Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samagunya kaRhulumente

UHlaziyo lweshumi leSigqibo kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lumisela isiseko esisemthethweni segunya likarhulumente, luvakalisa ukuba amandla angegunyaziswanga kurhulumente worhulumente okanye angavunyelwanga kumazwana agcinelwe oorhulumente okanye abantu. Lo mgaqo ulula kodwa unzulu ubangele ukuba kubekho intlukwano engaqhelekanga yezixhobo zolawulo kunye nemigaqo efikelela kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu. Umahluko obangelwa yinkqubo asiyo ingxaki kwinkqubo kodwa ngumqondiso wamaqumrhu owenziwe ngabom waseMerika, olungiselelwe ukuvumela amaziko ukuba asebenze njengeekhotharafiki zedekhrasi apho izicombululo ezahlukeneyo zeengxaki eziqhelekileyo zinokuvavanywa nokucocwa.

Amagunya karhulumente aquka uludwe olubanzi lwemisebenzi karhulumente echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi. Ezi ziquka ukulawulwa korhwebo lwe-intrastate, ukusekwa nokungamela koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ulawulo lonyulo, ulawulo lweenkqubo zemfundo kawonke-wonke, nokukhuselwa kwempilo nokhuseleko lukarhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye usebenzisa la magunya ngomgaqo-siseko wakhe, onokuthi anike amasebe orhulumente ahlukene igunya okanye acutheneyo.

Indaleko yamagunya karhulumente iye yabunjwa zizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukutshintsha kweembono zikawonke-wonke, kunye neemfuno ezitshintshayo zebutho labantu lanamhlanje. Ixesha le-New Deal, umbutho wamalungelo oluntu, kunye noMthetho wokuLawulwa onokuKhawulwa oManyano konke kumela amaxesha abalulekileyo xa ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kwamazwe norhulumente worhulumente lukhuphiswano kwaye lucaciswa kwakhona. Ukuqonda lo mongo wembali kubalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela yolawulo lorhulumente wanamhlanje.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye ulungelelaniswe ngokujikeleze isakhiwo esineebranki ezintathu njengesamagunya karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, kodwa amandla akhethekileyo, uvavanyo, kunye nomlinganiselo wokwahluka okuphawulekayo. Olu mahluko wokwakhiwa uneziphumo zokwenene zendlela esenziwe ngayo, esetyenziswa ngayo, kwaye etolikwa ngayo.

Igunya elilawulayo phesheya KweMerika

Irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko yegunya ngalinye, kodwa umlinganiselo wamandla egubernar uyahluka-hluka. Abanye abalawuli basebenzisa igunya elinamandla ngamandla amakhulu, kuquka i-veto e-room-metal evumela ukuba babethe iingcebiso ezithile ezisuka kwintengiso zetyala ngaphandle kokulahla lonke iceba lomthetho. Eli gunya likhona kumaphondo angamashumi amane anesithathu kwaye linika impembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali. Iijaji kumazwe afana neNew York neKhalifoniya nawo zikwanamandla okumisa, eziwavumela ukuba abumbe oorhulumente kunye noovimba belizwe kunye nolawulo lwezijudisi ngeenkam zabo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abalawuli abasemagunyeni anjengeTexas kunye neNorth Carolina babelana ngegunya eliphezulu namagosa anyuliweyo azimeleyo. Inkqubo yegunya eliphezulu eTexas kwinani elipheleleyo ikhetha irhuluneli, igqwetha jikelele, i-coptorller, umkhomishinala weofisi yomhlaba jikelele, kunye nommeli wezolimo ngokwahlukileyo kwirhuluneli. Esi sakhiwo sikhupha igunya legunya lesebe eliphetheyo kwaye sifuna intsebenziswano negosapho nabasemagunyeni abanokuchasa amaqela ezobupolitika. Isiphumo siyindlela eyahlukileyo ekulawuleni i-ofisi yegunya elilawulayo ekwalawukileyo nemilinganiselo egxininisa isebenza ngokwayo.

