Isakhiwo sikarhulumente eUnited States singafaniswa nentsonkothileyo entsonkothileyo, apho imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yegunya namandla isebenza ngexesha elinye. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi korhulumente, urhulumente, noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezenziwe ngayo izigqibo nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo. Umgangatho ngamnye unendima eyahlukileyo echazwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., imizekelo engokwembali, kunye nemfuneko esebenzayo. Eli nqaku liphelisa oku kwahlukahlukana, lihlola izisekomGaqo-siseko, kwaye lihlolisisa indlela ezi zingqinelana ngayo iingqimba ezi mithetho elawula yonke imihla.

Imboniselo yamanqanam karhulumente

Urhulumente wase-U.S. wahlulwe wangamaqondo amathathu ayintloko: urhulumente worhulumente, nowasekuhlaleni. Umgangatho ngamnye uneseti yawo yamandla neembopheleleko, maxa wambi enokuthi ikhokelele ekudidekeni malunga nokuba ngubani ophethe oko. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukulinganisa igunya ukuze kungabikho nomgangatho omnye onamandla kakhulu. Esi sakhiwo, esisaziwa ngokuba yi-constarianism, senza amandla apho agunya ngalinye lahlulwayo kwaye lahlulwe, livumela ulungelelwaniso ekusingatheni imicimbi yokhuselo lwesizwe ukuya kummandla wasekuhlaleni.

Urhulumente OsisiFrentshi

Urhulumente wesizwe ulelona gunya liphezulu eUnited States. Ubekek'ityala kwimicimbi yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka:

  • Ulawulo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle
  • Ukuqhuba ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe nezivumelwano
  • Ukulungiselela ukukhusela ilizwe
  • Ukumisela imithetho yokufuduka
  • Ukulawulwa kwerhafu yorhulumente nokusetyenziswa kwemali
  • Ugcino lwenkqubo yeposi
  • Ukukhusela impahla yengqondo (izikhululo namaphepha-mvume)

Urhulumente wengingqi usebenza eWashington, D.C., kwaye amagunya awo abekwe kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukutolikwa kwala magunya kuye kwanwenwa ngemithetho yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ne-Emfaneleyo ne-Fanety Clause, ivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba acombulule imingeni yale mihla enjenge-orecureaty, umgaqo wokusingqongileyo, kunye ne-ibberte-secul.

Urhulumente

Oorhulumente basebenza phantsi kwegunya elinikwe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nenkqubo yokugweba.

  • Ukulawula kwakhona urhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle
  • Ukusekwa nokuvelela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni
  • Ukulungiselela iinkqubo zemfundo (K-12 kunye nemfundo ephezulu)
  • Ukukhangela ngaphezulu kwendlela yezithuthi (oohola bendlela basentla, i-DMV)
  • Ukulawula impilo nokhuseleko loluntu (kuquka ukukhutshelwa koogqirha nabongikazi)
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho nokugcinwa kwamapolisa
  • Ukulawula umtshato, uqhawulo - mtshato nomthetho wentsapho
  • Ukulawula ubuncwane bendalo kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba

Oorhulumente balawula ngokuyintloko iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kumalayisensi okuqhuba ukuya kumaxwebhu angoogcisa. UMthetho-nkqubo weSihlalo weSihlalo weSihlalo ugcina onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe kumaphondo okanye kubantu, usenza igunya lorhulumente libe libanzi kwaye libe nentsingiselo.

Urhulumente Wangaphakathi

Oorhulumente bobulali basebenza kwisixeko, idolophu, okanye umgange wengingqi. Bafumana amandla abo kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe nemithetho, bewenza izakhiwo zezwe. Iimbopheleleko zabo ziquka:

  • Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zikawonke-wonke (amanzi, umbane, ulawulo lwenkunkuma)
  • Ukulawula ukugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye neenkonzo zokucima umlilo
  • Ukulawula ulawulo kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba (oko kunokwenziwa apho)
  • Ukulungiselela izikolo zasekuhlaleni (iibhodi zesikolo)
  • Ukuqhuba unyulo lukasodolophu wasekuhlaleni, ibhunga lesixeko nezinye iiofisi
  • Ukulondoloza iindlela, iipaki namathala eencwadi asekuhlaleni
  • Ukugunyazisa imithetho yokwakha nemithetho yempilo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangowona mgangatho usondeleyo kubemi abaninzi. Basingatha imicimbi yemihla ngemihla enjengemingxuma, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokusabela kwamapolisa asekuhlaleni. Kukho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abangaphezu kwama-90 000 eUnited States, kuquka imimandla, izixeko, ingingqi, kunye neziphaluka ezikhethekileyo (umz., izikolo, amaphondo afumana amanzi).

