Isiseko Sikarhulumente WaseUnited States

Urhulumente waseUnited States usebenza phantsi kwesakhiwo esilungiselelwe ngenyameko esihlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye nekomiti egwebayo. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa njengokwahlula amagunya, wafakwa kumGaqo-siseko ukuze uthintele nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekuqokeleleni igunya elingathintelwanga. IFramers, idwelisa imisebenzi yemisebenzi yaseMontesquieu kunye namava ayo enyanzelelwa phantsi, yenza inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye liza kuba neembopheleleko ezahlukileyo kodwa kuza kufuneka lisebenzisane nolawulo olunempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwesakhiwo esingumfuziselo, eli candelo liqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente asebenze kakuhle ngokuqhubanawo ulawulo oluphezulu. Isebe le-Gigrogianment liyenza imithetho, amasebe aphethe amasebe alawulayo, kunye namasebe achaza loo msebenzi. Xa lala amasebe enziwe kunye, akhuthaza urhulumente alungelene iimfuno ezahlukeneyo.

Inkcubeko yenkqubo yaseMerika ilele kungekuphela nje kukwahlukana kodwa nakuxhomekeka kumasebe. Ngothotho lweetsheki nolungelelwano, isebe ngalinye liyakwazi ukulinganisela amandla amanye. Oku kuboniswa kwenzelwe ukucotha izigqibo ezikhawulezayo, ukukhuthaza uphando, kunye nokunyanzela ukulala. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente uhlala esabela kubantu ngoxa ekhusela ubuzwilakhe. Ukuqonda indlela la masebe amathathu asebenza kunye kuyimfuneko ngayo ekufundiseni ezinye izinto, nokuxabisa amandla ahlala ekho eMelika.

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Lokwenza Imithetho Yohlanga

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elimiselwe phantsi kweGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, linguqumrhu eliyintloko lokwenza umthetho karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Laziwa njengeqela njengeBhunga, lilulungiselelo lwe-bimeral elahlulwe liyiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeBameli. Igumbi ngalinye linamagunya neembopheleleko ezibonakalisa umnqweno woMseki wokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe nabemi ngokubanzi.

IBhunga

ICathenal yenziwe ngabameli abali-100, ababini abasuka kwilizwe ngalinye, abasebenza ngemiqathango eshukumayo yeminyaka emithandathu. Le ndlela yayijolise ekunikezeni uzinzo kunye noluvo olude kulawulo. Indlu yeNtlanga yabaphathi inegunya elipheleleyo lokuqinisekisa ukubekwa komongameli . "Iziko lobungangamsha" njengekhabhinethi, iijaji zesizwe, nee-odolal, kunye ne-radissings , kunye ne-arhentern (izivumelwano zokufaka izivumelwano kunye nezininzi ezi-3-. Okungakumbi, iBhunga leNtsimbi yezo zilandela iimvavanyo emva kokuba indlu ibangele izityholo. I-Senators zimele lonke elo gunya labo kwaye zisoloko zithatha indima yokususa iikhampathi ze-mkhampathi, ibhekisa kwimibango yemibango yemithetho entsontiestacity, kunye nemicimbi yamazwe asemzini.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-455, ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi. Abameli basebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emibini, bewenza aphendule ngqo kubanyuli ngonyulo oluthe rhoqo. Indlu inamandla okusungula iindleko zemali (irhafu kunye nenkcitho) kunye namagosa angomnye. Ngenxa yokuba amalungu ayo abonakalisa ukutshintsha kwabemi, iNdlu isoloko isabela ngakumbi kuluvo lwasekuhlaleni. Ikomiti yayo (8] ezinjengeendlela kunye naManzi, iJadiciary, kunye neAppropriary , `artries's's zomsebenzi onteenkcukacha wokwenza umthetho zenza.

Indlela Isebe Elisemthethweni Elilukhonza Ngayo Uluntu

IBhunga linceda uluntu ngokubanzi ngokuguqulela iimfuno zommi nezinqwenelo zakhe kwimithetho. Le nkqubo iqala ngokuphakamisa izinto ezixhalabisayo, amaqela olawulo abhenela utshintsho, okanye abamisi-mthetho abachaza iingxaki zoluntu. IiBhili ziziswa, zibhekiselwa kwiikomiti, zidityaniswa, zidityanisiwe, kwaye zivotelwe. Ngalo lonke olu hambo, ukuva namaxesha okuphendula kukawonke wonke abantu kuvumela abemi kunye neengcali ukuba zivakalise iimbono zabo. Isebe lezemithetho yemithetho yesebe likwangamela isebe eliphethe isebe eliphetheyo ngokuphanda, ukuva, nokuxhasa kwemali yemali yemali yesebe. Ngokuqhuba ulawulo, iBhunga lolawulo lorhulumente liqinisekisa ukuba abameli bemiqatha bemiqatha, bemiqatha yolawulo lwerhafuthelo-R3.

