Umongameli waseMerika uchazwa ngamandla amakhulu okwenza umsebenzi okhawulezayo, onqumamileyo. Lo mthamo, othathwe kwigunya eliphetheyo elibekwe eofisini, usebenza njenge-injini karhulumente worhulumente, unika ulawulo lwemithetho, ihambo yemithetho yamanye amazwe, kunye nolawulo lwezwe elikhulu lolawulo. Noko ke, le njini isebenza kwimida eyenziwe ngenyameko, ulawulo lwemithetho-siseko, kunye nohlalutyo lwezomthetho. UMongameli usebenzisa amandla olawulo lwegunya kungekhona kwisikhuseli, kodwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sikarhulumente esakhiwe ngokukhethekileyo ukuze kulungelelaniswe amandla okulawula, igunya elinokuphendula. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile ekuqondeni umbango oyintloko wolawulo lwaseMelika kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo engokwasemthethweni, ulawulo olufanelekileyo, kunye nolawulo lwegunya loburhulumente.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seGunya eliLawulayo

Isiseko samandla alawulayo sisemGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ukanti umbhalo unika ucalucalulo oluphangaleleyo kunokuba ube yincwadi yomyalelo enenkcukacha. Oku kungaqondani kwangabom kuye kwaphembelela iinkulungwane zengxoxo, ingxubusho, kunye nengxabano engomthetho ngoko uMongameli anokukwenza nangenakukwenza. Intsingiselo yamandla alawulayo ayizange ivele ngokucaciswa okuzimela okuzimela kodwa ngenkqubo ezisebenzayo zokulawula uhlanga olukhulayo.

Inqaku II: Isicangca Sevague

Ngokungafaniyo neQumrhu I, elibala ngocoselelo amandla akhethekileyo eBhunga kwiicandelo ezilishumi elinesibhozo ezahlukeneyo, iGatya II liqala ngemvume jikelele: "Amagunya alawulayo aya kunikwa uMongameli wase-United States of America." Lo "UMphathi uClaus" ngumthombo wengxoxo ebalulekileyo yemithetho-siseko. Abaxhasi bombuso womeleleyo, ITheory [[FLT: 1] yesiGqeqeba] iphikisa ngelithi eli binzana linika uMongameli isiqu nolawulo lwesebe elilawulayo lonke. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi iVes Claus ingumsebenzi nje omeleleyo, kunye nawonke amandla akhoyo ukusuka kwicandelo elilandelayo leSiqendumiso II kunye ne-Scroatcoation.

Ingqungquthela KaClaus Nonyamezelo

Iqabane eligxekayo leViseting Clausle nguMphathiswa kaClaus, ofuna ukuba uMongameli "Anyamekele ukuba iMithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo." Eli lungiselelo libophelela uMongameli ngokucacileyo kwisakhiwo semithetho esungulwe yiKhomishini. Uxinezeleko phakathi koMphathi obanzi noMphathiswa onyanzelekileyo nguMphathi ka-Clauslaus yisiqalo sobukhokhozo obuphantse bukhulu begunya legunya lempatho-mandla. UMongameli angabiza igunya elisisiseko, kodwa ekugqibeleni linyanzelwa yimfuneko yokuphumeza imithetho njengoko ibhalwe. Le ngxabano ikwintliziyo yemibuzo ejikeleze imiyalelo yempatho elawulayo, ubuchule bokulawula, kunye nendima kaMongameli ekulungiseni inkqubo yokulawula iBhunga loburhulumente.

Ukutyunjwa Kwamagunya Esivumelwano

Inqaku II likwanika uMongameli amagunya akhethekileyo ahlukeneyo neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, ngokuyintloko amandla kumagosa aseburhulumenteni [[FLT: 0] amagosa asekuhlaleni (abagwebi, amabamba, amalungu eKhabhinethi) kunye [ ne-[FLT]] izivumelwano ezikhethekileyo. Ngelixesha uMongameli unika i-'Anteninmentation'ates', izivumelwano ezithenjiweyo [FLT:] kunye neNkqumrhu]. Oku kwabelana kwamandla kungundoqo kuyimfuneko ukukhangelwa kwemiqathango kunye nenkqubo. [[6] Ngokunjalo, uphakaliso olugunya lweqela lomthetho wombuso (FLT.[5] [uhlulo-onke, olugunyazweyokungagunya-onke, olugunyazweyonke, olugunyazweyokunye lomthetho-onke] [umthetho-onke] [umthetho-onke, xa kuthelela kuthenjiso lwe-onke, umba

