Isakhiwo sikarhulumente senza ubunzulu bokoqobo balo naliphi na ibutho ledemokhrasi, siqinisekisa ukuba amandla asasazwayo, imithetho ivezwe kwaye inyanzeliswe, kwaye kusetyenziswa ubulungisa. Ngoxa abafundi kunye nabafundisi abaninzi beqhelene nengcamango yamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo(legisigasi, isalathisi, kunye nenkundla yezomthetho----------------ethematiloniki ekhoyo, ubunzulu bokwenene busekuqondeni indlela la masebe asebenza ngayo, ubuchule obubodwa asebenzisayo, kunye nemizekelo yembali kunye neyangoku ebonakalisa imisebenzi yawo. Eli nqaku libonisa ngondoqo kwimisebenzi emithathu esebenzayo, linikela ukujonga okunzulu kwimisebenzi yangaphakathi, inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelena okudibanisa izinto kunye nokuhambelana kwazo kunye, kwaye kutheni le yindlela yokwahlula amandla ehlala ibalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo abemi kunye norhulumente.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho Yohlanga

Isebe lemithetho linikwe imbopheleleko eyintloko yokudala, ukurhweba, nokubuyisela imigaqo. Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi, eli sebe limela indalo, ithetha ukuba amalungu alo anyulwa ngabantu ukuba athethe izilangazelelo zabo kunye nenkxalabo zabo. Isakhiwo sendlu yowiso-mthetho singahluka kakhulu: amanye amazwe asebenzisa inkqubo ye-bimear (amagumbi amabini), ngoxa amanye exhomekeke kwinkqubo ye-un - cameral (igumbi elinye). Umthetho wase-United States, umzekelo, ngu-biamaral, oqululwe yiBhalume kunye neNdluneli, imodeli eyayilelwe ngenjongo yokulungelelanisa impembelelo yamazwe amakhulu namancinane.

Inkqubo ye-Unicameral

Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bidaral, amagumbi amabini anendima namandla ahlukileyo. Indlu ephezulu (njengeBhunga) isoloko imela amazwe okanye imimandla ngokulinganayo, ngeli xesha indlu esezantsi (njengeNdlu yabameli) imela umlinganiselo wabemi. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba imfuno yomhlaba kunye neyoluntu ziqwalaselwa ngexesha lokwenziwa komthetho. Amazwe afana noManyano oMkhosi, waseJamani, neCanada asebenzisa iinkqubo ze-kadamarali, nangona amandla nokwakhiwa kwegumbi ngalinye kungahluka. UK House of Lords iqwalaselwe kakhulu kwaye isebenza njengegumbi elitsha, ngoxa iNdlunds inyulwa kwaye iphethe igunya eliphambili lemithetho.

Kwelinye icala, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho ezingekho mthethweni zifumaneka kumazwe anjenge Denmark, iNew Zealand, kunye namazwe amaninzi amancinane. Ezi nkqubo zisoloko ziphumelela ngakumbi ekudluliseni umthetho kodwa zisenokungaphindi ziqwalaselwe ngokugqithisileyo okunikwa ligumbi lesibini. Ukhetho phakathi kwe-baobaral kunye ne-un-madaral lubonisa imeko yembali yelizwe ngalinye kunye nezinto eziphambili ezilawulwayo.

Imisebenzi Ngasemva Kokwenza Imithetho

Ngoxa ukurhuqa nokuvota amatyala kuwona msebenzi ubonakalayo, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zenza eminye imisebenzi emininzi enzima:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukugqithisela kwegunya eliphetheyo: Imithetho inegunya lokuphanda izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, ukuva, nokufuna amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo limele liphendule ngeenkqubo nezigqibo zalo.
  • Imvume epheleleyo: kwinkoliso yedemokhrasi, uqingqo-mali olucetyisiweyo lwegunya eliphetheyo kufuneka luvunywe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. La “mandla esipakethi” anika abalawuli bemithetho impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimali karhulumente kunye nezinto eziza kuqala.
  • Imvume nemvume: Amaqumrhu amaninzi owiso-mthetho aqinisekisa amadinga akwimigangatho ephezulu, njengamalungu ekhabhinethi kunye neejaji zesizwe, ngenkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Oku kunika uvavanyo kumandla okumisa omphathi.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Iinkonzo ezi-'[[FLT'] Abameli bamela izilangazelelo zabo ngokuthetha izikhalazo, ukuxhasa imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni, nokunxibelelana norhulumente.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho Ibhalwe Ngokweenkcukacha

