Ukwazisa: I-injini Yolawulo LwaseMerika

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kweBhunga noMongameli alulophawu nje lorhulumente wase-United States; yi-injini eqhuba idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Oku kusebenza ngamandla phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe aphetheyo kulungiselelwe ngabom ukuqinisekisa ukuba igunya lisasazwa, likhuphiswane, kwaye lilungelelanisiwe. Akukho lungu linye elinokululawula ubume bezopolitiko ngaphandle kokujongana neengcebiso zoburhulumente kwelinye. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi-mazwe, beqonda olu lwalamano lubalulekile ngenxa yokuba lusekelwe phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zomgaqo-nkqubo, ukusuka kwimibango yempilo nerhafuthelo ukuya kungenelo lomkhosi wamanye amazwe.

Ulwalamano luyintlukwano eyakhiweyo. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko babesoyika igunya eliphakamileyo, besandul' ukulwa novukelo nxamnye nolawulo lookumkani. Kodwa kwakhona baqonda imfuneko yokuba isigqeba esinamandla sikhokele uhlanga. Isiphumo yaba yinkqubo yamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo asabelana ngamagunya, idala isenzo sokulinganisela ngokuqhubekayo esifuna ukuxoxwa, ukulalanisa, kunye nongquzulwano. Eli nqaku lihlola iingcambu zembali, amandla omgaqo-siseko, uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso, kunye nocelomngeni lwangoku oluchaza olu lwalamano lubalulekileyo.

Imeko Engokwembali: Isiseko Soxinezeleko Olungalawulekiyo

Imvelaphi yonxulumano phakathi kweKhonkxamente noMongameli ingafunyanwa ngqo kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko yowe-1787. Abathunywa bahlanganisana ePhiladelphia nomsebenzi ongxamisekileyo wokususa amaGatya abuthathaka ngokufaka isicwangciso esiqinileyo sikarhulumente wesizwe. Ingxoxo ephambili yayisekelwe ekuthini amandla okunxiba kwigunya elinye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlala ephantsi komthetho womthetho kukuthanda kwabantu.

UJames Madison, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguYise woMgaqo-siseko, waphikisa kuMgaqo-siseko onguNo. 51 ukuba isakhiwo sikarhulumente kufuneka sinikezele "amanyathelo okuncedisa" ngokuchasene nobuzwilakhe. Wabhala ukuba "isikhundla kufuneka silwele ukulwa namabhongo" lo mgaqo wawufuna ukuba isebe ngalinye libe nazo zombini iindlela kunye nentshukumisa yokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye. UmGaqo-siseko owavela kwiNdibano wawuquka lo mbono ngokunika iBhunga amandla okulawula kunye noMongameli amandla okuqhuba loo mithetho, kunye namagunya angenayo alungiselelwe ukunyanzela intsebenziswano.

Impikiswano Nokwahlulwa Kwabantu

[[FLT: 0] Iphepha elibalulekileyo lolawulo , ingakumbi amanani angama-47 ukuya kuma-51 abhalwe nguMadison, inikela ukhuseleko oluneenkcukacha lokwahlulwa kwamagunya. UAlexander Hamilton, kuludwe lwamaFederali No. 70, elwenzelwe "igunya elinamandla" kurhulumente, ukukhusela kwiintlaselo zamanye amazwe, kunye nolawulo oluzinzileyo lwemithetho. Abathathi-Federali besoyika ukuba ulawulo lungasuka kwimonal'ulawulo olunyuliweyo. Le ngxoxo ayiphelanga ngolwaluvo lwamabala; iye yaqhubeka njengemisebenzi ecacileyo yentetho yezopolitiki yaseMerika. Umgano-siseko njengogunyaziso olugunyazileyo lweBhunga, ngexesha loPresipala ebamba i-epajini.[2]

Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Embalini

Olu lwalamano luye lwavela ngeziganeko ezibalulekileyo eziye zavavanya zaza zayitshintsha imida yalo:

