Urhulumente wase-United States usungulwe kumasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo .(legislative, isebe eliphethe, nelokugweba) ephethe amandla akhethekileyo achaphazela ngokungqalileyo amalungelo ommi ngamnye. Oku kwahlula-hlula amagunya, okufakwe kumGaqo-siseko, kudala inkqubo esebenzayo apho amalungelo anokudalwa, anyanzeliswe, achazwe, akhuliswe. Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elifak ’ isandla ngayo ekulungisweni kwamalungelo akho akungombandela nje wolwazi lwesizwe kodwa asiyondlela esebenzayo yokukhusela nokuqhubekisela phambili inkululeko yakho. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olunenkcukacha, ukufunyanwa kwempembelelo yesebe ngalinye, epheleleyo ngomongomhla, ngemizekelo yokwenene, nezenzo zezenzo zezabemi.

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Ukwenza Ubuchule Bemithetho Echaza Amalungelo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliyilwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, linegunya lokubhala, ukuphikisana, nokubeka imithetho. Le mithetho yenza isiseko esisisiseko samalungelo amaninzi amaMelika anandipha namhlanje (_kusuka ekukhuseleni ukuvota ukuya kwimigangatho yokhuseleko emsebenzini. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ivumela abameli abanyuliweyo ukuba baphendule kwiimfuno zoluntu, beyenza ibe yeyona ndlela ithe ngqo abantu banokubumba ngayo amalungelo ngamagosa abo anyuliweyo.

Ukudala Amalungelo Amatsha Ngemithetho

IBhunga linegunya lokudala amalungelo amatsha ngokupheleleyo ngokugqithisa imimiselo. Imizekelo yelizwe iquka uMthetho wamaLungelo we-1942, owalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, kunye uMthetho wamaLungelo wonyaka ka-1965 , oweyisa ikhethe lobuhlanga ekuvoti. Le mithetho ayizange ibekho kumGaqo-siseko wokuqala; yadalwa lisebe lowiso-mthetho ukuthetha ngokulingana. [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] [AD] kunye noMthetho ka-1950] ka-1999n [FFFFF:5] okhuselwe ukhuseleko olubanzi lwendawo, nokusetyenziswa kwabantu ngabanye, ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa kweendawo zikawonke-wonke-wonke.

Imithetho Ecocekileyo Neyihlaziyayo

Amalungelo akahlali. IBhunga lingadibanisa imithetho ekhoyo yokwandisa okanye yokunciphisa amalungelo. Umzekelo, Umthetho wokwahlula amalungelo uguqulwe amaxesha amaninzi, ngokuphawulekayo ngo 1975 ukuquka ukhuseleko lolwimi oluncinane kunye nonyaka ka-2006 ukwandisa amalungiselelo angundoqo. Ngokuchaseneyo, iBhunga liyakwazi ukuphinda libeke imithetho elawula amalungelo, njengobuphindu boMcimbi woMkhosi , i-Don’t inkqubo evumela ukuba ubufanasini kunye nabantu ngabanye basebenze ekuhleni emkhosini. Imithetho yokulungisa imithetho ithetha ukuba uxinzelelo notshintsho lwesizwe lungaphumele kumalungelo akho.

Uphando Nolawulo

Ngaphandle kokubhalwa kwemithetho, iKhomishini iqhuba iinkundla zolawulo kunye nophando ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ekhoyo iphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo. IiKomiti ezifana neKomiti yeNdlu yeQela yamaSente okanye iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlu ePhakamileyo kunye ne-Reformation zingahlola amaxwebhu kunye namangqina ukuba amasebe aphetheyo ayawahlonela na amalungelo abemi. Ngokomzekelo, emva kweengxelo zokungathobeli kwe-Federal Bureauau of Prison, iBhunga leNgqungquthela laphulaphula iindlebe ezakhokelela ekuguquleni amalungelo namagunya. Lo msebenzi wobuvelelo usebenza njengendlela yokuhlola kwisebe eliphetheyo kwaye unceda ukukhuselwa kwelungelo.

Indlela Abemi Abaliphembelela Ngayo Isebe Elilawulayo

Abami bangaphembelela ngokuthe ngqo ukwenza umthetho ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuchongeni iindlebe, nokuvota kunyulo. Inkqubo yemithetho yenzelwe ukuba iphendule/iNkqutyana ye-Chorn.gov inika unikezelo oluthe ngqo kwi-website, iivoti, kunye nezenzo zekomiti, ivumela nabani na ukuba alandele indlela abameli bawo abaqhuba ngayo kwimiba enxulumene namalungelo. Advocacy Congress adla ngokukhupha okanye aphikise iindleko, kwaye amaphulo engca angavelisa uxinzelelo olwaneleyo lokutyhalela isindululo okanye ukumisa omnye.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: Izixhobo nokwandisa amalungelo