Isiseko SomGaqo-siseko Samandla

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uchaza ukusasazwa kwamandla phakathi komgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente. UMthetho oLandlisiweyo weSihlalo seshumi okhethekileyo awuwaphathisi urhulumente worhulumente kunye nabantu. Eli gunya lingundoqo kwingcamango yolawulo lwamagunya kwaye belingumbandela wengxoxo ukususela ekuFunyanweni kwalo.

Amandla Anempembelelo

Amagunya agunyasiweyo ngalawo anikwe urhulumente wesizwe ngokungqalileyo nguMgaqo-siseko. La magama adweliswe ngokuyintloko kwiGatya I, iCandelo 8. Imizekelo engundoqo iquka:

  • Inkcitho nokusetyenziswa kwentlalo-ntle jikelele
  • Amandla okubhengeza imfazwe
  • Amandla okulawula ushishino phakathi komhlaba nakwamanye amazwe
  • Amandla okuqingqa imali nokulawula ixabiso layo
  • Amandla okumisela iiofisi zeposi kunye neendlela
  • Amandla okunyusa nokuxhasa amajoni kunye nomkhosi wamanzi

[[NTL:0] I-Naclisessiary neNtloko Claus (Icandelo lesi-8, u-Classia 18) inika iBhunga igunya lokuqhuba yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" yokuqhuba amagunya ayo adwelisweyo. Le ngxelo iguqulelwe ngokubanzi, inceda urhulumente wesizwe ukuba andise ukufikelela kwimimandla efana nobhanki, unyango, namalungelo oluntu. Umzekelo, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla .MCulloch v. Maryland [18]]) yamisela ukuba uMbutho ungakwazi ukudala ibhanki yesizwe, nangona amandla engadweliswanga ngokucacileyo, kuba oko kuyindlela elungele ukuqhuba intlawulo olufana nowokubomboleko.

Amandla Agciniweyo

Amagunya agciniweyo ngalawo angadweliswanga ngqo kumGaqo-siseko kwaye ngoko agcinelwe amaphondo. UMthetho-siseko weshumi ubumba isiseko samagunya. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Ukuphelisa umtshato noqhawulo - mtshato
  • Ukumisela nokulawula oorhulumente basekuhlaleni
  • Ukuqhuba unyulo (ukumisela iimfaneleko zovoti,
  • Ukuxhobisa iinkqubo zemfundo kuzo zonke imigangatho
  • Ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle
  • Imisebenzi yokucheba (oogqirha, abachebi beenwele)

Amandla agciniweyo aziwa ngokuba ngamagosa amapolisa kuba evumela amazwe ukuba amise imiqathango yempilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabemi bawo. Yiyo loo nto amazwe enokumisela imida yesantya, afune ukugonywa kwabantwana besikolo, kwaye athintele amashishini athile ngeCawa (imithetho ye-blue).

Amandla Akhoyo

Amagunya akhoyo ngalawo ahlanganyelwe koorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Ezi ndawo zifuna intsebenziswano kwaye zingakhokelela kwimimiselo engenanayo. Amagunya aqhelekileyo aquka:

  • Igunya lokuhlawula irhafu (yombini imigangatho inokuhlawulwa yirhafu, impahla nentengiso)
  • Amandla okwakha iindlela nezibonelelo
  • Amandla okuseka iinkundla eziphantsi (iintendelezo zesithili neenkundla zephondo)
  • Amandla okuboleka imali kwityala
  • Amandla okunyanzelisa imithetho nokusebenzisa okusesikweni
  • Igunya lokuqesha iibhanki nenkampani

Xa imithetho karhulumente neyarhulumente ingqubana namandla akhoyo, u-Claus womGaqo-siseko (Artle VI) uyawulawula umthetho karhulumente. Kungoko amatyala engenakubhalisa ngokomthetho into urhulumente wezwe eligalelayo, nangona ukunyanzelisa kusoloko kuvumela ukungavisisani kwemeko.

Imisebenzi Ephakathi Kwamanqanaba Karhulumente

Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abasebenzisana ngayo, norhulumente wasekuhlaleni kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ngokupheleleyo ulawulo lwase-U.S. olu nxibelelwano lungakhokelela kwintsebenziswano nokungqubana. Ukuntsonkotha kwemibandela yanamhlanje kudla ngokufuna ukuba urhulumente asebenze ngemigangatho emininzi edibeneyo, kodwa izinto eziza kuqala nezichazwa ngokusemthethweni zinokubangela ungquzulwano.