UMongameli njengoMphathi-mikhosi oPhezulu noMthetheli-eNyanga

Ngaphaya kombhalo weQumrhu II, uMongameli usebenzisa igunya elisebenzayo njengentloko yequmrhu lolawulo lorhulumente nanjengegosa eliphezulu lomkhosi wesizwe. Ezi ndima zinika iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuzalisekisa inkqubo kunye nokuphendula kwizisongelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Umlinganiselo wamandla oMyaleli- ngaphakathi- weNkqubela

UMgaqo-siseko umisela uMongameli njengeNkqutyana yoMkhosi noMkhosi wamanzi. Oku kunika ulawulo lwabemi basemkhosini kodwa akayiniki mandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, egcinelwe iKhomishini kuphela. [[FLT:] Isigqibo semfazwe se-Gawulayo se- 1973, igqithe kuMongameli Nixon's veto, izama ukuchaza imida yesenzo somkhosi kamongameli, ifuna uMongameli ukuba abize iBhunga loMkhosi ngeyure ezingama-48 zemikhosi exhobileyo kwaye arhoxele emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba uBhunga lugunyaze olusebenzisa amandla. Umgaqo-mthetho kunye nokusebenza kwesi sigqibo kuqhubeke ugromasko, njengoko umongameli ulunqenelo olusoloko enegunya lokukhusela urhulumente phambi kolawulo lwesizwe, efuna ukuba alwenze ulawulo lwesizwe lungagunya-gqeqelene.

Imicimbi Yamazwe Asemzini Nemfundiso Yesidubedube

Kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, uMongameli usoloko echazwa njenge "ilungu elingurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ekumaganelweni akhe namazwe asemzini," imfundiso echazwe kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo iUnited States v. Curtiss-Wright Rhweba ngaphandle komkhosi. [193] [6]. Le mbono ichaza ukuba uMongameli unegunya elisemgaqweni kwimigaqo-siseko yamanye amazwe ezimeleyo ekwimiqathango yengingqi ezimeleyo yenginyaniso. Noko ke, nakwimicimbi yangaphandle, uMongameli unyanzelwa yi-Punicerreat yePurse [[FLT] [[FLT] [FLT] [3]. ulawulo lwezikomposiso solawulo kunye nemisebenzi yomkhosi womkhosi womkhosi womkhosi.

Izixhobo zesenzo esithe ngqo: Imiqathango yegunya kunye nokubhengezwa

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yezona zixhobo zibonakalayo nezinamandla zesenzo sobumongameli ngqo. Zivumela uMongameli ukwalathisa imisebenzi karhulumente wesizwe kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphuma kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngeli xesha linamandla, azizi-cheki zingenanto kwaye ziphantsi kokwalathiswa okubalulekileyo okusemthethweni nokusebenzayo.

Yintoni Eyenza Ulungelelwano Olulawulayo Lube Ngokwasemthethweni?

Umyalelo olawulayo kufuneka ufumane igunya lawo kusini na kwiGatya II elikhethekileyo ukubekwa kwemithetho yamandla nguMbutho ngommiselo okanye ngomthetho-siseko wephondo. Umzekelo odumileyo woku [[[FLT:][4]. . Ulawulo lwegunya lolawulo lwezolawulo alunakuyiyila imithetho emitsha, okanye imigaqo ekhoyo karhulumente. Ukuba ulungelelwaniso lungaphezulu kule mida, uphantsi kokubethwa yinkundla. Umzekelo odumileyo woku [[FLTLT:] [FLT]] [5] [ult:5] [ult.C.C.cov.v. syter [FL.FF.5] uphando oluqhelekileyo loMlawuli wezomthetho-mthetho-siseko se-siseko somthetho-mthetho-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko senqanawa, se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se