  • Izicwangciso eziphambili:[ George Washington wamisela isithethe sokubuza umongameli kwisivumelwano kunye nokumiswa, emisela umgangatho wentlonelo phakathi kwe-branch.
  • Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokuvuselelwa kwakhona: ukusetyenziswa okude kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu kukaAbraham Lincoln ngexesha lemfazwe, kuquka ukunqumamisa i-habeas corpus kunye nokukhupha iEmancipation Proclation, igunya lobumongameli elandayo. IBhunga laphendula ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwakhona ngokubeka imiqathango nangokumisa amandla alo phezu kwamazwe ophulukileyo aseMazantsi.
  • Ixesha eliqhubekekayo kunye neNkundla entsha: Abalawuli uTheodore Roosevelt noFranklin D. Roosevelt baphinda balungisa isebe eliphetheyo, nomthetho we-FDR's New Develop ofuna intsebenziswano engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kunye nokungqubana neBhunga. Ukuchasana kokuqala kweNkundla ePhakamileyo nokuvunywa kwenkqubo ye-New Dec kwaphawula utshintsho olubalulekileyo kulungelelaniso lwamandla.
  • Isigqibo semfazwe soMkhosi wemfazwe ka 1973: Sidlule phezu koMongameli Nixon's withs mva wemfazwe yaseVietnam, lo mthetho wafuna ukulinganisela igunya lobumongameli ngokufuna ukwaziswa kwengqungquthela kunye nemvumelo yokuqeshwa kwemikhosi. Ihlala ikhuphiswano kwaye iphikisana, ibonisa umlo oqhubekayo phezu kwamandla emfazwe.
  • Umba oPhakamileyo weNkundla ePhakamileyo: Izigqibo zeLandmark zithe zachaza ulwalamano. United States v. Curtiss-Woright Rhweba ngaphandle. [196], iNkundla yamkela igunya elibanzi lomongameli kwimicimbi yangaphandle. [[FLTL:]] ulutsha olukwindawo yokhuseleko i-Tube Co. v. Sater[FLT] [[FLT] [52] [192] ububanzi begunya lomongameli ngokuchola umongameli uTurman] ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea. [kutshanje]

Ezi ziganeko ziphambili zibonisa ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kweKhonkxane noMongameli alumi ngaxesha nye. Luyaguquka luphendulela kwiingxaki, kwimicimbi yezobupolitika, nakwinkcazelo engokwasemthethweni, lusoloko lubuyela kuxinezeleko olusisiseko olwakhelwe kumGaqo-siseko.

Amandla eNgqungquthela: I-Ankile eLawuliweyo

IBhunga liphethe amandla abalulekileyo omgaqo-siseko avumela ukuba ahlole igunya kunye nenkqubo yesizwe. La mandla adweliswe ngokuyintloko kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko kwaye amele eyona mpawu ingqalileyo yolongamo oluqhelekileyo ngorhulumente ongummeli.

Igunya loMthetho

IBhunga linamandla okudala imithetho elawula uhlanga. Wonke amandla owiso-mthetho anikwe nguMgaqo-siseko anikwe kwiBhunga, okuthetha ukuba uMongameli akanakuzenzela umthetho wezomthetho. Eli gunya lisisiseko sempembelelo yengqungquthela. UMongameli angamisela umthetho, njengoko kubonwa kwidilesi yeSizwe se-Union, kodwa kuphela iBhunga elinokuthi lidlulisele amatyala kumthetho. Oku kunika iKhomishini eninzi, ukusuka kwimithetho yerhafu ukuya kwimimiselo yokusingqongileyo. Inkqubo yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho-ografiksi ngokwayo icotha ngempazamo kwaye ifuna ukuba i-bio-ssss ivumelwane yomongameli kunye nosayino lwe-Rocestery okanye ii-3 ezimbini ze-injini ukuba ibe ngumthetho.

Amandla Okuthenga

ICandelo lesi-8 lilawula imali nerhafu karhulumente. ICandelo lesi-8 linika iNkqutyana amandla okubeka nokuqokelela iirhafu, imali, kunye nemali efanelekileyo. Eli "gunya lemali" mhlawumbi lilelona liso likhulu leBhunga leBhunga elilawulayo. Akukho mali inokuthathwa kwi-Ofice ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa komthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba uMongameli akanakuxhasa nayiphi na inkqubo, inyathelo lokuqala, okanye imfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yengqungqungquthela. Ikomiti yowiso-ngquthela, ingakumbi iiKomiti zeBhunga-Propstories kwiigumbi zomayela zombini, zisebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kwimali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente. Xa kuvela ukungavumelani, ukusetyenziswa komthetho kuba kukubonakaliswa komthetho okubalaseleyo nokuphawulekayo kwalo gunya.

