Amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okuseka nokugcina iinkonzo zokusasaza uwonke wonke akwimbombo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi, eqinisekisa ukuba abemi bayakwazi ukufikelela kwimida ezimeleyo, eyahlukeneyo, neyomgangatho ophezulu we-media. Imithetho, njengemibutho enyuliweyo emela abantu, inegunya elikhethekileyo lokuyila isiseko esisemthethweni, ukunikezela, nokubeka inkxaso-mali, nokulungiselela ukuphatha abachazi-magama abasemagunyeni. Eli gunya alingolawulo nje kuphela; ngumthwalo onzulu owenza ingqukuva indalo, ukulondoloza iimpawu zenkcubeko, kwaye likhuthaza indima ebanzi yemithetho yowiso-mthetho ekumisweni nasekuqhubeni phambili koluntu, ukuvavanywa kwemibutho, iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali, ulawulo, ulawulo, nokulungelelwanolungelelwano olulukungalungelelwayo phakathi kolawulo nolawulo.

Isiseko esisemthethweni soBhaliso Loluntu

Ukusekwa kweenkonzo zokusasaza zikawonke wonke kusekelwe kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko okanye kwizenzo ezithile zowiso-mthetho. La macebo asemthethweni achaza umsebenzi, isakhiwo sokulawula, imithombo yenkxaso-mali, kunye nenkxaso-mali yabasasazi-majelo-mali. Ngaphandle kwesiseko esiqinileyo somthetho, ukusasaza uwonke wonke kuxhomekeke kwiinjongo zezobupolitika okanye kwiingcinezelo zezorhwebo, oku kucutha injongo yaso esisiseko yokukhonza umdla woluntu.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nesomthetho

Kumazwe amaninzi, umgaqo-siseko ngokwawo unika isiseko sokusasaza uwonke-wonke. Umzekelo, uMthetho oPhambili waseJamani uqinisekisa inkululeko yokusasaza kunye nemiyalelo yokuba abasasazi-majelo-wonke balungelelaniswe ukuqinisekisa inkululeko kurhulumente. Ngokufanayo, umGaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika ufuna ukuba ukusasazwa kosasazo kumiselwe ngendlela ekhuthaza idemokhrasi, ukwahlukahlukana, nokuphendula koluntu. Imithetho iguqulela le migaqo-siseko kwimimiselo entsonkothile edala imigaqo-siseko yokusasaza imigaqo kawonke wonke nechaza amalungelo neemfuno zayo.

Isiseko sesiseko sahlukene kakhulu kodwa siquka amalungiselelo akwi:

  • [[Ukwamkelwa:0] ukhuthuzo kunye neembopheleleko zenkonzo kawonke-wonke – njengokunikezela ngeendaba ezingakhethiyo, okuqulethwe yimfundo, kunye nodweliso lwenkqubo yenkcubeko.
  • [[UMGAQO:0] Izakhiwo zoLawulo – ibhunga okanye ibhunga elityunjwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye isebe eliphetheyo, elinezikhuseli zokuthintela ukubanjwa kwezobupolitika.
  • Imodeli ezidityanisiweyo – kuquka iimali zephepha-mvume, iminikelo karhulumente ngqo, kunye neekepisi zengeniso yentengiso.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Ulawulo lobuHlaziyo – ukhuseleko olusemthethweni ekungeneleni kukarhulumente okanye abanye abadlali bezopolitiko.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo yi-United States, apho i-Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPTB) yakhiwa nguMthetho we-PUSTABS ka1967. Lo mthetho wesizwe waseka i-CPB njengequmrhu elizimeleyo, elingangenisingeniso lokusasaza imali kunomathotholo nomabonwakude, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo eziqulethweyo zihlala kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, iUnited Kingdom’s Public BBC Royal Charter BC] shopper Royal Charter ibuye ihlaziswe kwaye ihlaziswe ngenkampathi yemithetho, ichaza iinjongo zikawonke-BBBC, ixhasa ngemali ngeminxeba, nangemodelo-yo yolawulo lwayo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali nokufuduswa kwezibonelelo