Imiqathango Yophawu Embalini YaseMerika

Imiyalelo yegunya iye yasetyenziswa ukubumba ibutho labantu baseMelika ngendlela ezinzulu. [[[FT:0] Iprojekthi yoMkhosi [[FLT: 1] (1863) nguAbraham Lincoln wasebenzisa igunya elilawulayo ukukhulula amakhoboka kumagunya avukelayo, egwetyelwe njengemfuneko yemikhosi phantsi kolawulo lwakhe oluphezulu. [[FFLT:] [FF4] Umthetho opheleleyo [FFF:] [FFLT:] [12] [194])) ngumongameli Trumzelo , (198] (1942) wagunyazisa imikhosi yamaMelika yaseJaphani ngexesha lemfazwe, exhobileyo, isebenzisa igunya elikhulu lombuso.[5] [[6] [Umthetho othe ,[19] [Umthetho othe k] [umthetho-Akadengu-Akadenu] [umphaka ka-X] [19] [unyu] [unyu] [unyu])] [unyunyunyuke] uninzi-Aka-nke] [unyusolu , u

I-Web yezomGaqo-siseko: Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yinkqubo yesakhiwo elungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwamandla olawulo kwingcinezelo. Esi sicwangciso sixhomekeke kwintsika ezintathu: isebe lowiso-mthetho, isebe eligwebayo, kunye nenkqubo yezobupolitika.

Ulawulo Lwengqungquthela Namandla Okuthenga

IBhunga linezixhobo ezinamandla zokuhlola umlawuli. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngamandla emali yemali ; akukho nyathelo lolawulo linokugcinwa ngaphandle kwemali efanelekileyo. IBhunga likwaqhuba imigaqo yezokuva [, imicimbi , imbambano [[FLT:]], i-subbenans[, kwaye ifuna isebe eliphetheyo linikezele phantsi kwe-Progrim'ssion Active Act [[FLT] Act [[FLT]]. I-allcet, ime njengeyona imodeli ye-'Crimes probitions "Crimes kunye ne-Mismeaders" ivumela ukususwa kwe-empereasessionerveriant ye-ognestiestiestiestives" esebenzayo.

Ingqwalaselo: Indima yeNkundla Ephakamileyo

Ikomiti yezomthetho isebenza njengommeli wokugqibela wesenzo esisemthethweni sokulawula. Ngoxa iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zithobela umphathi kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe neyokungalawulwa kwemithetho yesizwe, zisoloko zingenelela ukunyanzelisa imida yomgaqo-siseko neyomthetho. Imiba engundoqo iquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Umqulu osezantsi Ikhasi & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952): Ibeke imiqathango yamandla asekhaya kaMongameli ongxamiseko.
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixon [19974]): Ilungelo elilinganiselweyo legunya eliphezulu, elifuna uMongameli Nixon ukujika iikhasethi zamanzi.
  • [FLT]MP v. Hawaii (2018): Icebo loMongameli eliphangaleleyo lokufuduka nokhuseleko lwesizwe phantsi koMthetho we-Immigration kunye noMgaqo-siseko, ngeli lixa kumiselwa imida kucalucalulo lonqulo.

La matyala abonisa ukuba xa uMongameli esebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo, iinkundla zigcina amandla okuchaza imida yazo. Iprojekthi [[FLT: 0] ye-Oyez kuMthetho we-Cornell inika ushwankathelo olufikelelekayo kwezi zigqibo zephawu.

Iimbono Zasekuhlaleni Nokuziphendulela Kwezobupolitika

Ngaphandle kohlolo olusemthethweni, uMongameli ekugqibeleni umele aphendule kunyulo. Umyalelo wegunya elilawulayo elingathandwayo okanye isigqibo somgaqo-nkqubo wasemzini okhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga zezobupolitika ungenza inkcaso, wonakalise imilinganiselo yoMongameli, kwaye achaphazele iziphumo zonyulo olulandelayo. Amajelo-ndaba, amaqela abantu, kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni badlala indima ephambili ekuhloleni isenzo solawulo oluphezulu, bezisa uluntu, besenza ingqwalasela, ukuba umaleko wokuziphendulela

Amandla Alawulayo Kwixesha Lentlekele Nolwando

Amandla obuongameli aye anda ngendlela ephawulekayo ngexesha lengxaki yesizwe. IMfazwe Yamakhaya, Ukudodobala Okukhulu, neMfazwe Yolwaphulo - mthetho nganye yabona isebe eliphetheyo lithatha amagunya amatsha aguqula urhulumente ngokusisigxina.