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, isebe lowiso-mthetho lichaphazela yonke into, ukususela kwezonyango, imfundo ukuya kwizithuthi kunye nokukhuselwa kwemekobume. Umzekelo, uMthetho weCandelo loMsebenzi ococekileyo, kunye noMthetho we-Affordal Air, kunye no-Awenus oneziphene zemfundo zonke zasungulwa kwiBhunga. Ngokumela ii-asethi ezihlukeneyo nokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo eziphikisanayo, isebe lezemithetho lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubonakaliseni ukuthanda kwabantu.

Isebe Elinolawulo oluPhezulu: Ukuthobela nokuthobela iMithetho

Isebe elilawulayo, elichazwe liGatya II lomGaqo-siseko, lijongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhonkxa kunye nokuqhuba imisebenzi yemini-mini karhulumente worhulumente. Kwintloko yalo kukho uMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yombutho kunye nentloko karhulumente. Isebe eliphetheyo likwaquka uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye nentabalala enkulu yamasebe ephethe imisebenzi ethile.

UMongameli NeKhabinethi

UMongameli yinkokeli yemikhosi yemikhosi exhobileyo, iqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, umisela amagosa orhulumente, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho “ifeziwe ngokuthembeka.” UMongameli ukwanamandla okukhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo . /Iingalathisi ezilawula imisebenzi karhulumente wezwe lonke/iinkqubo zokuxolela. IKhabhinethi, eyilwe ziintloko zamasebe aphetheyo ali-15 (ezinjengoMkhosi, uRhulumente, uTshazi, kunye neeNkonzo zezempilo nezoluntu), icebisa uMongameli kwaye ijonge abameli bawo. La maziko amisela imigaqo yemicimbi esusela kukhuseleko lwesizwe kwimpilo kawonke wonke.

Umanyano lwezongxamiseko kunye nolawulo lolawulo

Ngaphandle kweKhabhinethi, uthungelwano olukhulu lwabameli abazimeleyo, iikhomishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente enza imisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Umzekelo, i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) inyanzela ukuba imigaqo yokusingqongileyo, iFederal Reserve ilawula inkqubo yemali, kwaye iNtlalo-ntle yoLuntu inika abasebenzi abaphumileyo kunye neziphene. La maqumrhu anegunya lokwenza imithetho elawulayo, intsingiselo yokuyila, imele ihlolwe yiBhunga kunye neenkundla. I-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ibalulekile ekuguquleni izindululo zemithetho ezibanzi kwisenzo esiqinisekileyo.

Indlela Isebe Elinegunya Elilawulayo Elilukhonza Ngayo Uluntu

Isebe elilawulayo linceda uluntu ngokubanzi ngokunikela iinkonzo, ukulondoloza ucwangco, nokulungisa iimeko. Lilawula imida yelizwe, liqhuba umsebenzi weposi, linika uncedo lwentlekele, linika uphando ngezenzululwazi. Ubuchule boMongameli bokuthatha amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lengozi. Ngokufana neentlekele zemvelo okanye ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, kuchaphazela indima ebalulekileyo yesebe ekukhuseleni uluntu. Ngaphezu koko, abameli abaqokelela ulwazi, baqhube uphando, kwaye bapapashe ulwazi olunceda abemi ukuba benze izigqibo ezingoko, ukusuka kwimigaqo yezoko ukuze baxele imozulu.

Ngokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu, ukukhuselwa kwabathengi, nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini, isebe eliphetheyo lichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bomntu ngamnye waseMerika. ISebe leMithetho yeJaji ligweba amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iSebe lemfundo lijonge uqeqesho lwabafundi besizwe, kunye neSebe lezeNtetho liqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwezentlalo-ntle. Ngokuphumeza ngokuthembeka imithetho, isebe eliphetheyo lixhasa umthetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba izithembiso ezenziwa yiBhunga ziba yinto engqinelanayo.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Ukutolika Umthetho Nokumisela Okusesikweni

Isebe lejaji, elimiselwe phantsi kweGatya III lomGaqo-siseko, linembopheleleko yokutolika imithetho nokusebenzisa ubulungisa. Ijaji yequmrhu lenkundla ePhakamileyo, iinkundla zezibheno, iinkundla zesithili, kunye neenkundla eziliqela ezikhethekileyo. Abagwebi batyunjwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kwaye bakhonza ukumiselwa kobomi babo bonke ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela ngokwamka kuphembelelo lwezobupolitika. Olu nkululeko lubalulekile kwimiqathango engakhethi buso.

INkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla Ephakamileyo yeyona iphakamileyo kweli lizwe kwaye inegunya lokugqibela kwimibuzo yokutolika komgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho worhulumente. Iva izibheno kwiinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye ikhetha inani elisikelweyo lamatyala, eliquka imigaqo engundoqo yemigaqo-siseko, iingxabano phakathi kweziphaluka, okanye imibuzo ebalulekileyo karhulumente. Izigqibo zelizwe ezinje [[FLT: 0] Brown v. [FLT:] 7.5] [FLT] [5] [5] [iiiiindawo ekhethekileyo] (i-[FLT]] i-Roev], [iiindawo egosahlulwayo].[[FLT]] [iiiiiiiityala elivunyiweyo]] [M]], kunye [4] ne-[FLT] ivumela ityala lomthetho-Genethiwesalms.[3]

IiNkundla zoMasipala ezisezantsi

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo iquka iinkundla zesithili ezingama- 94 (iinkundla zetyala) kunye neenkundla ezili-13 zezibheno (iintendelezo zetyala lecuryubhu). Iinkundla zesithili ziva amatyala oluntu nawolwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, ngoxa iinkundla zezibheno zihlola izigqibo zenkundla zesithili. Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo, njengeNkundla yeMali leMveli leNtshona Koloni neNkundla yeNkundla yeNkxaso, zisingatha imibandela ethile. Ezi ntloko ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zicombulule imbambano ngokungaguquguqukiyo, zinika imvume kubantu ngabanye, iinkampani, oorhulumente ukuba bafune izivumelwano zokulungisa.

Indlela Isebe Eligwebayo Elilusebenzisa Ngayo Uluntu

Isebe lezomthetho linceda uluntu ngokubanzi ngokuphakamisa umthetho, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, nokucombulula iingxabano ngoxolo. Iinkundla zitolika imimiselo, zihlola izenzo zoorhulumente, zize zigqibe ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo-siseko yokuziphatha kukarhulumente. Ngokwenjenjalo, zinikela ingqwalasela kwamanye amasebe zize zithintele ukuphangwa. Ingingqi zingayicel ’ umngeni imithetho okanye izenzo eziphazamisa inkululeko yazo, kwaye iinkundla zisebenza njengomxhasi wezobundilele. Isebe lezomthetho likwalawula inkqubo yokuvavanya ityala lorhulumente, lisingatha amatyala okuwa kwetyala, lize lijonge imicimbi yendalo.

Ngokwesiko, isebe eligwebayo lichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngezigqibo ezingokwaselugweni, kwinkululeko yabemi, kumalungelo empahla, nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho. Ngokomzekelo, izigwebo zenkundla ekuphandeni nasekukhuseleni ngokuphanga, ziphembelela indlela ukugcinwa komthetho okusebenza ngayo, ngoxa izigqibo kwimimiselo yemekobume zibumba inkqubo yoshishino. Ngokugcina inkqubo esesikweni nefikelelekayo, ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke.

Inkqubo yeepekta nolungelelwano olusebenzayo

Amasebe amathathu akawabodwa; ayilelwe ukuba anxibelelane ngenkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisela. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokulinganisela amandla amanye, ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano nokuthintela ulawulo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinamandla kakhulu kwaye urhulumente uhlala ephendula kubantu.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • I-Veto ingananzi: Congress zingayigqitha iveto engumongameli kunye nesibini sesithathu soninzi kumagumbi omabini.
  • Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente, kwaye iNdlu yeQembu iqhuba ukutyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Advice kunye neNkqutyana: IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyalwala ukumiselwa komongameli kwisebe lejaji nelolawulo oluphezulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla entengiso: Congress ilawula inkcitho karhulumente kwaye inokuthintela ukuxhasa imali kumanyathelo okulawula.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuphanda kunye nophando: iikomiti zeBhunga-ngqungquthela zingawahlola amaxwebhu kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuhlola izenzo zolawulo.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

  • [[UMTL: 0] Igunya le-Veto: UMongameli angawudlulisa umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga, enyanzelisa ukuba inyanzeliswe ngamandla.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalelo esebenzayo neKhokelo: UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo ebumba indlela imithetho ephunyezwe ngayo, maxa wambi ejika umthetho ngentshukumo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhupha iZiqendu eziSiko: UMongameli angahlanganisa iKhomishini ukuze acombulule imicimbi engxamisekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izabelo: uMongameli anganika ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseluntwini, ahlole izigwebo ezingqwabalala okanye ezingekho sikweni.