Likhokelwa nguMongameli, isebe eliphetheyo linembopheleleko yokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Eli sebe likwanamandla azimeleyo aphawulekayo okubumba amalungelo ngemiyalelo yegunya, ngokumisela ulawulo, nangokumisela abagwebi namagosa. Ngoxa uMongameli engenako ukwenza imithetho emitsha kuphela, ukucaciswa nezigqibo zabo zokunyanzelisa zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela amalungelo afunyanwa ngayo amaMelika.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwemithetho

Isebe elilawulayo lijonge amasebe anjenge Isebe leJaji (DOLT), i[FLT]] i- Equalial Ikhomishini ye-Octive Opportunity (EOC), kunye ukurhoxa kwezeMpilo-mpilo nezoluntu (HS)[[FLTY] [[FLT]]. La maziko amisa imithetho enxulumene namalungelo oluntu, ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko lwempilo, kunye nokungakumbi. Umzekelo, amaLungelo lwe-DoJ's Civinic Juvinity angagwesa okanye oorhulumente abahlayo abahlayo, ngelixa ucalucalulo lwe-ejoac. Amandla okanye umahluko phakathi kobugqesho obunye ubomi bemini.

Imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo: Isixhobo esinamandla

Abalawuli bangakhupha imiyalelo yokuba isalathisi esilawulayo sikhombe ngqo indlela abameli besizwe baseJaphani abasebenza ngayo, ngokufuthi siphembelela amalungelo ngaphandle kokulinda iBhunga. Imizekelo engenakuphawulwa iquka uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt’s [[FLT: 0]] I-Exective Order 906[, egunyazise ukudibana kwamaMelika ase-Japan ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II (ukungaqiniseki kwamalungelo), kunye noMongameli Barrack Obama’s Isenzo sobudodamost (DACA) [[FLTLT], esigunyazisa ukhuseleko oluthe khawulo, oluzisweyo oluziswe kwabaphambukeliyo kwi-U.S. njengokuba imiyalelo yolawulo ingekho guqulo esemva, i-DRUSC.[FUT]

Amandla Okunyula Nesindululi

UMongameli ubeka abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, abathi ngoko baqinisekiswe yiNkundla. Aba bagwebi basebenza ngokweembono zobomi, bethetha intsingiselo yabo yomGaqo-siseko inokuba yiprojekthi yesizukulwana. Umzekelo, ukutyunjwa kukaMongameli uRonald Reagan Scalia kwaphembelela iin engaguqukiyo kwinkcazelo yezomthetho, ngoxa ukumiselwa kukaMongameli Joe Biden kuKetan Brown Jackson kwazisa imbono eyahlukileyo kumalungelo abantu. Impembelelo yesebe eliphetheyo kwicandelo lejaji elilawulayo yenye yezona mpembelelo ezihlala zihleliyo kumalungelo abantu.

Ukwenza Ulawulo

Amasebe asebenza ngomanyano akhupha imimiselo enamandla omthetho. Umzekelo, i-Environal Protection Agency (EPA) imisela imilinganiselo yongcoliso echaphazela ilungelo lokusingqongileyo okucocekileyo, kunye ikhupha imigaqo yemfundo yemfundo ekhupha imithetho kwindlela izikolo ezimele zihlalise ngayo abafundi ngeengxaki. Le mithetho ihamba ngexesha lokugqabaza likawonke-wonke, inika abemi ithuba lokuyibumba. Noko ke, isebe eliphetheyo liyakwazi ukusebenzisa umgaqo wokwenza umgaqo omxinwa, njengaxa iSebe lokhuseleko lwaseHomeland Ukhuseleko litshintsha iinkqubo zokhuseleko ukuze likwazi ukuzikhusela.

Indlela Abemi Abanokuncedisa Ngayo Kwisebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu

Abami bangathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yomthetho ngokufaka amagqabaza ngemithetho ecetyisiweyo ekwi Imimiselo.gov. Bangadibana neWhite House, banxulumane noMongameli, kwaye basebenzise i Free of Information Act (FOIA) ukucela amaxwebhu malunga nezenzo zolawulo. Ukubhalisa uMongameli yeyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuphembelela ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo, kodwa ukubopheleleka ngamaqela aphezulu kunye namathuba kawonke wonke anokutyhalela ulawulo ekuquququluleni amalungelo athile.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika Nokukhusela Amalungelo Ngomthetho Wetyala

Isebe lejaji, elikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zesizwe, litolika umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente. Iinkundla zinamandla okuwisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko, zizenza zibe luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwamanye amasebe amabini. Ngomgaqo wokuhlola okugweba, osungulwe Madison [1803] , iinkundla zimisela imida yamandla karhulumente kunye nomgangatho wamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Uhlolo lwejaji kunye nokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