Intetho yolawulo oluphezulu lwecandelo

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukutolikwa okukhethekileyo komgaqo-siseko okwaziwayo njengobuGawulayo obunguMphathiswa uTheory kufumene ukuvelela. Le ngcamango ithi ukubeka uCela u-Celalasi weQumrhu II kunika uMongameli ulawulo olupheleleyo kwisebe elilawulayo, kuquka amandla okususa nawuphi na umphathi-mikhosi okanye umqeshwa ongothanda. Abaxhasi baphikisa oku kuyimfuneko ukuphendula ityala kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo. Abagxeki baphikisa into yokuba kusongela ukuzimela kwabameli kunye nenkonzo yasekuhlaleni, ukucutha umthetho. Le ngcamango isetyenziselwa ukuthethelela izenzo ezingqwalasela intlukwano ezifuna ulawulo, ukuphinda umva, kunye nokucelw'ilwa kwenkululeko yabahloli-onke kunye neziluleko.

Imfazwe Enxamnye Nobugrogrisi Namandla Okhuseleko Lwesizwe

Emva kohlaselo lwe-Septemba 11, ulawulo lukaMongameli George W. Bush waqinisekisa amandla olawulo oluphezulu agqithiseleyo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha, ukuvalelwa ngokungenasiqinisekiso kweentshaba zotshaba, nokusetyenziswa kweenkundla zomkhosi. Ezi zenzo zagwetyelwa phantsi kwegunya loMphathi-Mphathi--Chief kunye neSigunya lokuSebenza loMkhosi (AMFF) elidluliswe yiBhunga. Iimfazwe ezilandelayo ezingokwasemthethweni, kuquka [[FLT: 0]] iHamdi v. Rumsteld[ kunye [FLT:] neSigunya sobuGqikelelo somkhosi. BBEIINT], zaphumela kwiNkuhlela ephezulu eqinisekisa indima ye-judiaary, kwanolawulo lwesizwe, kwanoburhulumente besizwe, kodwa kwanobugqwenga bobuzwe.

Ulawulo lolawulo nolawulo oluphezulu

Urhulumente wale mihla, kunye nee-ofisi ezininzi ezizimeleyo kunye namaqumrhu olawulo, zinika ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kumandla olawulo. Abameli baye bafuna ngamandla ukulawula ulawulo ngemiyalelo yegunya efuna uhlalutyo-bheni oluphambili [ kunye nocalulo oluphakathi lwe-Ofisi yolwazi kunye nolawulo lwezikhundla (ORA). Amandla okumisela iintloko zolawulo nokuzisusa ziye zaba yindawo ephakathi yemfazweni, iNkulawula yeNkundla ephakamileyo yezomthetho uMthetho we-LC.[FFLCFLT:3] [20]) ukwakheka kokhuseleko lwezezimali oluzinzileyo oludityaniweyo oluphindiweyo oluchatshayo ngokukhutshwa kwegunya-oMongameli.

Isiphelo: Impikiswano Ehlala Ikho Ngamandla Nemingcelele

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla alawulayo kumela imidlalo esemgangathweni yolawulo lwaseMerika. Kubalulekile ukuba ulawulo olusebenzayo nomthombo ozingisileyo woxinzelelo lomgaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, ngeli xesha idla ngokuphazamisayo kwaye icotha, inika isiseko esibalulekileyo phakathi kwala mandla amele asetyenziswe. Ingxoxo ayiyokuba uMongameli umele abe namandla, kodwa ukuba ulawulo lukarhulumente lunamandla ngokwaneleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba lubambe elo gunya. Njengoko umlinganiselo karhulumente kunye nesantya socelomngeni lwehlabathi lonke siqhubeka sivela, uxinezeleko phakathi kwemfuneko yenyathelo elipheleleyo lolawulo oluphezulu kunye nokubaluleka kokuzibamba umthetho-gqweqwela okuqhubekayo kuya kuhlala kuhleli umgangatho osemthethweni nommiselo osemthethweni wegunya, [FLD [1] kunye nomgaqo-ograccemental wiso wiso wiso-od with with with commental with with with with withs] kunye nowe withs wincel'umnt.