Isalathisi somthetho sihlolisisa uMthetho nolawulo

  • [[UMTL:0] Impinda yeJudicial:[ Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya eliphetheyo ezingamiselwanga, eziziphelisa ngokunempumelelo.
  • Uqulunqo: 0 Iinkundla ezichaza imimiselo edidayo, echaphazela indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Ukujongwa kwezenzo ze-Agency:[ iinkundla zoMasipala zihlola imimiselo nezigqibo zamasebe aphetheyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nenjongo yeBhunga.

Imizekelo Yeendlela Zokuhlola Nokuzimela Kwimbali Yakutshanje

Ulawulo lwale mihla lunika imifuziselo emininzi yeengqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano. Ngo-2020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umyalelo woMphathi-mikhosi oPhakamileyo njengoMphathi weNtlango njengerhafu kodwa yaphelisa ulwandiso lweMedicaid njengesixhobo esithe ngxi ngenkani ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu, umzekelo wokuhlola okusesikweni okuziiBhunga kunye noMongameli. Ngo-2020, iNdlu yeNdlu engazange ihlolele uMongameli uTrump ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye nokuthintelwa kweBhunga, nangona iNtsinjana ikhulula. Ngokuchasene noko, oomongameli besebenzisa ooMongameli Obama ukuva kwetyala ngokuvumela ukumangalelwa komthetho nxamnye noSaudiabhi (9/11). Le misebenzi ibonakalisa ukuba amasebe angahambi ngokwahlukana, nangona i-Cali bebonqiniswe.

Indlela Amasebe Asebenza Ngayo Kubantu Abaselubala

Injongo eyintloko yokwahlulwa kwamagunya kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano kukunceda uluntu ngokubanzi. Xa amasebe esebenza ngomvisiswano, urhulumente usebenza ngokunempumelelo, ucace gca, kwaye wenza okusesikweni. Iinzuzo zikawonke-wonke zemithetho eqwalaselwe ngenyameko, ekhutshwe kakuhle, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo. Le ntsebenziswano ayisoloko igudile ````Irplubritical'' kunye nengxabano ye-devision' ingenza inkqubela-phambili-kade", kodwa amandla esiseko sesiseko solwano kunye nokulalanisa.

Ubandakanyeko Lomsebenzi Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Abemi abangoondaba abangenamsebenzi. Ngovotelo, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwetyala, nangokuzisa ukumangalelwa, abantu ngabanye bangawaphembelela onke amasebe amathathu. Isebe lemithetho liphendula kwingcinezelo ye-propati; isebe elilawulayo liqhuba amagqabaza kawonke-wonke ngemimiselo; isebe eligwebi liva amatyala eziswa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Ulwazi noluntu oluququzelelweyo lubalulekile ekugcineni urhulumente enetyala. Izibonelelo ezinjenge .gov linikela inkcazelo yokunxibelelana namagosa akhethiweyo, kunye newebhyuwebhusayithi ephakamileyo yeNkundla

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Nenkqubo Ehlala Ihleli

Namhlanje, amasebe amathathu ajongene nocelomngeni olutsha: ukuphandwa kwabalawuli abaphezulu, ukubekwa kwemithetho, nokubekwa kwemithetho. Noko ke, isiseko somgaqo-siseko siye sangqineka siqinile. Iingxoxo ngomgangatho wegunya lomongameli, ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya, nendima yeenkundla kwimigaqo yentlalo iyaqhubeka ivavanya inkqubo. Kodwa iingxilongo nomlinganiselo zihlala zingagungqi, kwaye isebe ngalinye liyaqhubeka liqinisekisa ukuba lineemfanelo zalo. Ukuqonda kukawonke wonke lamandla oku kubaluleke ekulondolozeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente .... Isebe elilawulayo lisebenza ngokunempumelelo kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba linyanisekile. Oku kubandakanya, ngelinye ixesha, kukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, kukhuthaza okulungileyo, kwaye kuphakamisa umthetho. Ngokuxabisa indlela isebe ngalinye elincedisayo elinegalelo ngayo kwaye lisebenzisana ngayo, abemi banokuncedisana norhulumente wabo kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo, abamele ulawulo olunetyala. Oku kubandakanya, ngeli xesha linye, kukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, kukhuthaza ukungenelelana komthetho.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya komGaqo-siseko nokwahlulwa kwamagunya, tyelela .gov's Constitution Acconow[[FTL:1] kunye novimba weSizwe [ kumaxwebhu angundoqo.