Ukwenza umthetho kunqabile ukuba kube yinkqubo elula. KwiKhomishini yaseUnited States, umthetho kufuneka udlule kumanqanaba amaninzi: isiqalo, uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nevoti kumagumbi omabini. Ukuba amagumbi amabini agqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela ilungelelanisa umahluko. Ngoko ityala liya kumongameli, ongayisayina kumthetho okanye kwi-veto. Ukuba iBhunga linokudlula kumgangatho ophezulu, ingxube inokuthi ide ide ibe noninzi oluzintlu - 3 kwigumbi ngalinye. Le nkqubo yengqungquthela yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uhlolwe kakuhle kwaye akukho qumrhu linokunyanzela imithetho ngokungenamdla. Imigaqo efanayo ikho kwezinye iidemocracracti, nangona izinyulo eziqhelekileyo nabadlali bemidlalo. Ukukhangela indlela eyaziwa ngayo ngokomthetho wemali eUnited States, ibhekisa kumphathi-AFF.[1]

Isebe Elinolawulo oluPhezulu: Ukuthobela Imithetho Nomgaqo-nkqubo Olawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo likhokelwa ngumongameli okanye yiNkulumbuso, exhaswa yikhabhinethi kunye nenethwekhi enkulu yamasebe karhulumente kunye namasebe alawulayo. Ngoxa isebe lemithetho lidala isiseko somthetho, isebe elilawulayo libeka eso siseko ekusenzeni ngolawulo lwemihla ngemihla, ulawulo, imiqathango, neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke.

Indima yeNtloko kaRhulumente. Intloko kaRhulumente

Ukuqonda isebe elilawulayo kufuna ukwahlula phakathi kwentloko-ntloko karhulumente nentloko karhulumente. Kwinkqubo zomongameli njenge-United States, umongameli usebenza njengentloko yombutho (inkokeli efuziselayo) kunye nentloko karhulumente (isikhulu esiyintloko). Kwimithetho yepalamente, ezi ndima zahlulwa: umlawuli okanye umongameli wesithethe usebenza njengentloko karhulumente, ngoxa umphathiswa wecawa esebenza njengentloko karhulumente. Umzekelo, kuManyano uKumkani uCharles III uyintloko karhulumente, kodwa umphathiswa oyintloko wezolawulo uqhuba izigqibo zemithetho. Oku kwahluka kolawulo lungachaphazela indlela amandla aphezulu asetyenziswa ngayo kwaye amele aphendule ngayo isigqeqeshi kwindlu yorhulumente.

IKhabhinethi neZicwangciso zoLawulo oluPhezulu

Ikhabhathi inamagosa amakhulu, adla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngoonobhala okanye abalungiseleli, abakhokela amasebe amakhulu anjengezokukhusela indalo, imfundo, impilo, kunye nemicimbi yamazwe angaphandle. Aba bantu bacebisa intloko karhulumente baze bancedise ekulungelelaniseni inkqubo eqeshiweyo kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphantsi kwekhabhinethi, uludwe oluninzi lwamaqumrhu namaquluneli enza imisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo . /ukusuka ekukhupheni amapasi okuxhasa imekobume yemeko-imeko-yo. E-United States, abameli abafana ne-Evironmental Protection Agement (EPA) kunye neSebe leNtlalo yokhuseleko lweHomeland phantsi kwesebe eliphetheyo kodwa baphantsi kwemithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga kunye nolawulo olulawulayo.

Amaziko alawulayo asoloko edala imimiselo eneenkcukacha ukuze kuzalisekiswe imiqathango yomthetho ebanzi. Le nkqubo iyaziwa njengeyokwenza imithetho kwaye ibandakanya isaziso sikawonke-wonke kunye namathuba okugqabaza. Ngeli xesha iyimfuneko ekulawuleni ngokunempumelelo, ikwanika impembelelo ebalaseleyo kwimpembelelo esebenzayo yemithetho. Kwindima engakumbi yamasebe karhulumente, SUSA.gov uvimba weequmrhu zesebe lesizwe [ unika ingqwalasela ecacileyo.

Ulawulo lwesebe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe

Esinye isixhobo esinamandla sesebe elilawulayo ngumyalelo olawulayo. Le miyalelo ivumela umongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi ukuba alawule imisebenzi phakathi korhulumente wesizwe ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. Imiyalelo yegunya kufuneka iqhubeke ithobela imithetho ekhoyo kwaye isenokucelwwa enkundleni. Isoloko isetyenziselwa ukumisela utshintsho lwenkqubo ngokukhawuleza, kodwa isenokutshintshwa ngolawulo olulandelayo okanye ukungabikho kwemithetho yeBhunga.

