IBhunga le-United States limi njengesebe lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente wesizwe, isiko elenzelwe ukuba libe lilungiselelo lokuqala lokwenza umthetho wesizwe. Lamiswa yiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, iKhontrakthi yabonwa njengesebe elinamandla neliphendula ngqo likarhulumente. Noko ke, isakhiwo sayo sasingesosigqibo esilula. Inkqubo ye-baobaral esiyaziyo namhlanje, yaye ilungele ukumiswa kweNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli kunye neNdlu-Candelo, yaye yayingumphumo othe ngqo wokungavumelani okubalaseleyo okuye kwayisombulula impikiswano phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu kunye nalawo ancinane. Oku kwadala inkqubo engqubanayo elungele ulawulo olulungele ukulawulwa kwesizwe nolonga-onke, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto inguqumvo elula kwenkqubo yolawulo lwesizwe ngasinye.

Ukuqonda isakhiwo seBhunga kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, indlela osasazwa ngayo amandla, nendlela urhulumente orhulumente asebenzisana ngayo nabantu baseMerika. Ukusuka kumandla engxowa-mali eseNdlu ukuya kwicebiso nakwindima yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlalo, igumbi ngalinye lenziwe ngembopheleleko eyahlukileyo yokwakha iqumrhu elinobuchule, elilungeleleneyo nelisebenzayo lokwenza umthetho.

Isiseko Sebhankal: Ukulalanisa Okukhulu

Ukudalwa kweNgqungquthela yeSisombululo seSisombululo seSisombululo seSisombululo kuphela. Le nkqubo ibiya kunika urhulumente onamandla amakhulu kakhulu kurhulumente orhulumente. Amazwe amancinci, afana nowe-, axhaswe yiPlaneti yeVirginia[, ecebisa ukuba kubekho iSicwangciso sowiso-mthetho sohlanga esisekelwe kubemi. Le nkqubo izakunika urhulumente ngamnye apho urhulumente ebenovota, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umnini-mali ufumana amandla amakhulu ngakumbi kurhulumente worhulumente. Amazwe amancinci, anjengeNew Jersey, adityaniswa nesiCengeleko , esibizwa ngesiCephekelelwa se-New Jersey , , ebibizwa ngendlu yowiso-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko soluntu, apho urhulumente ngamnye ebenobodwa, ukulondoloza amandla alingana nabemi, phantsi kweZihlomelo sabemi.

Intloko efileyo yasongelwa ukuphazamisa yonke indibano. Yaphulwa nguRoger Sherman wase Connecticut, owacebisa ukuba kubekho iKomiti Enkulu [[FLT: 0] isisombululo esidityanisiweyo samacandelo omabini amaceba. Isiphumo [ Sinyukile ukuThobela [ iseke iBhunga eliphakathi: iNdlu yoomeli izakuveza umelo olulinganayo olusekelwe kubemi borhulumente, lo gama iNqaqonga linika umelo olulinganayo ngee-menters ezimbini nganye. Esi sakhiwo sidibeneyo sadala isiseko somthetho we-demokhrasi yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wolawulo lwesizwe nomthetho wolungelelwano. Oku akukhange kusindisi nje kuphela indibano yendibano elungiselelwe ngabantu abakwindawo enye, kwanawabonke abantu abaxhotyisweyo.

Indlu Yabameli: Ilizwi Labantu

Indlu yabameli yayiyilwe ukuba ibe ligumbi elikufutshane nabantu baseMerika. Amalungu endlu asebenza amabinzana eminyaka emibini, ixesha elifutshane elaneleyo lokuba ahlale enikele ingqalelo kwiimfuno neembono zabo. Lo mjikelo wonyulo othe rhoqo uqinisekisa ukuba iNdlu ibonisa isimo sangoku sohlanga, isenza libe liqumrhu elinolwamkelo nolunamandla lowiso-mthetho.