Elinye lawona mandla aphumele phambili endlu yowiso-mthetho kukulawula ubuncwane bemali bokusasaza uwonke-wonke. Iinkxalabo zokuxhasa izigqibo zichaphazela ngqo umgangatho, ubunjani, kunye nokuzimela kweenkonzo. Imithetho ingalungela uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le, imisele imigangatho yomrhumo wemali, okanye ivume isiseko semali yeminyaka emininzi. Indlela yokuxhasa ngemali inentsingiselo enzulu kwinkululeko kunye nocwangciso lwexesha elide.

Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuxhasa ngemali ziquka:

  • Iimali-mali ezihlawulwayo – irhafu yasekhaya kamabonwakude okanye unomathotholo, eqheleke kakhulu eYurophu (umz., BBC, ARD/ZDF eJamani, NHK eJapan). Imithetho isoloko imisela umrhumo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ukuqokelelwa kwawo kuzimele kurhulumente.
  • I-Direct inika urhulumente – iinkcazelo zonyaka ezivela kuqingqo-mali lwesizwe, eziqhelekileyo kumazwe anjenge Canada (CBC/Radio- Canada) ne-Australia (ABC). Le modeli inika indlu yowiso-mthetho inika i-panel intyatyambo ebalulekileyo kodwa ikwabeka esichengeni soxinzelelo lwezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imali edityanisiweyo [ – umxube wemali karhulumente kunye nengeniso yezorhwebo, njengentengiso okanye inkxaso-mali. Imithetho isenokufaka ingeniso yezorhwebo ukukhusela amaxabiso enkonzo kawonke-wonke.

Imithetho ikwanamandla okwandisa okanye ukuhlisa inkxaso-mali, enokuba likrele elinamacala amabini. Ngeli xesha inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ivumela abachazi-magama ukuba bavelise umgangatho ophezulu, ukusikwa kwemali kungakhokelela ekucuthweni kwenkqubo, ekuphosweni kwezithuba, nasekuncitshisweni kwenkonzo kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iingcaso zowiso-mthetho ezininzi ziye zaphikisana ngokuxhaswa kwemali yemvume ngexesha lokuqukuqela, ukukhuthaza ukuhlolwa kweemo zemali zemiboniso kawonke-wonke ezifana neBBCC neFrance Téléwies.

Ukulawula koMthetho nokuphendula

Ngaphandle kokuseka nokuxhasa usasazo lukawonke-wonke, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinendima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasasazi-majelo kawonke-wonke bayayifeza imiyalelo yabo baze bahlale benoxanduva kubantu abakhonzayo. Oku kuvelela kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe intembelo kunye nokuthembeka, kodwa kufuneka kwenziwe ngendlela engalalanisi ukuzimela komhleli.

Ukulungelelana kokuzimela geqe

Amagosa asemthethweni ajongene noxinezeleko olusisiseko: kufuneka abasasazi-masasethi boluntu baphendule ngemali yabo yokuphatha nokunamathela kwinkonzo yabo kawonke-wonke, ngoxa ekwawakhusela ekungeneleleni kwezobupolitika.

  • [[UMTL:0] Amaqumrhu azimeleyo omgaqo - siseko – anjenge-Ofcom in the UK okanye i-Australian Communications kunye ne-Media Gunyaziso, aphatha imilinganiselo yomxholo kwaye ahlole izikhalazo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ikomiti yokwalathisa – iikomiti zepalamente zingaqhuba ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, zihlole iingxelo zonyaka, zize zimeme abalawuli ukuba baphendule imibuzo, kodwa azikwazi ukumisela izigqibo zolwaneliseko.
  • Izivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano – izivumelwano ezineminyaka emininzi ezicwangcisa amaxhoba kunye nemali eqingqiweyo, zithintela ukugxabhagxampuza kwezobupolitika ngonyaka.