Isebe eliphetheyo likwakhokela inkqubo yamanye amazwe kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Umongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi oyintloko uthetha ngezivumelwano (ngokuzithoba kwimvume yowiso-mthetho), uyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, umisela oothunywashe, kwaye umela uhlanga kwimimandla yezizwe ngezizwe. Kumazwe amaninzi, umphathi onegunya lokuthumela amajoni kwiimeko ezimaxongo, nangona izindululo zemfazwe zifuna ugunyaziso lomthetho.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Ukutolika Imithetho Nokumisela Okusesikweni

Isebe lejaji lisebenza ngokutolika imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye inyanzeliswa ngumphathi ophetheyo. Indima yalo ephambili kukucombulula iingxabano qha phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kunye norhulumente. Ngokutsho komthetho. Isebe lejaji elisesikweni nelizimeleyo libalulekile ekuxhaseni umthetho, ekukhuseleni amalungelo abemi, nasekulondolozeni ukuthembana kumaqumrhu asemthethweni.

Ukwakhiwa kweenkqubo zenkundla

Iinkqubo zezeejaji zilungelelaniswa ngokwesithethe kwinkundla esezantsi. Ngaphezulu kukho inkundla ephakamileyo, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiNkundla Ephakamileyo okanye iNkundla yomGaqo-siseko, ephulaphula izibheno kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo yomthetho. Ngasezantsi ziinkundla zetyala ezifumana iziphumo zetyala (iinkundla zetyala, iinkundla zesibheno) ezihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla eziphantsi. Iinkundla zamatyala zilapho amatyala evalelwa khona ekuqaleni, kunikelwa ubungqina, kunye neejaji (kwezinye iinkqubo) zigqiba iziqinisekiso. Inkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe, umzekelo, ibandakanya iinkundla zesithili-9, iinkundla zetyala ezili-13 zesibheno, kunye neNkundla ePhakakhulu. Inkundla nganye inenkqubo yayo esingatha imicimbi yezolwaphulo-mthetho nezomthetho.

Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zikho kwimimandla ethile yomthetho, njengeenkundla zerhafu, iinkundla zentsapho, okanye iinkundla zesebe.

Ukuhlolisiswa Kwezogwebo Namandla Okutshabalalisa Imithetho

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yesebe eligwebayo kukuhlola okugwebayo: amandla okuhlola imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ukufumanisa ukuba ayayaphula kusini na umgaqo-siseko. Ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba umthetho uyangqubana nomgaqo-siseko, ingavakalisa ukuba umthetho uphelile kwaye uphuthile. Eli gunya lamiselwa ngokudumileyo eUnited States ngetyala burybry v. Madison [18.03] kwaye ukususela ngoko liye laba lilungu lesiseko somgaqo-siseko wedemocrali yedefa yomgaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeInko yeIndiya neNkundla yeSigqelelo yeJamani yenza uhlolo lwezomthetho rhoqo ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo angundoqo.

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho nawamagunya alawulayo. Iqinisekisa ukuba kwanemithetho emiselwe ngedemokhrasi ayinakungqubana nesiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, ikwaphakamisa imibuzo ngendima efanelekileyo yabagwebi .

Indima Yebala Nenkululeko

Iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho zixhomekeke kumgaqo we umgangatho ophezulu , okuthetha ukuba iinkundla zimele zilandele imizekelo emiselwe zizigqibo zangaphambili. Olu ngqameko lunika ukuxelwa kwangaphambili nozinzo kumthetho, luvumela abantu kunye namashishini ukuba bacwangcise imicimbi yabo ngokuqiniseka okusengqiqweni. Noko ke, iinkundla eziphezulu zingabhukuqa imizekelo yazo xa zibonwa ziyimfuneko, njenge U.S. iNkundla ephakamileyo yenze kwiimeko zophawu olunjengo Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954]) kunye [FLT: 4).[FLT: 4,7]

Uzimele-mthethweni kubalulekile ekwenzeni izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Abagwebi kufuneka bakhululeke kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko, ukunyoba, okanye izisongelo. Amazwe amaninzi aqinisekisa oku kugqitha ebomini okanye kwiimeko ezizinzileyo, nangokukhusela imivuzo yokugweba ekuncitshisweni. Izigqibo zisoloko ziphantsi kokuqinisekiswa lisebe lewiso-mthetho ukuqinisekisa abafanelekileyo nabalungeleleneyo. Ukuhlolisisa isakhiwo sejaji yejaji yezwe, tyelela i- i-U.S.