Ukulawula Nophando

IBhunga lingahlola lize lijonge izenzo zesebe elilawulayo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli uboniswa ngamagunya emithetho eBhunga yaye uqinisekiswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iikomiti zeKhomishini ziququzelela ukuchongwa, ukukhutshwa kwemiba, nokunyanzelwa kwamaxwebhu ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokuthembeka nangempumelelo. Oku kusenokuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokuphendula, ukubhenca, ukuqhatha, nokuxhaphaza kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Amandla Okufikelela

IBhunga linegunya lokungamelanga nokususa uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente e "Isizathu, Isifumbathiso, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nama-Misdeamers" Indlu yabameli inegunya lokukhupha ivoti elula, ngelixa iSente iqhuba ityala kwaye ingakwazi ukumangalela ngetyala kwaye igwetyelwe ngezona. Amandla okulawula aphezulu asebenza njengendlela yokulungisa i-gqwesileyo ingumthetho-oyile. Nangona kusetyenziswa ngamandla amakhulu endlu nguViondrenti: Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDurbard Trum (w). Akukho nanye eligwetyiweyo ligwetyiweyo lisebenza njengendlela yokuzinzisa.

Ukuqinisekisa iNdlela yokuHlanganisa kunye nokuTyeliswa kweSivumelwano

IBhunga leNtlanganiso liphethe amagunya akhethekileyo ajonga uMongameli ngokubhekele phaya. IQumrhu II lifuna ukuba iCantenel inikezele "imvume kunye nemvume" ekumiselweni komongameli, kuquka oonobhala-makhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, oonozakuzakuzaku, kunye nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo. IBhunga kwakhona kufuneka livume izivumelwano zokuxhasa ngekota ezizii-3 ezimbini. Oku kunika iNdlukwano ebalulekileyo ekuqulunjweni kwamasebe olawulo oluphezulu kunye nolawulo, kwanakumacala angaphandle. Inkqubo yokuzinziswa kwemithetho iye yaba yemfazwe eqhubekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ngokulibazisela ulibaziseko kunye neemfazwe ezingama-R774 kuba ngumgaqo oqhelekileyo.

Amandla kaMongameli: I-injini enegunya

UMongameli ukwanamandla omgaqo-siseko anamandla asebenzayo kunye nomthetho owenza ukuba ulawulo lube nempumelelo kwaye anikezele uhlolo kwimiqathango yowiso-mthetho. La mandla, adweliswe kwiGatya II, ayilelwe ukuqinisekisa amandla, ukuthumela, nomanyano kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Amandla Eveto

UMongameli angawukhupha umthetho odluliselwe yiNgqungquthela. Icandelo 7 lifuna ukuba zonke iimali ezidluliswa yiNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNtlalo zinikwe uMongameli ukuze avunywe. Ukuba uMongameli akayamkeli, angabuyisela ityala ngokuchasa, ngokunempumelelo. IBhunga lingawukhupha umthetho owenzelwe ukuqhuba i-veto kuphela ngekota ezimbini kuphela, i-isithathu somni, isibambo esiphezulu esinqabileyo esinqabileyo. [FLT:] Umkhosi wamaProfileta [[FLT:] uProfiletis uyavuma ukuba amandla okukhusela umlawuli asebenze njengesixhobo sokuzikhusela i-gqeqe.

Imiyalelo nemiyalelo yegunya

UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, imendu yecawa, kunye nezibhengezo ezinamandla omthetho kwisebe elilawulayo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi ngokucacileyo imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, bafumana kumandla oMongameli weQumrhu II "ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka" imiyalelo yegunya ivumela uMongameli ukuba alawule amaqumrhu karhulumente ngendlela yokuchaza nokuzalisekisa imimiselo. Zisixhobo esinamandla sokuqhubela phambili inkqubo yezo siseko ngaphandle kokulinda umthetho. Noko ke, banokubuyiswa ekugwetyweni kwezomthetho kwaye bangatshintshwa ngumthetho olandelayo okanye ngokulawulwa ngumthetho we-compula. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yabalawuli kukwande ngokuphawulekayo kwi-Pucestercester, ukuphakamisa impikiswano eqhubekayo malunga nolawulo lwe-Arcemist.