Ubude begama elikwisicwangciso sobomi buye buhluka, kunye namazwe amaninzi asebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emine ngexesha lamagama ambalwa, kuquka iNew Hampshire kunye neVermont, agcina amagama eminyaka emibini. Imida yegama ikhona kumazwe angamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe, kunye nemiqathango esuka kwimithetho emibini elandelelanayo ukuya kutsho kwinani elichaziweyo lemithetho. Le mithetho ichaphazela amandla erhuluneli okulandela inkqubo yexesha elide kwaye yakha impembelelo eqhubekayo yezobupolitika.

Imigaqo-nkqubo Yomthetho Nemiphumo Yayo

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zibonisa iiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo zokwakha. INebraska ime yodwa nendlu yayo yowiso-mthetho enesigqumathelo esinesiqu esinye esingekho kwicala lamalungu asemthethweni. Amazwe aseleyo asebenza iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezingamashumi amane anamagumbi amabini, abizwa ngokuba yindlu neBhunga. Imodeli engenaziqu eziqu zimisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokuphelisa imfuneko yeekomiti zengqungquthela nokunciphisa inani lee-veto amanqaku apho umthetho ungacima khona.

Ubungakanani bendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe buyehluka ngokuphawulekayo, ukusuka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho engamashumi amathandathu eAlaska ukuya kwiNew Hampshire's Indlu yabameli engamakhulu amane anamashumi amabini anane anesine namalungu. Olu tshintsho luchaphazela umlinganiselo womelo, impumelelo yemithetho, kunye namandla asebenzayo okufudusa kunye nempembelelo yeqela lenzala. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinkulu zithambeka ukuba neekomiti ezikhethekileyo kunye nobuchule obungakumbi bobuveleli, ngexa imizimbini emincinci isebenza ngokungacwangciswanga ngempumelelo.

Ubude bentlanganiso bunye bomahluko obalulekileyo. Amanye amaphondo, kuquka iKhalifoniya, i-Illinois, neNew York, adibana ixesha elipheleleyo kunyaka wonke, ngelinye ixesha ezinye, njengeTexas, Nevada, kunye neMontana, zidibana kuphela ngekota kwintlanganiso eqhelekileyo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha elipheleleyo zidla ngokuba nabasebenzi abaqeqeshi abaqeqeshiweyo, intlawulo oluphezulu lwamalungu, kunye nobuchule obukhulu bokuthetha ngemiba yenkqubo entsonkothile. Imithetho yeCandelo yeCandelo yeCandelo ixhomekeke kakhulu kubahlalisa-oksi abagcina imisebenzi yangaphandle, enokuzisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo ekwenzeni umthetho kodwa inokuthi imisele ixesha elikhoyo lokwenza uhlalutyo olunzulu.

Imida yemithetho yesizwe yabamisi-mthetho bamazwe alishumi elinesihlanu, enemiqathango esuka kwiminyaka emithandathu eKhalifoniya ukuya kwelishumi elinesibini kwezinye ezininzi. Uphando ngeziphumo zemida yegama luye lwavelisa izinto ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nolunye uphando olucebisa ukunyuswa nokuncitshiswa kobuchule bokwabela umthetho ngeli lixa abanye bekho ukunyusa intsabelo nokuncitshiswa kwentsebenziswano. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures[ inika ugcino-lwazi olubanzi ngezi mpawulwano zolwakhiwo kunye neziphumo zayo zolawulo.

Ukukhethwa koMgwebo neMimiselo yeNkundla

Iinkqubo zenkundla yephondo zibonakalisa mhlawumbi ezona ntlobo-ntlobo zikhulu zesakhiwo phakathi kwamasebe amathathu. Iindlela zokukhetha iijaji zehla kwiindidi eziliqela: unyulo lokhetho, olungelulo lwamaqumrhu, ukumiselwa kombutho ngesiqinisekiso sowiso-mthetho, ukufanele ukukhethwa ngoomantyiswano bezomthetho, kunye nokumiswa kwemithetho. Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo yeenkundla, edala iinkqubo ze-projekthi ezixuba ukumiswa nokunyulwa kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yomsebenzi womgwebi.