Iindlela zokukhangela nolungelelwano: Inkqubo edibanisayo

Akukho ngxoxo ngemisebenzi yemithetho, yegunya, neyezomthetho, neyokugweba iphelele ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa indlela abasebenzisana ngayo kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lo mgaqo wenzelwe ukukhusela naliphi na isebe ekufumaneni amandla agqithisileyo, ngaloo ndlela kukhuselwa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Iintelekiso ezingqalileyo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lihlola isebe eliphetheyo ngobuchule obuninzi: liqinisekisa okanye ligatye amadinga nezivumelwano, lingaziphelisa ii-vetoes, lilawule uqingqo-mali, kwaye lingayisusa kwaye lisuse umongameli okanye amanye amagosa. Lihlola isigwebo ngokumisela inani labagwebi, ngokuqinisekisa, nangokumisela izindululo zomGaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa iinkcazelo zezomthetho.

Isebe eliphetheyo lihlola indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuhlawula amatyala (aphantsi kokungalawuleki) nangokubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zeBhunga. Ihlola ijaji ngamandla ayo kubagwebi abagwebi abagwebi kwaye ixolela amatyala karhulumente.

Isebe eligwebayo lihlola omabini amanye amasebe ngokuvakalisa imithetho engekho semthethweni (uhlolo lomthetho) nangokuchaza izenzo zolawulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayawuthobela umthetho nomgaqo-siseko. Kwakhona aBagwebi banamandla okukhupha imiqathango enokumisa izenzo zikarhulumente eziphakathi.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeengqikelelo ezisebenzayo

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa ukubaluleka kolu vavanyo. Ngo-1979, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yayalela uMongameli uNixon ukuba ajike iikhasethi kwi- United States v. Ityala leNixon, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye, kwanomongameli, ongaphezulu komthetho. Omnye umzekelo ngu 2019 uluvo lwama-presidentiyam ngoMongameli uTrump yiNdlhobelo yabameli, elandelwa yi-Implective kwiNtsinjana `a'endlela ngqo yokuhlola i-Rogractive. Ngokunjalo, iBhunga lisebenzise amandla alonkelo kumda wolawulo lweziko lomkhosi, njengothintelo lwemiqathangonyaka karhulumente okanye imimiselo ethile.

Ukubaluleka Kokulungelelana Kulawulo Lwanamhlanje

Inkqubo yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano ayisosilwano. I-Gridlock ingenzeka xa amasebe awahlukeneyo elawulwa ngamaqela ezobupolitika achaseneyo, ekwazi ukuhlisa inyathelo likarhulumente. Kodwa oku kukhuhlana kusoloko kunyanzelekile: inyanzelisa ukulala, ukucalucalucalula, kunye nokuvumelana okubanzi phambi kokuba kubekwe iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo. Ngamaxesha amanqam, njengongxamiseko lwesizwe, umlinganiselo ungatshintsha okomzuzwana njengoko umphathi ophethe ethatha inyathelo elikhawulezileyo, kodwa umthetho kunye nolawulo lwezomthetho kufuneka zibuyiselwe ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze kuthintelwe ukuxhatshazwa.

Kubafundi, uhlolo nolungelelwano luthetha ukuqaphela ukuba akukho siko likarhulumente elimele lisebenze ngaphandle kokuziphendulela. Lo mgaqo nguwo owahlula ulawulo-siseko kulawulo-siseko lolawulo-bume noorhulumente abalawulwa yidemokhrasi, apho elinye isebe lilawula abanye. Ukubona ukurhoxa okubanzi kokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela, iLibrary yemibutho yokufundisa [] inikela ubuncwane obubalaseleyo.

Isiphelo: Ukubuyiselwa okunyamezelayo kwemisebenzi kaRhulumente

Amasebe owiso-mthetho, olawulo oluphezulu, kunye namasebe agwebayo ngalinye lidlala indima eyahlukileyo kodwa edibeneyo ekulawuleni ibutho labantu. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yenza imithetho, igunya eliphetheyo, kwaye igweba liyayichaza. Ngenkqubo yeetshekhi nezilinganiselo, isebe ngalinye lijonge kwaye libeke umda, lithintele amandla okunikela ingqalelo kwiqumrhu elinye. Kubafundi nakubafundisi, ukuqonda ezi zizathu ezisisiseko asiyonkqubo nje yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukusetyenziswa kwemfundo yamandla olwazi. Ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, indlela esetyenziswa ngayo, nendlela amalungelo akhuselwa ngayo ukuba axhotyiswe ngayo abantu ngokwentsingiselo ekulawuleni kwabo. Njengokuba iinkqubo zezobupolitika zihambela phambili kwaye zijonge iingxaki ezintsha njengeyo, inkqubo yokhuseleko yemozulu, kunye nokhuseleko lwehlabathi lonke ulwazi oluselulawulo olulungele ulawulo lwenkululeko phakathi korhulumente kunye nolawulo olunempumelelo.