Ngokomzekelo, abasasazi-magama baseJamani be-ARD kunye ne-ZDF abasebenza phantsi kwezivumelwano zikarhulumente ezifuna imvumelo yazo zonke iipalamente zaseJamani, inkqubo equka ukuqinisekiswa kwenkululeko. EJapan, i-NHK ikhokelwa yiBhodi yeeRhuluneli emiselwe yiNkulumbuso nemvume yepalamente, kwaye uqingqo-mali lwayo kufuneka luvunywe yiDiet. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba iintlawulo zendlu zowiso-mthetho zinendima ngaphandle kokulawula ngqo kolawulo lomhleli.

IiKomiti zePalamente kunye nokuchotshelwa kweeNkcukacha

Iikomiti zowiso-mthetho ezinikezelwe kwiingxoxo, inkcubeko, okanye amajelo eendaba zisoloko zisebenza njengeequmrhu eziphambili zokusasaza uwonke-wonke. Zihlola iingxelo zonyaka, zivavanya ukusebenza ngokuchasene neenjongo zomthetho, kwaye zivavanya iinkokeli eziphakamisa imibuzo kwizigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo. Ezi ndlebe zinokuba sixhobo esinamandla sokuphendula, kodwa zikwaneengozi ukuba zisetyenziselwa ukunyanzela abasasazi kwiinkqubo ezithile.

Ukujonga okuphumelelayo kujoliswe kuko:

  • Imali eninzi - – ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali kawonke-wonke isetyenziswa kakuhle kwaye ayilahlwanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwanela ne-remit – ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ihlangabezana nentlobo-ntlobo, ukungakhethi, kunye neemfuno zemfundo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izikhuseli zokuzimela - ukujonga naziphi na iimpawu zengcinezelo yezobupolitika okanye yezorhwebo kwizigqibo zomhleli.
  • ukubotshwa kwe-Public - uhlola indlela abasasazi abacela ngayo baze baphendule abaphulaphuli.

Indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho kukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zicace gca kwaye ziyasebenza, kungekhona kukhetho lomhleli olokugqibela.

Ukuphendula Kuluntu

Ityala elipheleleyo lixhomekeke kuluntu, kwaye izikhululo zowiso-mthetho kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba abemi baneendlela zokuthetha malunga nokusasaza uwonke-wonke. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela iinkqubo zokukhalaza ezizimeleyo, izikhalazo, okanye iinkundla zokusingatha izikhalazo zombukeli kunye neziphulaphuli.

Ukubonakala ngaphaya kweliso lingundoqo. Abasasazi-magama boluntu kufuneka bapapashe izikhokelo zabo zomhleli, imithombo yabo yenkxaso-mali, kunye nezakhiwo zokulawula. Imithetho ingafuna uhlolo oluthe rhoqo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuhlolisiswa okuzimeleyo kweziphumo kunye nempembelelo. Ngokwenjenjalo, baqinisa umanyano lokuthembana phakathi komsasazi noluntu.

Imbono yomhlaba wonke ngeendima ezingomthetho

Indlela izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezisebenzisa ngayo igunya lazo kusasazo lukawonke-wonke yahluka-hlukene ngokuphawulekayo ehlabathini lonke, zibonisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika, imimandla yezosasazo, kunye nemigangatho yenkcubeko. Ngoxa eminye imifuziselo ibeka phambili inxaxheba enamandla kwimithetho, eminye ixhomekeke kwinkululeko yezixhobo ezide.