Isebe elisebenzisa unyulo oluvela kumkhethi, njengo-Alabama noTexas, lifuna abagwebi ukuba basebenze njengamaqela ezobupolitika, aphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokuzimela ngokwamatyala kunye nempembelelo yezemali. Amatyala onyulo anjengeMichigan ne-Oregon asusa iilebhile zeqela kwi-colovation kodwa nangoku lifuna ukuba abagwebi baxhase baze baphakamise imali. Iinkqubo zokukhetha iMerit, ezisetyenziswa eColorado naseMissouri, zisebenzisa iikhomishini zokuvavanya abaza abaza kubacholi besuka kwiimfaneleko zemali, kunye nemithetho yephondo, kunye neejaji ze-operatis xa abavoti begqiba ukuba bagcine eofisini.

Isakhiwo senkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yeli lizwe siyahluka, namanye amazwe agcina iinkqubo zenkundla ezimanyeneyo kunye namanye asebenza iinkundla ezininzi ezikhethekileyo. Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zetyala leziyobisi, imibandela yempilo yengqondo, imicimbi yentsapho, kunye neemfuno zamava eemfuno ezixhaphakileyo ziye zanda kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, zibonakalisa ulwandiso olukhulayo lokuba iinkqubo zenkundla yesithethe zisenokungacombululeli ngokufanelekileyo iingxaki ezikhokelela kwiimeko ezithile. Ezi nkundla zikhethekileyo zimela uhlobo oluthile lwenkqubo enokuthi ixoxhilelwe kwiimfuno kunye neemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Imidlalo emikhulu apho Amandla karhulumente

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente kuvelisa iziphumo eziphawulekayo zenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ngaphaya kolawulo. Ezi ntlobo zinika uvavanyo lwendalo abaphandi nabenzi benkqubo abaphanda ukuzama ukuqonda oko kusebenza kakuhle kwimo-bume eyahlukeneyo.

Inkxaso-mali yemfundo nemigangatho

Inkqubo yemfundo ibonakalisa iziphumo zobuchule bukarhulumente. Iindlela zokuxhasa inkcitho ziyahluka ngokubanzi, amanye amazwe exhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni ngelinye ixesha amanye asebenzisa iindlela zemali ezikumgangatho karhulumente ezilungiselelwe ukulingana kwezobuncwane kwimimandla yesithili. Amazwe axhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla, enjenge-Illinois neNew Hampshire, adla ngokuvelisa umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwemimandla yabafuyileyo namahlwempu. Amazwe asebenzisa iimodeli zemali ezisembindini, kuquka iVermont neHawaii, afumana ukulingana okuninzi kodwa angajamelana nokuchasana nenkcaso kuluntu olufuna ulawulo lwemfundo kumazwe asekuhlaleni.

Imigangatho ye-Academic iyahluka kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kweMigangatho yeSizwe esiQhelekileyo saseCore kwadala impikiswano ephawulekayo, eminye imimandla isebenzisa imigangatho, eminye ingutshintsho, kwaye eminye iyayichasa ngokupheleleyo. Umphumo yindawo apho abafundi abakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo bafunda izinto ngokwahlukeneyo kwimigangatho yebanga elahlukileyo, ukubangela iingxaki zokuhamba kweso sigaba kunye nokungena ekholejini. Amazwe akwahluka-hluka kwiindlela azisebenzisayo ukuze afumane imigaqo yemithetho yesikolo, iinkqubo zokukhetha isikolo, imigaqo yemfundo yasekhaya, kunye neemfuno zomfundisi-fundisi.

Inkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo ibonisa umahluko ofanayo, kunye namazwana awo ahlukeneyo ekuxhaseni iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke, iinkqubo zoncedo lwezibonelelo, kunye neenkqubo zoluntu zoonontlalo-ntle. Amanye amazwe aye amkela imizekelo yemali esekelwe ekusebenzeni edibaniseni iziphumo ezidityaniswe kwixabiso lokuphumelela kunye nezinye iziphumo, ngelinye ixesha ezinye zigcina inkxaso esekelwe kwisithethe. Le nkqubo ichaphazela ukufikelela kolwazi lwasekholeji, ukufumaneka kwemali, kunye nolungelelaniso phakathi kweemfuno zemfundo eziphezulu kunye neemfuno zemisebenzi.

Ukufumana Unyango Nokwanda

UMthetho wokwandiswa kweMdicaid wolwandiso lweMbedididid wadala enye yemizekelo ecacileyo yokuphuka kwenkqubo yorhulumente kwimbali yanamhlanje yaseMerika. Ngaphantsi komthetho wokuqala, kwafuneka ukuba kwandiswe iMedicaid intlawulo kubantu abadala abanengeniso ukuya kutsho ku-138% ekhulwini lomgangatho wobuhlwempu obuseburhulumenteni, kodwa isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-2012 seSizwe se-Intelligence v. USebelius wenza ulwando olungenakucetyiswa ngamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yoko, amashumi amane amazwe kunye noMdilifathi weColumbia yandisa uMediad ngelid ngelixa alishumi angena amanqaku, ukuvelisa ulwahlulo lwempilo oluneziphumo ezibalulekileyo kubemi abafumana imali ephantsi.

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba amatyala olwandiso aye afumana unciphiso oluninzi kumlinganiselo we-Medicaid engakhange ifumaneke, uphuhliso lwemali kukhuseleko lwezindlu ezifumana imali ephantsi, kunye nolwandiso oluphezulu lokufumana inkxaso-mali. Amazwana angangeni-mali anokungakhuselwa angaphezulu kwaye ajongene nocelomngeni ekunikezeleni amahlwempu asebenzayo afumana imali eninzi kakhulu ngenxa yesithethe se-Medicaid kodwa anganelanga ukufanelekela i-inshorensi ye-inshorensi esezantsi yabucala. [[FLT:]] IKaisersesss Facebook Foundation [ ibhale la maxwebhu ahlukene, ebonisa indlela ukhetho lwenkqubo oluchaphaza ngayo iziphumo zempilo nokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho.

Ngaphaya kweMedicaid, amatyala ahlukene ekumiseleni kwawo iimarike ze-inshorensi, umlinganiselo weengenelo ezigunyazisiweyo, kunye nokusondela kwimpilo kawonke-wonke. Amanye amazwana asebenzisa ii-inshorensi zawo zempilo ngoxa amanye exhomekeke kwiqonga likarhulumente. Amasebe oluntu angoorhulumente ahlukene ngokobungakanani, ngemali, negunya, njengoko isibetho se-COVID-19 siboniswe ngokuphawulekayo. Amazwe anezibonelelo ezimandla ezisigqeba zempilo zoluntu, negunya elinamandla longxamiseko yempilo lasabela ngokwahlukileyo kumazwe anokulinganiselwa okanye izithintelo zezobupolitika kwimiqathango yoluntu.

Ukulungelelaniswa Kwemekobume Nomgaqo-nkqubo Wemozulu

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ibonisa umlinganiselo opheleleyo wobuchule bemeko-bume, ukusuka kumazwana athi ikhokelele kwisenzo semozulu kwabo babeka phambili inkqubela yezoqoqosho kukhuseleko lwemekobume. IKhalifoniya ibalasele njengomcuphi onempembelelo ekhethekileyo, onegunya phantsi koMthetho we-Cease Air Act ukumisela eyayo imiqathango yezithuthi engqongqo kunemfuno karhulumente. Amanye amazwe angakhetha ukulandela imigangatho karhulumente karhulumente okanye yemiqathango engqongqo yeKhalifoniya, edala impembelelo apho iKhalifoniya ezimisele ngokunempumelelo inkqubo yezahlulo elingundoqo lemarikethe yezithuthi zaseMelika.