Xa umthetho okanye isenzo solawulo oluphezulu sicelw'ethelw'eculw'aaseburhulumenteni, iinkundla zigqiba ukuba iyawaphula na amalungelo athile. Iimeko zophawu lwelizwe zichaze amalungelo kwiindawo ezifana ne-bom ( Grillold v.Connecticut[, 1965, ibethe ukuvalwa kokuthintelwa kokuthintela ukuthintela), umtshato ([[[FLT]]] Obergefek b. Hodges, 2015, i-omatika-ex - esemthethweni efanayo kumele ilandele umthetho ophantsi kwexesha elide, kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho ([FLT:] [FLT].Marinda.[FLD], 1966, ifuna ukuxelwa kwamalungelo awo).

Indima Yesiqalo

Iinkundla zilandela umzekelo (amatyala aphambili), ithetha ukuba izigqibo zexesha elidlulileyo ezikhokelayo eziza kulandela. Noko ke, iNkundla Ephakamileyo ingabhukuqa eyayo imizekeliso, njengoko yenzayo kwi Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), ephelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo, etshintsha imfundiso “ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" kwi Pnelly v. Ferguson [18696]. Uzinzo nojikelezo lwemizekelo luchaphazela indlela amalungelo akhuselwa ngayo, kwaye lungaxhomekeka ngayo kumthetho ozinziweyo, kodwa lukwamele luqonde ukuba ukuguqula nokutshintsha kweNkuvosa.

Ukufikelela Kwisigwebo: INkundla njengeNkundla Yamalungelo

Ijaji inika indawo abantu abanokuvavanya ukuphulwa kwamalungelo. Ngakumangalelwa, abemi bangafuna imithetho yokuphelisa imigaqo eyingozi, umonakalo wemali kumonakalo, okanye imigwebo yokususa ityala ecacisa amalungelo abo. Iisuti zodidi zivumela amaqela amakhulu abantu ukuba aqokelele ubuncwane kunye nokuvavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho olulucelomngeni, njengakwi Brown v. Board okanye kwiimeko ezichasene neenkampani zecuba. Iimfuno zokuma (ukubonakalisa ingozi yekonkcitho) ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zithetha ngengozi zokwenene, kodwa imiqobo efana nexabiso kunye nokuntsonkotha.

Indlela Abemi Abadibana Ngayo Nesebe Lezaphuli - mthetho

Ngeli xesha inkoliso yabemi ingasayi kuphikisana ngetyala phambi kweNkundla Ephakamileyo, banokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokugweba ngokusebenza kwiijaji, ngokuthobela i-ancicus curiae (“umhlobo wenkundla”) ishwankathela imiqathango ngemibutho, okanye ifake ityala labo. Iwebhsayithi yeNkundla yeNkundla inika unikezelo kwiimpikiswano ezidluliselwa ngomlomo, iimbono, kunye nemithetho. Ukuqonda isebe lenkundla kunceda abemi baqaphele xa amalungelo abo ephulwe kwanokufunwa.

Iindlela Zokukhangela Nokulungelelana: Indlela Amasebe Alinganisela Ngamanye Ngayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yemGaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokulawula nokuba amalungelo akhuselwe kurhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Isebe ngalinye linendlela yokuhlola ezinye, lidala uxinezeleko olunamandla olunokukhusela nolwenza lukhuni amalungelo.

Ukuvavanywa koMthetho kumasebe alawulayo nawezeejaji

IBhunga lingawususa umongameli kunye noninzi lwabathathu, olukwaziyo ukudlulisa umthetho ochasene noMongameli .) okhusela amalungelo abalawuli anokuzama ukuwamisela. IBhunga likwalawula uqingqo-mali kwaye lingawathoba amaqumrhu achasene namalungelo. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga linamandla okungamchazi uMongameli okanye umgwebi wesizwe ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga (Artle II, Icandelo 4). IBhunga liqinisekisa ukuchonga kwemithetho kunye nezivumelwano zolawulo.

Isebe elilawulayo lijonge amasebe asemthethweni nakwezeejaji

UMongameli angawumisa umthetho, athintele imithetho ephazamisa amalungelo ekusebenzeni. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuxolela abantu (Artle II, Icandelo 2), elinokubuyisela amalungelo alahlekileyo ngokuqiniseka ````ingxilogogogogo''' ezinzima'. Ngaphezu koko, isebe eliphetheyo liphumeza imimiselo yenkundla; uMongameli ongavumelaniyo nesigqibo angacotha ukunyanzeleka kokugcinwa kwemithetho ehamba ngenqanawa, nangona oku kunokucelw ’ umngeni enkundleni.