Ulwahlulo

Ulwahlulo lwenzeka xa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yorhulumente isebenza kunye ukufikelela iinjongo ezifanayo. Oku kudla ngokuthatha uhlobo olukwi-aid, apho ingeniso yemali yengingqi igobeka khona ukuya kumazwe kunye neendawo ezineemeko ezithile. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Inkxaso-mali edityanisiweyo yeeprojekthi (iindlela eziphezulu, iibhulorho, uthutho lukawonke-wonke) ngeenkqubo ezifana noMthetho weNdlela ePhezulu
  • Imigudu yomanyano yokuphendula kwintlekele, eququzelelwe yi-FEMA kumgangatho wesizwe kunye namaqumrhu olawulo lwemeko yongxamiseko
  • ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni linika inkxaso-mali
  • Amanyathelo onyango lukawonke-wonke afana nentsebenziswano nesebe lezonyango lesizwe ekujongweni izifo nakumaphulo okugoma

Le mizekelo isebenzisanayo maxa wambi ibizwa ngokuba yi- umbutho womanyano okanye "iilayini ezinzileyo zekhekhe," apho imigca ephakathi kwamanqanaba ifinyele, kwaye onke amanqanaba asebenza kunye ukusombulula iingxaki. USA.

Impixano

Kunokuvela ingxabano xa imithetho karhulumente okanye karhulumente iphikisana nemithetho karhulumente. Oku kudla ngokukhokelela kucelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni nempikiswano ngamalungelo karhulumente kunye negunya likarhulumente. Iindawo ezingundoqo zoxinezeleko ziquka:

  • iState jum i-mon isemthethweni kunye nomthetho wezwe: Njengango-2024, amazwe angaphezu kwama-20 agunyazise umya wokuzonwabisa, ukanti ishiye iShedyuli Ndilawula iprojekthi phantsi komthetho wezwe. Urhulumente wengingqi ukhethe kakhulu ukunganyanzeli uthintelo kumacandelo agunyazisiweyo, kodwa oku kwenza iindawo ezingwevu ezisemthethweni zamashishini nabantu ngabanye.
  • Izixeko zokuhlalisa kunye nokunyanzelisa ukufuduka kwesizwe: Ezinye izixeko kunye namazwe athintelweyo nentsebenziswano namagunya okufuduka karhulumente, ikhankanya izinto eziphambili zoovimba basekuhlaleni kunye nenkxalabo yamalungelo abantu. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kumadabi enkundla kunye nezisongelo zokungahlawulwa kwemali karhulumente.
  • Imimiselo yesiseko yahluka phakathi koorhulumente kunye nemigangatho yesizwe: IKhalifoniya isoloko imisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yezithuthi ezikhupha imoto kune-ocester, ifuna umenzi wengozi kwi-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA). Ulawulo lweTrump luzirhoxisile ezo ziphelo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiligi eqhubekayo.
  • Iimpikiswano zenkqubo yonyango lokwala: UMthetho we-Affordble Care (ACA) wacelwwa ngurhulumente owaphikisayo ngokugqithisa amagunya omthetho wezorhwebo kazwelonke, nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayixhasa kakhulu. Ama-United States akwaneqhinga kulwando lweMedicaid, nto leyo ekhokelela kwintsalela yentlawulo.

Ezi mfazwe ziconjululwa kwinkqubo yenkundla, neNkundla ePhakamileyo esebenza njengomkhuphi wokugqibela. Imfundiso ye iphakathi: xa umthetho wesizwe uthe wawuvala ngokuphandle umthetho wesizwe, umthetho karhulumente kufuneka unikezele. Noko ke, xa iBhunga lingazimisele ukukhulula, amagunya agcina igunya lalo. Lo mlinganiselo usoloko uvavanywa.

Ubuzwe beFederalism

Umba obalulekileyo wolwalamano lwezoburhulumente ngulo ulawulo lwemali olunobuzwe ].

Iimbambano Nempikiswano

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente lusathetha into ebangel ’ umdla.

Uphando lwe-Autonomy karhulumente

Bambi baphikisa ngokuthi urhulumente wezwe udlule imida yakhe engokomGaqo-siseko, ingakumbi kwimimandla enjengemfundo (Akukho mntwana Ushiyekileyo, Umthetho woMfundi Ngamnye), ukhuseleko lwezempilo (ACA), kunye nomgaqo wemeko-bume (Isenzo sokucoca uMmoya, iGatyanimanzi). Abaxhasi bomthetho wolu lawulo bawahlula amalungelo [ amele ukuba azimele kakuhle aqonde iimfuno zasekuhlaleni kwaye ukuba imigaqo-mthetho yesizwe elungeleleneyo yonke ingasebenzi. Abachasi bale mbono baphikisa ukuba iingxaki zesizwe zifuna izisombululo zesizwe kwaye awanakulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukungcoliswa okanye ukukhusela amalungelo abantu.