Ujongo kunye nomqondiso

Indlu inamalungu ovota [[[FLT: 0]435], inani elimiswe nguMthetho woku Vuselela we- 1929. Urhulumente ngamnye unika inani lezihlalo ezisekelwe kubemi bayo njengoko kumiswe yidecPrintal U.S.. Inani labemi. Eli lizwe linabemi abaphezulu, abanjenge California, Texas, kunye neFlorida, linabameli abaninzi, ngelinye ixesha benobundlobongela obufana no-Wyoming, Vermont, kunye ne-Alaska linawo nje omnye. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njengedeccriciomintalment ye-U., iqinisekisa ukuba ukumeleka kwendlu kudityaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kusasazwa abantu baseMelika. Emva koko, ulwahlulo ngalunye lungalahlekelwa okanye lungalahlekelwa yinkqubo ephambili, inkqubela yezopolitiki engaphaya kwemimandla.

Iimfaneleko nobude bexesha

UmGaqo-siseko umisela iimfuno ezintathu zokusebenza kule ndlu: ummeli kufuneka abe neminyaka engama-25 ubuncinane, abe ngummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka esixhenxe, kwaye abe ngummi wesizwe abamela ngaso ngexesha lonyulo. Abameli bamaFrameya bamisela ngenhloso imfuneko encinci yeminyaka kuneKhathene ukutsala abancinane, iinkokeli ezinamandla angakumbi ezivumelaniswe nezilangazelelo zabemi abaqhelekileyo. Iminyaka emibini imikhosi yabameli e-U. Imikhosi ekwiphondo ekufuneka imele ikwenze izenze ityala ngqo kwisithili sabo sasekuhlaleni. Le njongo yokuyila yayicetyelele indlu indawo yemvakalelo kawonke-wonke-wonke neyokukhawulezileyo.

Ukhokelo Nenkqubo

Indlu ikhokelwa [ Isithethi seNdlu , indawo enyulwa ngamalungu apheleleyo eNdlu kunye nesesibini kumgca wobungangameli emva koMongameli. USithethi liNkulumbuso wolawulo, umphathi wegumbi, kunye ninkokeli yeqela elininzi. Amandla oMlawuli uquka ukumisela imigaqo yemithetho, ukumisela amalungu ekomiti, nokubhekisa iimfanelo kwiikomiti. Ngaphantsi koMlawuli wobuKhosi nguMphathi-mikhosi [[FLT:] uMajority Nkosi yegumbi [[FLT:]], [FLT]], [FLT:], [4] i-Mongameli.[FLT], kunye neqela [FFFLT:]

Amandla Akhethekileyo: Amandla Okuthenga Nawokucetyiswa

UMgaqo-siseko unika iNdlu amagunya amaninzi akhethekileyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i- i-Origionation Clause (INkqutyana, iCandelo 7) ufuna ukuba onke amatyala okunyusa ingeniso avele kwiNdlu. Eli gunya lemali linguvavanyo lokuqala lwendlu kwisebe eliphetheyo kunye neBhunga. Ngaphezu koko, iNdlu inegunya lokungagunya lokungagunyazi amagosa orhulumente, kuquka uMongameli. I-Impelesi sityala esisemthethweni sokwenza okubi, sisebenza njengetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa indlu ivotela ukuba ingathethi, imeko ithunyelwa kwiBhunga lokuvavanya.

ICandelo: Umzimba Onenkululeko

Ukuba indlu yayiyilelwe ukuba iphendule abantu, iBhunga leNtsimbi lenzelwe ukuba lizinze kwaye lizinze. Abalawuli babefuna ukuba iNdlu yeeNdlu zeMalanga isebenze njenge-"sour" yomthetho, icutha iminqweno yendlu engxameleyo enobugocigoci, amava, kunye noluvo olubanzi. Isakhiwo seCathene sikhuthaza ukucinga ixesha elide kunye nokwenziwa kwenkqubo yequmrhu.