IGosa laseUnited Kingdom: Umkhosi wasebukhosini nowokujongwa kwePalamente

I-BBC, enye yezona zisandisi-sandi ezindala nezihlonelwa kakhulu ehlabathini, isebenza phantsi kwe-Royal Charter ehlaziywa rhoqo kwiminyaka elishumi. I-Tracker sisixhobo sikarhulumente we-UK kodwa iqwalaselwe yiPalamente. Imali ye-BBC edlula kumrhumo welayisensi imiselwe ngurhulumente, phantsi kophatho-mpu. Ulawulo nongamelo luka-BBC lwatshintshwa ngo-2017 ngokudalwa kweBBBC Board kunye nendima yolawulo ye-Oftom. Ikomiti yepalamente, ingakumbi i-Dicial, i-Calcus, i-Media, iKomiti ye-D, rhoqo ithandabuza abalawuli be-BCCC kunye nooperations kwimist Comtteetscations kwimists.

IJamani: IiNPO zeLizwe neNkxaso yoMbutho woMbutho

Inkqubo yokusasaza uwonke-wonke yaseJamani ithotyelwe kakuhle, inemijelo yengingqi (i-ARD) kunye nomjelo wesizwe (i-ZDF) olawulwa yizivumelwano phakathi kwamaphondo ali-16. Ipalamente nganye yesizwe kufuneka ivume ukuba ivume, inika izikhululo indima engqalileyo ekumiseleni isakhiwo esisemthethweni. Inkcazo isekelwe kumrhumo welayisensi yendlu (i-ddfunkbeickrag) enconywa yikhomishini ezimeleyo ize iqhutywe ziipalamente. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuvumelana okubanzi nokukhusela abachazi-adis kwimpembelelo enye.

IKhanada: Izicelo zePalamente kunye noHlahlo loLuntu

ICanadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC/Radio-Canada) ngumbutho weSigqeba wesizwe oxhaswa ngemali ephambili ngezicelo zonyaka-nyaka zepalamente. Ukugunyaziswa kwawo kuchazwe kuMthetho weBroadcasting, kwaye kuya kuphendula kwiPalamente ngoMphathiswa weLifa leMveli le-Canada. I-CBC ijongene nohlolo olugunyazisiweyo yaye kufuneka iphendule kwiikomiti zepalamente. Ukuxhasa inkxaso kuye kwaba lucelomngeni oluqhubekayo, ngengxoxo ngomgangatho nozinzo lweziphakamiso.

EJapan: Ukunikwa Imvume Yokutya Nebhodi yeeRhuluneli

NHK, umsasazi kawonke-wonke waseJapan, usebenza phantsi koMthetho weBroadcast Act. IBhodi Yawo Yoorhulumente ityunjwe yiNkulumbuso ngokuvumelana neSidlo seSizwe, kwaye uqingqo-mali lwaso kufuneka luvunywe yiDiet. Oku kwenza indlu yowiso-mthetho ibe nendima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni imali. Noko ke, kuye kwavela inkxalabo ngempembelelo yezobupolitika, yaye kuye kwacetyiswa iinguqu zokomeleza inkululeko yeNHK yokusebenza.

Amazwe Asakhasayo: Ukwakha Umculo Wokubhaka - Bharkisho Kawonke - wonke

Kwizibonelelo ezininzi ezitsha, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinocelomngeni lokuseka usasazo lukawonke-wonke apho ulawulo lukarhulumente lukhoyo ngaphambili. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge UNESCO inikela ukhokelo kwimisebenzi engcono yemithetho, kuquka inkxaso-zizimeleyo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, eMzantsi Afrika, iBroadcasting Act yadala i-SABC njengomsasazi-manyusi kawonke wonke, ngelixa i Independents Preciographys Authority of South Africa (ICASA) ilawula icandelo. Iipalamente kumazwe afana neKenya, iGhana, neBrazil zidlulisa imithetho yokuguqula amajelo kwimisebenzi yoluntu yenyani.

Iingxaki Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Usasazo lukawonke-wonke lujamelene neengxaki ezininzi kule nkulungwane yama-21: ukuphazamiseka kwemivo, ukuncipha kwabaphulaphuli, ukhuphiswano olusuka kwiqonga elinamacala aphakamileyo, kunye nokuphembelela kwezobupolitika. Imithetho imele ilungelelanise iindima zayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba abasasazi basekuhlaleni bahlala befanelekile kwaye bexhaswa.