Ukhokelo lwemithetho yamazwe angaphandle

UMongameli ukhokela kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe kwaye angaqhubana. UMgaqo-siseko unyula uMongameli njengommeli oyintloko we-United States kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. UMongameli wamkela ii-ofisi, uququzelela izivumelwano, kwaye usebenza njengomphathi oyintloko wesizwe. Ngoxa izivumelwano zifuna iBhunga leBhunga, uMongameli angangena kwizivumelwano zegunya namazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga, anike isixhobo esithambileyo sonxibelelwano. UMongameli ukwanegunya lokuqonda oorhulumente bamazwe asemzini nokumisela isandi sokuganana kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Umyaleli- ngaphakathi- kwiNtlanganiso

UMongameli ujonge imikhosi exhobileyo. Inqaku II limisela uMongameli njengoMthetheli-Mkhosi woMkhosi noMkhosi wamanzi wase-United States. Eli gunya linika uMongameli ulawulo lomsebenzi kwimikhosi yomkhosi, livumela ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwizisongelo kunye nolwalathiso lwemikhosi. Nangona kunjalo, iBhunga liyakwazi ukukhupha amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi yamajoni, kwaye linikezele kumkhosi wamanzi. Eli qela lamandla emfazweni lingumthombo ozingisileyo. Oomongameli abasuka kuLincoln ukuya kuBiden baye basebenzisa umkhosi ngaphandle kokubhengeza igunya elisemthethweni lemfazwe, becaphula umthetheli wabo, ngoxa uBhungane ngezihlandlo ezininzi imfazwe.

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

UMongameli umisela amagosa ayintloko eUnited States, aphantsi koqinisekiso lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kwaye anamandla okususa amagosa amaninzi esebe elilawulayo. Eli gunya lokumisa livumela uMongameli ukuba abumbe ukhokelo lwamasebe karhulumente, ukusuka kwiSebe leJaji ukuya kwi-Entevironmental Protection Agency. Eli gunya lokususwa, nangona lingaphelelanga, linika uMongameli ulawulo olubalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni kwemithetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba uMongameli kufuneka abe negunya elithile lokususa igunya lakhe lokufeza umsebenzi wakhe wesiseko wokunyamekela i-siseko sokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokuthembeka.

Iingqiniba Nolungelelwano: Ukwakhiwa Kwesijikelezi - langa

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo elawula unxulumano phakathi kweKhomishini noMongameli. Iqinisekisa ukuba omabini amasebe anamandla okulinganisela amandla elinye, athintela naliphi isebe elinye ekubeni libe ligunya. Olu kwakhiwa kolungelelwaniso yinto eyenza inkqubo ye-U.S. yahluke kwiinkqubo zepalamente apho amasebe alawulayo kunye nomthetho adityanisiweyo.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

IKhomishini yeNkcubeko inezixhobo ezininzi zokuhlola uMongameli:

  • O ukunganambitheka kwe-Vtoes: Congress zingayigqitha i-veto engumongameli kunye nenani elizii-3 ezimbini zombini emagumbini, zinyanzelisa umthetho kumthetho phezu kokungavumi kukaMongameli.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ulawulo loTshintsho: Congress zingala ukuxhasa amanyathelo olawulo oluphezulu, okanye ukuqhoboshela iimeko kwizicelo ezinyanzela isenzo somongameli.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-Revisective Resation: Congress ingakhupha umthetho omtsha wokuphelisa imiyalelo okanye imimiselo yemibutho elawulayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Unikezelo nokususa: Congress zingamsusa uMongameli kulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye neziphambuki.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: Indlu yemibutho ingalandula okanye ilibazise ukumiswa komongameli, ithintele uMongameli ekuzaliseni iindawo ezingundoqo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Indlu yemibutho edityanisiweyo: Indlu yeminyango ingala ukuphelisa izivumelwano ezixoxwe nguMongameli.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukugqithisa Iindlebe: IBhunga lingaphengulula izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo lize linyanzelise ubungqina namaxwebhu.