Imigangatho yemeko-bume ehlaziyekayo ifuna ipesenti echaziweyo yombane kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo, namaxhoba asuka kwiinjongo ezifanelekileyo ukuya kwimiyalelo erhabaxa. Ixhoba leKhalifoniya lekhulu elinepesenti elicocekileyo ngo-2045 limele enye yezona migaqo-nkqubo zemozulu zinamandla, ngelinye imimandla ayinayo imfuno zintsha konke konke. Umgangatho wekharbon elawulayo, imigangatho yokwakha impumelelo, kwaye imimiselo yomhlaba idibanisa umaleko owongezelelekileyo wenkqubo yomahluko evelisa iziphumo zemekobume eyahlukeneyo ngaphaya kommandla.

Ulwahlulo lwegunya phakathi kwamazwe norhulumente wesizwe kubuncwane bendalo, kuquka amalungelo amanzi, amazwe kawonke-wonke, kunye nokukhutshwa kwezimbiwa, kudala iingxwabangxwaba eziqhubekayo. Amaphondo aseNtshona nelizwe elikhulu lezwe asoloko engqubana namasebe esizwe aphezulu kwezolawulo, ngoxa amaphondo anezixhobo ezithelekelela amandla athe ngqo kunxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwegunya lolawulo lorhulumente kunye nolawulo lorhulumente lwezoshishino lwamandla.

Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nesigwebo

Inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ityhila umahluko omkhulu kurhulumente ofikelela kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kwisohlwayo, nakukulungiswa. Izakhiwo zokugweba ziyahluka ukusuka kwiinkqubo ezizinzileyo zokugweba ezinamabinzana asisigxina kunye neenkqubo ezisisigxina ezixhomekeke kwigunya lebhodi elilawulayo. Amanye amazwe aye asiphelisa isigwebo sokufa, ngoxa amanye egcina iinkqubo zokubulala ngokunyanzelekileyo. Ukubhaliswa komsayini ngokwezonyango okanye ukusetyenziswa kokuzonwabisa kumazwe amaninzi, phezu kwako nje ukuqhubekeka kokungagunyaziswa kwawo phantsi komthetho karhulumente, kumela enye yezona mfazwe zibalulekileyo zikarhulumente kwimiqatha yemithetho yezomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amazwe akwahluka kwiindlela zawo zokufumana ibheyile, ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili, kunye neenkqubo zokuzinzisa iintolongo. Amanye amaphondo aye ajongisela kwizixhobo zovavanyo ezisekelwe kumngcipheko kunye nezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa imali, ngelinye ixesha amanye ayaqhubeka exhomekeke kwiinkqubo zebheyile zesithethe ezithi abagxeki baphikisane nesohlwayo sobuhlwempu. Umlinganiselo wokuvalelwa uyahluka ngendlela ephawulekayo, kunye noLouisiana no-Oklahomaus ekwakheni ngokwembali okunamanani aphezulu ekubanjweni kwelizwe lo gama amaMassachusetts kunye neVermont egcina amanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu. Oku kubonakalisa umahluko ngokwemigaqo eyahlukeneyo malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho, ubundlorhoxi, kunye nobo obungekho mngeni obungekho mthethweni.

Umgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo weNtlalo-ntle

Iinkqubo zerhafu zikarhulumente zibonisa iinguqu ezingaqhelekanga kwisakhiwo nomthwalo. Amazwe anesithoba akanayo irhafu kwimivuzo, ngoxa amanye ebeka imilinganiselo esukela kwixabiso eliphantsi ukuya phezulu. Iintengiso zerhafu zahluka ukusuka ku-0 kumaphondo anjenge Delaware, Montana, ne-Oregon ukuya kungaphezulu kwethoba ekhulwini kwimimandla ethile xa kuqukwa irhafu yasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo zerhafu yepropati, izakhiwo zerhafu yequ, imigaqo-mali yerhafu, kunye nemigaqo-mfuzo yokufa, konke okudala ukwahluka komgangatho ohlukeneyo okuchaphazela izigqibo zendawo yeshishini, imigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka kwabantu, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Inkqubo yezorhwebo ibandakanya ukhetho malunga nokusebenzisa izinto eziza kuqala, ulawulo lwetyala, kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali. Amanye amatyala agcina imali yomhla wemvula eyomeleleyo enika uzinzo oluphezulu ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, ngoxa amanye enemiqathango emincinane kwaye ejongene nokhetho olunzima loqingqo-mali ngexesha lododobala. Iimfuno zoqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo zikho kumazwe amaninzi kodwa zahluka ngokwahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo ezingqongqo kunye nokunyanzelisa, okuchaphazela amandla orhulumente omgaqo-nkqubo wokulwa noqoqosho.

Ukubonelela ngamalungelo nolawulo lokhetho

Ulawulo lwemeko kulawulo lonyulo luvelisa umahluko obalulekileyo kwindlela amaMelika asebenzisa ngayo ilungelo lawo lokuvota. Iimfuno zokwahlula zisuka kwimithetho ye-ID engqongqo enjenge Georgia ne Indiana ukuya kukungabikho zimfuno zokwahlula kumaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya neNew York. Amaxesha okuvota angaphambili, ukufumaneka kweposi kuluntu oluvotayo, kunye neenkqubo zobhaliso zohluka ngokuphawulekayo, zichaphazela umvoti kunye nokusebenziseka kwenkqubo yokuvota.

Amazwe ayahluka kwiindlela zawo zokuphinda akhethe, ezinye zisebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ukuzoba izithili zowiso-mthetho ngeli xesha ezinye zishiya inkqubo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho elawulayo. Olu khetho luneziphumo ezinzulu zomelo lwezopolitiko nokhuphiswano lwabanyuli. Ulawulo lonyulo, kuquka ugcino-ncwadi olubhaliweyo lwevoti, ukhetho lwezixhobo zokuvota, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweziphumo, ngumsebenzi worhulumente ovelisa amavalo awahlukeneyo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ulwalamano lwentlalo-ntle kunye noManyano

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe naphakathi kwamazwe norhulumente wesizwe ludala uthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo olubumba ulawulo lwamaMelika. Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo zibalulekileyo ekuqondeni indlela amandla karhulumente asebenza ngayo.

Umanyano Oluthe Tyaba: Indlela Okungenelela Ngayo Amazwana

Ukholo Olupheleleyo loMgaqo-siseko noSihlalo kaClaus, Amalungelo kunye noManyano ka-Claus, kunye nee-Interstate Compacts zenza isiseko solwalamano oluthe tyaba phakathi kwamazwe. Ama-United States kufuneka aqonde imicimbi yomthetho omnye nomnye, kuquka imitshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, kunye nemigwebo yenkundla, nangona ingeyomfuneko yemigaqo efana neyomtshato osisini esifana nesobugqeba obunokutolika obunomthetho.

Iingqungquthela zengingqi zimela izivumelwano ezisesikweni phakathi kwamazwe ukusingatha iingxaki ezahlulweyo, nezingaphezulu kwamakhulu amabini zobumbano ezisebenza ngoku zigqumathelisa iindawo ezifana namalungelo amanzi, ezothutho, ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nolawulo lwemekobume. I-Port Authority of New York neNew Jersey kunye ne-Delaware River Commission ichaza indlela amazwe anokusebenzisana ngayo ukulawula oovimba abahlukeneyo kunye nezibonelelo. La maqumrhu anempembelelo zomthetho kwaye adala iimfuno ezibophelelo ezizinzileyo phakathi kwamazwe athabatha inxaxheba.

Kwakhona i-Atom ikhuphisana nenye ukwenzela uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, itsala amashishini ngentshukumisa yerhafu, imeko-bume yolawulo, kunye nemeko zomgangatho wobomi. Olu khuphiswano lungavelisa ugqatso kumazantsi emigangatho yokusebenza neyobume bemeko-bume, kodwa lungavelisa inkqubo etshayelela phambili njengoko amazwe efuna iingenelo zokhuphiswano. iSiko sezentengiso [ sipapashe uphando olunzulu kwimisebenzi yokhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho kunye neziphumo zalo kwiziphumo zenkqubo.