Utshintsho lwamanani kunye noMandasput

Imithetho ifuna ukuba abasasazi-majelo-mali badlulisele ulwaneliseko kwii-digital, kuquka iinkonzo eziqukuqelayo, ii-podcasts, kunye namajelo eendaba. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ukuxhaswa kwemali, ukhuphiswano namajelo eendaba azimeleyo, kunye nenkcazo yenkonzo kawonke-wonke kwimeko-bume esasazekileyo eyahlukeneyo. Ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho ziye zahlaziya imiyalelo kawonke wonke yokuquka ngokucacileyo izinto eziqukiweyo, njengoko iDayer-Dayer ne-DARDeythek yeJamani.

Ukubonelela ngenkxaso

Imodeli yomrhumo welayisensi iphantsi koxinzelelo njengoko abaphulaphuli abaselula beshiya umabonwakude okwimida. IiLegislature zikhangela ezinye iindlela ezifana nezabelo zoqingqo-mali oluthe ngqo, iimodeli ezidityanisiweyo ezinentengiso ezisikelwe umda, okanye ibhanki ebanzi yendlu. Ngo-2022, urhulumente we-UK wavakalisa ukunqakrazwa kweminyaka emibini kumrhumo wephepha-mvume leBBC kunye nohlolo lwexesha elizayo lweminye imodeli yemali. Ngokufanayo, iFransi iye yaphikisana ngokudibanisa ababhengezi bentengiso bakawonke-wonke kunye nokuguqukela kwimodeli yoqingqo-mali.

Inkululeko Yezobupolitika Kwixesha Lokungaqondakali

Kumazwe amaninzi, abasasazi-manyusi bakawonke-wonke bajongene nezityholo zocalulo ezisuka kuzo zombini iinjongo zezobupolitika. Amagunya kufuneka axhathise isilingo sokusebenzisa ulawulo njengesixhobo soxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. Ukuqinisa imibutho ezimeleyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo eyahlukeneyo yeebhodi zegunya inokuba luncedo ekulondolozeni ukuzimela komhleli. Amanye amagunya aye azisa ukumiselwa okuzinziswa kwexesha kunye neemfuno zezopolitiko kwiibhodi zokunciphisa ukungenelela kwe-Riphabliki.

Ubandakanyeko Lwasesidlangalaleni Nokuthembana

Ukugcina intembelo kawonke-wonke kubalulekile. Iincwadi zemithetho zingafuna abasasazi boluntu ukuba baphumeze imigangatho yomhleli eyomeleleyo, ulungiso olucacileyo, kunye neenyathelo zokubophelela abaphulaphuli. Umzekelo, iziKhokelo zoMhleli weBBC zikhona ekuhleni kwaye zinyanzeliswa liQumrhu elizimeleyo loMhleli eliCunderlial Clickts. I-Legislatures zingagunyazisa iinkqubo ezifanayo zokuphendula kwamanye amazwe.

Isiphelo

Amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okuseka nokugcina iinkonzo zokusasaza uwonke wonke aluncedo ekukhuthazeni ulwazi, ukuthembisa, kunye nokuhambelana kwezithethe. NgomGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho-siseko, ngemali, kunye nolawulo olulungeleleneyo, izikhululo zendlu yowiso-mthetho zingadala iindawo apho abachazi-magama boluntu besebenza ngokuzimeleyo, ngokuthembeka, namaziko asabelayo. Imingeni yobudala beminyaka yokusasaza kunye neengcinezelo zezobupolitika ifuna ukuhlala iphakamile nokuzinzisa. Ngokufunda kwimiqathango yomthetho yeminyaka emininzi e-UK, isivumelwano solawulo lwaseJamani, kunye nolawulo lwepalamente eK neJapan ne-Quapillatureslatures. Imingeni yokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhambisa kukawonke wonke uluntu ifuna ukufezeka inzala yoluntu

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