Icandelo Elilawulayo Lihlola Umthetho

UMongameli ukwaneengqwalasela kwiiKhonkxa-ntle:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo: UMongameli angawubeka umthetho, enyanzela iBhunga ukuba liphumeze impumelelo enkulu ukudlulisa uxwebhu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalelo ephumezekayo: UMongameli angalathisela isebe eliphetheyo ukuzalisekisa inkqubo ngendlela ezingenakufuna umthetho omtsha.
  • Imo ye-Union: UMongameli angamisela umthetho kwaye alungise udweliso lwenkqubo yesizwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izahlulo kunye nezindululo: uMongameli angaxolela, abeke intelekelelo nezigwebo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo eliphucukileyo: UMongameli angaluvala ulwazi olusekelwe kwimfuno yokufihla imfihlo kucwangciso lomphathi, nangona eli lungelo lingekho ngokupheleleyo.

Impinda Yomgwebo Njengokulungelelana Kokusebenzisa Umatshini

Nangona lingeyiyo ingqwalasela engqalileyo yeBhunga okanye uMongameli, isebe lezobulungisa lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingalawula izenzo zolawulo okanye imimiselo eququzelelweyo ingabi yi-constitunial. La mandla okuhlola okugweba, asungulwe burybry v. Madison [18.1] [1] [1] [1] [1]), inikezela isigqeba sangaphandle semiba lokuxambulisana phakathi kwamasebe. , amaqela angundoqo anjenge eUnited States v. [iii-ignomentine], ebekwe phakathi kwemidathanga elingu-Genethi eliphakathi kwamasebe. [FLT:]

Iziphumo: Ziyathintela Ukulungelelanisa

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ulwalamano phakathi kweKhonkxa-ntle noMongameli luye lwajamelana nobunzima obubalulekileyo obuye bavavanya indlela yokuqala yokuyila inkqubo. Le miba yangoku iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngempilo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika kunye nekamva lolwalamano oluphakathi kwemibutho.

Name

Ulwahlulo olukhulayo lwezopolitiko lwenze ukuba ukudibana phakathi kweKhonkxale kunye noMongameli kube nzima kakhulu. Xa umongameli kunye neNgqungquthela zilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, iqhina eliya kuphuma iziphumo. Kodwa naxa iqela elinye lilawula omabini amasebe, amaqela angaphakathi phakathi kombutho angathintela ulawulo olusebenzayo. Unyuko lwengqiqo, apho amaqela enziwe alungelelaniswa ngakumbi nangaphandle, aye anciphisa isithuba sokulalanisa. Oku kukhokelela ekuqhubeleni phambili kwemfazwe, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwe-Relibbuster kwiBhunga, okufuna ukumiswa kwemithetho engaphezulu-60. Ngokomphumo, umongameli uguqulo oluqhubekayo uguqulo kwimiyalelo yezolawulo kunye nezenzo zokuzihambela phambili, ukuhambela phambili kwemithetho ye-gramente, ukunyusa umlinganiselo womgaqo-grobhithi.

Imiyalelo yegunya nenkxalabo zokufikelela okugqithisileyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yolawulo kunyuke ngokuphawulekayo kumongameli wale mihla. Oomongameli bobabini baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya ukusingatha iimfuno ezisuka kwimiba yokufuduka nemozulu ukuya kumalungelo abantu kunye nomgaqo wezoqoqosho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi oku kumela ukuphamba kwabalawuli, ukugqitha inkqubo yowiso-mthetho nokuthoba indima yeBhunga. Abaxhasi bachasa ukuba imiyalelo yabalawuli yisixhobo esiyimfuneko kumongameli ukuze afezekise imisebenzi yabo yesiseko soburhulumente ngexesha le-State II. Ingxoxo idla ngokubhekiselele ekubeni umyalelo othile ubekwe kwigunya eligunya eligunya eligunyaziswe nguMongameli okanye ungeneleli kwigunya lomthetho wokwahlulwa-mthetho.

Ukucinywa Kukarhulumente namadabi ohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Ukungavisisani ngeemeko zoqingqo-mali kuye kwakhokelela ekuvalweni koorhulumente ngokuphindaphindiweyo, okubonisa ukuphakama kwemiqathango yamandla emali. Xa iBhunga kunye noMongameli bengenakuvumelana kwityala lokunika iziphumo, inkxaso yamaqumrhu karhulumente ehla, ikhokelela kwisebe labasebenzi besebe kunye nokurhoxiswa kweenkonzo ezininzi zikarhulumente. Ukucinywa koorhulumente kubangela ukuhla kwemali engundoqo nokuphazamisa ubomi bezigidi zamaMelika. Izenzo ezinjalo zigxininisa imfuneko yokusebenza okunokuvela xa ii-chekeko kunye nenkqubo yokulungelelanisa ziqhawuka kudala ingxabano ecacileyo. Ukuvaleka okude kuhle kwimbali, iintsuku ezingama-35 ezihlala zihleli kunyaka ukusuka ngoDisemba 2018 ukuya kuJanuwari 2019, okusekelwe kwimpikiswano engokuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemali emali ngodongangongongomilenzelo yomda.