Indima Yoorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Kuhlanga Oluneembono Ezingafaniyo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baye baba ziindawo zokulwa impikiswano yesizwe, ukusuka kwimiqathango yemaski ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19 ukuya kwimithetho yokuhlahlela echaphazela ukufumaneka kwezindlu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, amazwe aye atshayela ukuvalwa kolawulo lwendlu yekontini, njengokuvalwa kolawulo lwendlu yesixeko okanye ukuvalwa kwemigaqo yesakhiwo sengcwele. Oku kubangele amaza amatsha [ ulawulo lwendawo yayo yonke [[FLT]] ulawulo lomgaqo-mthetho womthetho osusiweyo . [FLT: 4.]

Ukugqalwa Njengokwahlukileyo Kwezobupolitika Nomanyano

Umahluko wemithetho udla ngokudlala kulwalamano lwesizwe nolwesizwe. Xa iWhite House kunye norhulumente zilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, ingxabano yanda. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka ukumangalela urhulumente wesizwe kwiinkqubo zokufuduka, imithetho yemekobume, kunye nemithetho yokuvota. Le mithetho inamandla ingakhokelela kwi "checkerboard" yemithetho kulo lonke ilizwe, apho ukubhalisa okusemthethweni okufana nokukhupha isisu, amalungelo ompu, okanye ukukhupha isisu kuxhomekeke kwimo ombuso okukhoyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yezomthetho ingu 20222 kwisigqibo se-202 kwi-Dobbs b. Jackson's Health Organization , apho kuvunywe umthetho wokurhola, owenziwe nguRode, ukukhupha umthetho owenziwa ngobuchule bokubuyisela amandla kwimeko ye-gropoograti ye-grati ye-grati ye-ogrative, i-ogrativelktive i-in, i-wooglogold i-e ingu

Ukuqonda Oku: Iingcebiso Eziluncedo

Kubemi, ukuqhuba intlupheko yamagunya karhulumente kungadida. Isenzo esilula njengokuqhuba imoto sibandakanya imigangatho emininzi: imilinganiselo yokhuseleko karhulumente yemoto (NHTSA), ukufakwa kweminxeba kunye nemithetho yendlela, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwendlela yasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, ukuqala ishishini kufuna ukuba kuvumelane nemithetho yerhafu karhulumente, ukubhalisa nokunika imvume yokhuseleko, kunye nentengiselwano yengiselwano yengingqi. Le nguqulelo ikhokelela ekubeni kufuneke ukupheliswa kwemiqathango yendlela, kodwa iinguqu zifuna ukupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko okanye inyathelo lomthetho wokwamGawula-siseko, nto enqabileyo.

Isitshixo sikukuba inkqubo ye-U.S. iguqulwe ngabom kwaye igqunywe ukuze ithintele ukuxinezeleka kwamandla. Ngelixesha oku kungenza i-inficiciencies kunye neengxabano, ikwanika amathuba amaninzi okuba nenxaxheba kunye nokuvuselelwa. Abami banokubandakanyeka kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni (iibhodi zesikolo, amabhunga esixeko), umgangatho wesizwe (izikhundla, iirhuluneli), kunye nomgangatho worhulumente (umongameli, umongameli). Ukuqonda ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elibeke ityala ngokokuqala ukubhalisa intlalo-ntle yezentengo.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda ukwahluka kwamagunya kumazwe ahlukeneyo kumazwe orhulumente, orhulumente, kunye nawonginya ngokufanayo kubalulekile kubafundi nakubafundisi-lwazi. Kuxhobisa abantu ngolwazi ukuba basebenzise ubuntlola bokulawula baze babandakanyeke kwiingxoxo zoluntu. Ukudideka kukarhulumente akuyilelwanga ukuba kube lula, kodwa kunoko ukubonakalisa iimfuno nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yesizwe esikhulu, esiziintlobo ngeentlobo. Ngokuqonda iindima ezahlukileyo, iziseko zomgaqo-siseko, kunye nokusebenzisana ngamandla phakathi komgangatho, sinokuyiqonda kakuhle indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-siseko, ukuphunyezwa, nokucekiswa kwe-ethelekelelo-mali. Olu lwazi lusinika amandla okuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi enentsingiselo yedemokhrasi . Ukukhetha okuseluvoti kwenkundla ephakamileyo. Umlinganiselo wamandla akahambelani; ukwenziwa ngonyulo ngalunye, umthetho, nokulawula, nokuqhuba imfundo eqhubekayo ngolwazi ngolawulo loburhulumente.