Umanyano Oluthe Nkqo: Uxinzelelo lwemeko-bume

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe norhulumente wesizwe lubandakanya zombini intsebenziswano kunye nengxabano. Iinkqubo zomanyano zinika inkxaso engakumbi yemisebenzi karhulumente enjengezonyango, ezothutho, imfundo, nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kodwa le mali idla ngokufika neemeko ezikhethwe yinkqubo yemo yemo yesizwe. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwemfuno yorhulumente neyorhulumente luphawu oluzingisileyo lolawulo lwaseMelika.

Iimbambano ezingomthetho phakathi kwamazwe norhulumente wesizwe zivela ngokusemthethweni, ngokulawula ukuhlaliswa kwabantu, ngomgaqo-nkqubo wemekobume, nangeminye imibandela emininzi. Amazwe aye acel ’ umngeni imithetho karhulumente enkundleni, kwaye urhulumente wesizwe uye wamangalela amatyala ngokutyholwa komthetho karhulumente. INkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko isebenza njengomchazi wezi mpikiswano, ichaza imida yezomgaqo-siseko karhulumente kunye negunya likarhulumente.

Imfundiso yokukhulula iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente ongqubanayo uthatha indawo yomthetho wephondo xa iCongress iceba ukuthatha indawo yentsimi okanye xa umthetho karhulumente ungqubana ngqo neemfuno zikarhulumente. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wokukhulula usoloko uphikiswa, kwaye amaphondo agcine igunya elibalulekileyo lokulawula kwiindawo apho umthetho karhulumente uthe cwaka okanye ulondoloza ubuchule borhulumente obucacileyo. Ukulungelelaniswa kwamandla kutshintsha ixesha njengeBhunga, iinkundla, namasebe ezobupolitika axubusha imida yegunya lorhulumente nelorhulumente.

Ukusebenza Kwezibonelelo Zolawulo - melo

Uluvo loMgwebi Louis Brandeis oludumileyo lokuba urhulumente angasebenza njengelebhu yokuvavanya intlalo kunye nezoqoqosho lubamba enye yezizathu ezingundoqo zoburhulumente. Xa amazwe esebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwiingxaki ezifanayo, avelisa ubungqina malunga noko kungenziwayo, ulwazi olunokwazisa inkqubo kwezinye iindawo nakumgangatho worhulumente.

Imizekelo yembali yophuhliso oluxhotyiswe ngurhulumente iquka umsebenzi wobuvulindlela kaWisconsin kwimbuyekezo yabasebenzi kunye ne-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, utshintsho lwezempilo lwaseMassachusetts olwasebenza njengomzekelo we-Afford Care Act, kunye nemigangatho yemiphunga yeKhalifoniya eyaphembelela inkqubo karhulumente. Kutshanje, amazwe aye akhokela ekuhlaziyweni kwezomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye ne-bipartistan eTexas, Georgia, kunye namanye amazwe amisela utshintsho kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza ngokukhulula eziye zanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-transportation eziye zasetyenziswayo ngethuba lokugcina ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke-wonke.

Noko ke, isigezo selebhu sinemiqathango. Ngaphezu koko, imo yezonyango esebenza kakuhle kwelinye ilizwe ayinakutshintshela lula kwenye eneemeko ezahlukeneyo zabemi, ezoqoqosho, okanye inkcubeko yezopolitiko. Uvavanyo lweziphumo zenkqubo lusoloko luthanda ukuphikisa, kwaye into ebaluleke kakhulu ixhomekeke kumaxabiso nezinto eziphambili zomhloli. Ngaphezu koko, imodeli yelebhu iqikelela ukuba imigaqo iyakwazi ukufunda kwenye, nto leyo efuna ubuchule bokwabelana ngenkcazelo kunye nemigaqo.