Impikiswano Ngemfazwe Iyaqhubeka

Ulwahlulo lwamandla emfazwe phakathi kweBhunga kunye noMongameli luhlala lungomnye wemimandla ephikisanayo yolwalamano oluphakathi komkhosi. Isigqibo semfazwe sowewaka linye lamawaka sijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba uMongameli we-U.S. amajoni axhobisela umkhosi ngaphandle kogunyaziso lomthetho. Noko ke, wonke umongameli ukususela eNixon ugcine ukuba isigqibo somthetho-mgaqo-siseko sichaphazeleke njengegunya lawo loMyaleli-mmeli. Iizenzo zomkhosi eLibyandleni, e-Siriya, kwaye kwezinye iindawo azinakuqhubeka nogunyazo zombutho, uqhubeko-mthetho osemthethweni noluququzekileyo. Ingxube ye-o-ongqungqungquthelanelo eqhubekayo. ISivumelo somsebenzi womkhosi (AMFFF) esidluliselwe emva kweSeptemba 11, 2001 ukuhlasela komkhosi wangaphambili, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ephambili yemfazwe, ukukhunjululwa kwemfazwe. [Ingxelo ye-AG.]

Ukuziqinisekisa ngeemfazwe namadinga eejaji

Inkqubo yeNdlu yeQela ithe yaba yindawo ephambili yolwando phakathi kwamasebe. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elawulayo ephambili yokumiselwa, ingakumbi kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, iguqule inkqubo yokuqinisekisa yaba ngukhuphiswano oluphezulu. Ukwala kweNdlu yeQela ukuba ibambe ityala likaMerrick Garland ngo-2016, kulandelwa yingqinisekiso ekhawulezileyo ye-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020, ibonise ukuwohloka kwezithethe zesithethe. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekufuneni utshintsho kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa, kuquka izicelo zokumisela ubude bemithetho yetyala okanye ukwandisa ubungakanani beNkundla Ephakamileyo. Imikhosi yokuqinisekisa ibonakalisa ukuma komhlaba okugquma okugquma phakathi kwe-interbranch kunye nokuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nenkululeko ye-judinary.

Uqukumbela: Ukuthomalaliswa Okungapheliyo Kwengxaki Edalweyo

Ulwalamano phakathi kweKhonkxa-ntle noMongameli sisenzo esintsonkothileyo sokulinganisela esihlala sibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Iyilo yamaqumrhu azimeleyo, adala amaqumrhu ahlukeneyo alawula amagunya, angqineke enamandla aphawulekayo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwamasebe aluyosiphene senkqubo; luphawu. Inyanzelisa incoko, ukulalanisa, nokucotha, ukuthoba inkqubo yemithetho-mthetho nokuyenza ibe nzima nayiphi na into efuna ukunyanzela ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuqonda okunamandla kunceda abafundi noothisha baqonde isizathu sokuba urhulumente waseMerika asoloko ethanda ukuxambulisana kwaye ehamba kancinci. Iindlela kunye nolungelelwano zenzelwe ukukhusela ulawulo-melo, hayi ukuqinisekisa ukuphumelela. Kwixesha lolwakhiwo olunzulu notshintsho olukhawulezileyo, ulwalamano phakathi kweKhosante noMongameli luza kuqhubeka luvavanywa. Umbuzo ongundoqo uhlala uhleli ukuba ngaba izakhiwo zolawulo lwezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngowe-1787 zinokuzinziwa ngomlo nolucotho lweziko lwedemokhrasi yama-101. Impendulo ixhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kweenkokeli kumasebe omabini ukuphakamisa imigaqo yemithetho esiseko, ukuhlonela igunya elifanelekileyo lelinye isebe, kwaye ukusebenza kunye nokucombulula iingxaki zelizwe. Umlinganiselo awusokuze ulungiswe; ulungelelalwzinziswe ulawulo olungapheli lwelizwe lwaseMelika, uxakelelwa luxando olungapheliyo.