Ukuhlolisisa Amasebe Asemthethweni Nanemigaqo

Iinkundla zingayivakalisa imithetho engekho mthethweni, njengokuba yayinjalo kwi- United States v. Windser (2013) xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha inxalenye yokhuselo lomtshato. Zingakwayalela nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, njengoko zibonwa kwimiyalelo emininzi yenkundla ethintela ukuvalwa kohambo lweTrump de ekugqibeleni iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphakamise uguqulelo oluhlaziyiweyo. Ingxelo yeNkuntlulo ephakamileyo inamandla kuba inokuthi ide ihlazise inyathelo likarhulumente elihlazisayo ngokusisigxina.

Umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenene: Idabi phezu kwamalungelo okujikela

Qwalasela imbali yakutshanje yamalungelo okuvota. unikezelo lwamalungelo okhetho , isebe eliphetheyo (i-DOJ) linyanzelisa amalungiselelo alo, kwaye iinkundla zichaza okokuba yiyiphi imigaqo yokuvota i-rentinantiyo. [ Shelby County v. [Iqela (2011]) , iNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa phantsi kwelungiselelo elingundoqo elifuna ukuba utshintsho oluthile norhulumente wolawulo oluphezulu. Eli sigqibo siphendulele gunya labuyela kumazwe, likhokelela kwimiqathango entsha yokuvota. Ukuphendula, ingqungquthelana umthetho omtsha (iFLT: 35) Voctives Couragence: [FFFFFout Active [FF] [FF])]

Indima YamaZwe NeyamaProfessist Innumbers

Ngoxa eli nqaku libhekisa kumasebe amathathu karhulumente, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amasebe orhulumente azimeleyo anemithetho yawo, isebe elilawulayo, kunye namasebe ejaji aphembelela amalungelo. Amagunya e-10 okuLandliswa koMdalelo awawaphathiswanga urhulumente wesizwe, nto leyo ekhokelela kumsebenzi odityanisiweyo wokhuseleko lwamalungelo kulo lonke ilizwe. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokutshata nomntu omnye limiselwe ngokwesizwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa liselawula iinkqubo zokulawula umtshato. Ngokufanayo, amalungelo emfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nomgangatho wemekobume ulo, zibunjwe kakhulu ngabalungiseleli bomthetho nerhuluneli. Izizwe zifanele ziwaqaphele onke amagunya orhulumente kunye norhulumente ukuze ziwaqonde ngokupheleleyo amalungelo azo.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokudibana Ngayo Nawo Onke Amasebe

Ukuba ngummi okhutheleyo kubalulekile ekulungiseni amalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle kokuvota, abantu banokuthi:

  • Abameli abahambelanayo malunga nomthetho olindeleyo --coant, email, okanye ukungena kwiiholo zedolophu. Ii-website ezifana USA.gov yamagosa anyuliweyo ulawulo[ unceda ukufumana amagosa akho.
  • Iparicipate kwigqabaza likawonke-wonke kwimimiselo karhulumente (Imithetho.gov) ukuphembelela ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo.
  • I-Support okanye dibanisa imibutho esemthethweni yezegunya [[FT:1] enjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) okanye iNaACP Esemthethweni Ukhuselo-mali, ezisa amatyala kwijaji.
  • Uphumelelo lweofisi nakweliphi na iqondo", lolwalo, lombuso, okanye urhulumente] ukubumba amalungelo ngqo ngomnqophi wowiso-mthetho okanye wesebe elilawulayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Sebenzisa iinkundla ngokuvala izikhalazo ezimalunga nokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abameli abafana ne-EOC okanye ngokuqesha igqwetha ukuba limangalele.

Eyona ndlela isebenzayo kukubandakanya namasebe onke amathathu ngaxeshanye. Ngokomzekelo, abameli bohlaziyo lwamapolisa basenokunyanzela imithetho emitsha kwiBhunga (eli-Crestary), inyanzelisa iDOJ ukuba iphande amasebe amapolisa (ukubulala), kwaye baxhase ukumangalelwa kwamagosa aphula amalungelo omGaqo-siseko (umgwebo).

Isiphelo: Amalungelo Akho Ayaphila

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente akasebenzi ngokuzikhetha; unxulumano lwabo ludala inkqubo ephilayo yamalungelo aguqukayo ngonyulo ngalunye, ngesigqibo senkundla, nangomyalelo wesebe eliphetheyo. Ukuqonda iindima ezahlukileyo zowiso-mthetho, isebe elilawulayo, kunye namasebe agwebayo kukunika amandla okuba ube nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kule nkqubo. Nokuba ngaba uxhasa umthetho omtsha, ugqabaza ngomthetho, okanye ufaka ityala, usebenzisa amalungelo izizukulwana eziye zalwa ukuwasungula. Hlala uthenjisiwe, uhlale uthenjiwe, uze ukhumbule ukuba uvavanyo olupheleleyo kumandla karhulumente lungolwazi nolusebenzayo.