Iingxaki Zoorhulumente Bakarhulumente

Oorhulumente bale mihla bajamelana noluhlu olulucelomngeni oluvavanya ubuchule babo bokusebenza kunye negunya lenkqubo. Iingcinezelo ze-Fiscal ezisuka kwiindleko zonyango oluphezulu, iimfuno zomhlala-phantsi, kunye nezibonelelo zifuna uqingqo-mali olunzima lwemeko kunye nokunyanzelisa ukurhwebelana okunzima phakathi kwezinto ezihamba phambili. Iinguqu zolwaluko, kuquka ukwaluphala kwabantu kunye nemilinganiselo yokufuduka, zidala iimfuno ezintsha kunye nokwenza kube nzima ukuceba ixesha elide.

Utshintsho lobugcisa lunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lolawulo lukarhulumente. Amazwana kufuneka alawule imibutho evelayo, akhusele ugcino-lwazi, alungelelanise iinkqubo zolawulo ngokweminyaka elindelekileyo yamanani. Ukwanda komsebenzi okude, i-e-commerce, kunye namashishini asekelwe kwiqonga avavanya iinkqubo zerhafu zesithethe kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezilungiselelwe ixesha elahlukileyo lezoqoqosho.

Ukwahlukana kwezobupolitika kuye kwaqinisa ingxabano phakathi koorhulumente norhulumente worhulumente. Ukwanda kokumanyana kwezobupolitika zikarhulumente kuthetha ukuba unyulo lomgangatho karhulumente lusoloko lujika kwimicimbi yamazwe kunokuba lube yeyoluntu, kwaye ukhuphiswano lwentlalo phakathi koorhulumente norhulumente wezwe luye lwabangela ingxabano engakumbi. Ezi zinto zibangela ukuba ukuqondwa kwesithethe koburhulumente njengenkqubo evumela amaxabiso ahlukeneyo nezinto ezikhethwayo ngaphaya kolawulo.

Isiphelo: Intsingiselo Ehlala Ikho Yokwahlukahlukana Kwemibutho

Umahluko kumagunya karhulumente, amagunya, izakhiwo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ibonisa umgaqo osisiseko wokuba ulawulo lwamaMelika lufanele luthabathe inxaxheba kwiimeko kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo zasekuhlaleni. Ukubekwa kwamagunya kuMgaqo-siseko kumagunya kuwo kwakungekokungangabonga kodwa kwakulukhetho lwamabom oluqhubeka lubumba iimpawu zedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ukwahlukahlukana kwemeko yemfundo, ukukhathalelwa kwempilo, ulwaphulo-mthetho, irhafu, nezinye iindawo ezingenakubalwano zemigaqo kunika imithombo eninzi yobungqina ngoko kusebenza kwimo-mo-moskykyic nemfundo eyahlukeneyo.

Ulwandiso lwamandla karhulumente kunye nendaleko eqhubekayo yoorhulumente belizwe lubonisa ukuba uburhulumente asiyonkqubo emileyo kodwa sisakhiwo esinamandla esivumelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo. Ungquzulwano phakathi kolawulo nomanyano lobuzwe, phakathi kokhuphiswano kunye nentsebenziswano, kunye neempawu ezihlala zikho zolawulo lwamaMelika. Ukuqonda ezi ngxubeneko nendlela ezidlala ngayo kunqumla amaphondo ahlukeneyo nemimandla yemigaqo-nkqubo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuyiqonda ngokunelisa ngokupheleleyo ukuntsonko kwenkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMelika.

Kubaphengululi, abaququzeleli benkqubo, nabaququzeleli bemiqathango, uphando ngomahluko karhulumente lunika ingqiqo exabisekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi, imingeni yokulawula, kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka zokuhlaziywa. Ithalabhu ledemokhrasi liyaqhubeka lisebenza, livelisa ulwazi namava anokukwazisa umgaqo-nkqubo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente.