili yamaLungelo ngoku imisela ulawulo lwamagunya karhulumente orhulumente nolulawulayo, inika ukhuseleko olubanzi lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Kwabo banomdla wokuphanda ngeBhili yamaLungelo nokusikelwa kwawo umda kwegunya likarhulumente ngobunzulu obungakumbi, oovimba abaliqela abanegunya banikela inkcazelo exabisekileyo:

  • Iziko lomGaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko woMhlathi linikela izinto zokufundisa ezibanzi malunga nomGaqo-siseko kunye neBhili yamaLungelo
  • [[UMTL:0] Ugcino-lwazi lohlanga lunika ukufikelela kwiBhili yamaLungelo yantlandlolo yamaxwebhu kunye nomongo wembali
  • [[UMTL:0] IBhili yeZiko lamaLungelo inika oovimba bemfundo abajoliswe ekuqondeni ezi zigqibo zibalulekileyo
  • I-[[QUTY:0] Iziko lolwazi loMthetho kwiSikolo soMthetho saseCornell[[FTL:1] linikela uhlalutyo olungokwasemthethweni oluneenkcukacha kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezitolika iBhili yamaLungelo
  • I- ye-American Liberties Union izilumkiso zexesha elinye ezibandakanya iBhili yokhuseleko lwamalungelo kunye namandla karhulumente

Isiphelo

IBhili yamaLungelo imela isiqinisekiso esisisiseko solawulo olusikelwe umda nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. UmGaqo-siseko kunye neBhili yamaLungelo igxininisa ekuthinteleni amandla karhulumente wesizwe, nangona ngandlel

Ukuqonda indlela iBhili yamaLungelo eSithintelo saMagunya karhulumente kusebalulekile ngayo kummi ngamnye. Le migaqo ihlala isebenza kuphela xa abantu bewazi amalungelo abo, bewaqinisekisa xa kuyimfuneko, kwaye behlala bephaphele ukungenelela. Njengoko iingxaki ezintsha zivela kwaye ibutho lizimela, imigaqo equlunqwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo kufuneka iqhubeke ikhokela ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente nabalawulwayo, iqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlala elinganiselwe kwaye inkululeko ihlala ikhuselekile.

Inkcubeko yeBhili yamaLungelo ixhomekeke kungekuphela nje kukhuseleko olukhethekileyo elunikayo, kodwa kwintanda-bulumko eluquletheyo: ukuba urhulumente ukho ukuze akhonze abantu, loo malungelo angaphambili korhulumente, kwaye elo gunya kufuneka linyanzelwe ukuba lilondoloze inkululeko. Le migaqo ihlala ibalulekile namhlanje njengokuba yayinjalo xa iinguqu zagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, isebenza njengokhuselo oluhlalayo ekumelaneni nolawulo lobuzwilakhe.