Umelo Olulinganayo Nengenelo Karhulumente Omncinane

IBhunga leNtsimbi lenziwe ngamalungu angamakhulu e-, kunye nee-senator ezimbini ezimela urhulumente ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi abantu. Olu melo lulinganayo lukwiGatya V lomGaqo-siseko, elimisela ukuba akukho rhulumente onokuthi ahlulwe i-suffgele kwiBhunga ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. Eli lungiselelo lelinye lamalungu ambalwa angagqibekiyo omGaqo-siseko, eligxininisa indima enzima yamazwe amancinane adlala kumlinganiselo wesizwe. Njengomphumo, i-sentenator esuka kwi-Wyoming imele abantu abamalunga nama-580 000 000, lo gama isigente esuka eKhalini imela phantsezigidi ezingama-40. Eli candelo linika amandla amancinane kwi-Celcean, elilungele ukukhusela iimbutho zawo ngokucacileyo.

Iimfaneleko nobude bexesha

Izihlanganisi kufuneka zibe neminyaka engama-30 ubuncinane, bezingummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka elithoba, kwaye zingummi welizwe abazimelayo. Eli gama leminyaka emithandathu lingaphezulu kakhulu kunelelungu lendlu, linika abaququzeleli abanezizinzo ezizinzileyo kunye nokungaguquguquki ngokupheleleyo kwimingcipheko yexesha elifutshane yezopolitiko. Izinyuso zishukuma ukwenzela ukuba malunga [[FLD:0] isithathu seBhunga linyuselwe ukuphinda linyuswe iminyaka emibini yonke . Oku kutshintsha oku kuthintela ukuguquka okupheleleyo kwegumbi nakwenye unyulo, kuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kolwazi nolawulo.

Ukhokelo Nenkqubo

Umongameli oyisekela we-United States usebenza njenge- umongameli weNdlu yeNtsimbi yeNtlanganiso , ekhokela kwiintlanganiso kwaye evota ngokudibanisa iqhina. IBhunga likhetha [ umlawuli weProfenti [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]], obeka izithuba zomgangatho, ingxoxo, nolawulo lweqela elikhulu. Ngokungafaniyo nelungu elikhulu leqela elikhulu. Eli qela lisebenza ngeqela lomthetho womthetho, noko ke, lilele kuMphathi weqela odumileyo. [[FFOFT.5] [12] [5], elilawulayonke i-ethethomo, elilawulayo, elilawulayokuqala, kwaye elilawulayolongayo. [i-ekhompyumession, eninzi lisebenzisa ukurhoxakeleleka kwelungu elikhulu lomthetho womthetho womthetho, kodwa elilawula ukulandele i-onke]

Amandla Akhethekileyo: Amacebiso Nemvume

IBhunga linamagunya akhethekileyo alenza libe luvavanyo olunamandla kumongameli. Ngalo icandelo eligunyazisiweyo neNkundla ePhakamileyo , iCanter kufuneka ithethe nesivumelwano se-raftive esixoxwe nguMongameli (ifuna isithathu somninzi samalungu) kwaye iqinisekisa ulawulo oluphambili kunye nolawulo lwezomthetho, kuquka amalungu equququzelela, abagwebi bephondo, abagwebi benkundla benkundla yenkundla yesizwe, kunye nabagwebi abaphezulu beNkunga-mthetho. Eli gunya linika iNtsimbingelelo enkulu phezu komgaqo we-jaji ye-mali nesebe elilawulayo. Indlu ikwasebenza njengejaji ekubachola ityala elingomnye. Ukuba iNdluvoti ye-ontaliti ye-evoti, i-evoti, i-evoti ezimbini zifuna ukuva i-onyelwa, kwaye i-ovoti ye-egosa kwe-omkhulu eliphethe.

Indlela Ibhili Esiba Ngayo Umthetho: Ibhayisekile Yobomi Esemthethweni

Inkqubo yokuguqula ingcamango ibe ngumthetho wesizwe inde kwaye inzima, ibonisa injongo yamaFramers ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwa ngenyameko. Ngelixesha iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala ineenkqubo ezahlukileyo, irejista kufuneka idlulise omabini amagumbi ngendlela efanayo phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli.

Ukwazisa kunye nokubuyisela

Iphepha lomthetho lingaziswa ngaliphi na ilungu legumbi. Endlweni, umthetho uphoswa kwi "intelekelelo" ngummeli. Kwindlu yezindlu, i-sentenel inyuka nje ukuyazisa ityala lanele. Xa ithe yaziswa, ityala linikwa inani kwaye libhekiselwe kwikomiti efanelekileyo ekhoyo ukuphinda ihlolwe. Oku kubhekisa kulawulo luxanduva olunetyala, njengoko isitulo sekomiti sinamandla abalulekileyo ukuba ngaba ityala lifumana na ingqalelo eyongentla.

Isenzo Sekomiti: Ukuva Nokuphawula

Iikomiti ngamahashe asebenzayo eBhunga. Ngexesha lokuva, amalungu ekomiti abuza iingcaphephe, amagosa karhulumente, kunye nabagcini-mali ngeziphumo zemali nemfuneko. Emva kokuva, ikomiti ibamba intlanganiso yentlanganiso apho amalungu anikela iintengiso kunye nengxoxo ngomgca wemali. Ikomiti ivota ukuba ichaze ityala ngokufanelekileyo kwigumbi elipheleleyo, itafile, okanye ibulale ngokupheleleyo. Isigqibo sekomiti sokubulala isindululo rhoqo, njengoko isalatha somsebenzi wendlu inqabile idla ngokuphuma kwi-''''''''''''''.

Intshukumo yomgangatho: Impikiswano kunye noqeqesho

Xa kuxelwa ukuba ityala lizakunikezelwa, iya kumgangatho wegumbi layo eligotyelweyo. Endlini, iKomiti yeNdlu yeNdlu. imisela iingxoxo, imisela ixesha elingakanani ityala eliza kuxutyushwa, ibone ukuba ingalungiswa na. Indlu ihamba ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yobukhulu bayo. Nangona i-Prime, ingxoxo yomgangatho ayimiswanga kakuhle. I-Senators zingathetha iiyure ezininzi, zinika ii-antelliments, zinika okanye zisebenzise ii-filicbus ukulibazisa okanye ziving'ivote. Uninzi oluqhelekileyo lufuneka ludlulise iziko ezininzi kumagumbi omabini, nangona i-Pricester ifuna iivoti 60 ze-oves.

Ukulungisa Iingxabano: IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Ukuze isisombululo sibe ngumthetho, kufuneka sidlule omabini amagumbi ngendlela efanayo. Ngokufuthi, iNdlu neCate igqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye. Ukusombulula ezi ngxaki, i- i-'arease komiti' evumelanayo' iqalwe, iqanjwe ngamalungu amakhulu asuka kuwo omabini amagumbi. Aye adibanisa uhlobo, aziwa njengengxelo [ yolwahlulo. Oku kumele ke ngoko kuvumelwe yiyo yomibini indlu kunye nendlu ngaphandle kokunye ukuquququzelela.

Isenzo soMongameli: Isibonakaliso, iVito, okanye i-Pocket Veto

Xa omabini avumela umthetho wokugqibela, uthunyelwa kuMongameli. UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (ugqitha iiCawa) ukuba enze. UMongameli angawubeka [[FLT: 0] ummiselo wemali kumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli [[FLT:]] ugqithiselwa [kuwonke] [[[FLT:]] [umthetho]] ugqithiselwa umthetho, ubuyiselwa emva kwiNgqungquthela ngengxelo yokwalalciso. [Umongameli] angawudlulisa umthetho [[FLT:] 2] uvoti-3] kumagumbi omabini, unyanzela umthetho ngaphandle kogunyazo. Ukuba ulawulo lungawuthabathiwo kwintlanganiso ye-Bhunga lomthetho. Ngoko, ukuba ikhompatho-mthetho womthetho uzenze ngokuzenzekelayo.

Indima Yeekomiti: Amahashe Omsebenzi Engqungquthela

Uninzi lomsebenzi wowiso-mthetho owenziwa kwinkqubo yeekomiti. IiKomiti zivumela amalungu ukuba akhulise ubuchule kwiindawo ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo, ukusuka kwezolimo nakukhuseleko ukuya kwiibhanki nakulwalamano lwamanye amazwe.

Iikomiti Ezimileyo

Ezi ziikomiti ezisisigxina ezimiselwe yimithetho yegumbi ngalinye. Indlu ineekomiti ezingama-20 ezimileyo, ngelixa iikomiti ezingundoqo zine 16. ziquka izindululo (ezilawula inkqubo yerhafu kazwelonke), [[[FLT:]] iiNkonzo zeNdlu [[FLT:]] [iiinkqubo zerhafu], [iiiNdluwa] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [iiindlela] (inkqubo yerhafuthe), [[FLT:]], [iiiiiindawo yolawulo oluthe ngqo], [[FLT:] kunye nolawulo olunamandla.[FLT]

Khetha, iKomiti ekhethekileyo, kunye neyomanyano

[[NTLT:0] Khetha okanye kumisele iiKomiti ezizodwa zimiselwa okwethutyana ukuphanda ngemibandela ethile, njengeNdlu yeQela Yokukhetha iKomiti yobuntlola okanye iNdlu yeNdlu yeSihlanu. Zingaqhuba ukuchotshelwa nokukhutshwa kweengxelo zengxelo kodwa zisoloko zingenawo umthetho. [ IiKomiti ezidibeneyo ziquka amalungu asuka kuwo omabini amagumbi kunye nogxininiso kwimibandela enyanzelo, njengeKomiti yezentengiselwano yezoqoqosho edityani okanye iKomiti edityanisiweyo eMasipala.

Imigaqo - siseko Yokuxhasa Imigaqo - siseko: Iingcali Ezingomthetho

Ukwenza izigqibo ngolwazi, iKhomishini yeNkqutyana ixhomekeke kumasebe amaninzi angengomalungu enkxaso anikela uphando, uhlalutyo, kunye nolawulo lwemali. I-ofisi yoHlahlo loLawulo loMsebenzi woMsebenzi weNtlalo (CBO) ihlolisisa iziphumo zoqingqo-mali zomthetho ocetyisiweyo, inika uqikelelo oluyimfuneko ekwenzeni inkqubo yophando. [[FLT:] I-Government Accodential Office (GAO) inikela ingxelo engezo zonke iingxelo ezingongoma zemali ezichithweyo kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente zokwenziwa komthetho zokusebenza nokusebenza. [[FLD:4]

Amandla Ahlala Ekho Nalucelomngeni Lweengxubeko Zanamhlanje

Isakhiwo seBhunga, esizalwa ngokuyekelelayo ngo-1787, sihlala siqinile ngendlela ephawulekayo. Inkqubo ye-baobal iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho kufuneka ucacise imiqobo emibini eyahlukeneyo, enye emela abantu kunye nenye imeli yamazwe. Le ndlela yokwakha yenzelwe ukuvelisa imithetho elungeleleneyo, eyamkelekileyo. Noko ke, iKhomishini namhlanje ijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo, kuquka ukwanda kolwandiso-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho, nokungavunyelwa kwabantu. I-Diacibuster kwi-Canternethi, yakuba sisixhobo esisetyenziswayo, isoloko ifuna ama-60 ukuba aphumele umthetho obalulekileyo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekusetyenzisweni komgaqo wocalu lwabiwo, inkqubo egqithisayo edlula kwi-aprivern, kodwa ilinganiselwe ekusebenziseni nokungenisa ingeniso.

Phezu kwalo nje olu celomngeni, iBhunga lihlala lingumphakathi wenkundla yengxoxo yedemokhrasi kunye nokwenza umthetho eUnited States. Isakhiwo sayo .(ukuyilwa kwayo) inendima eyahlukileyo yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, inkqubo yekomiti eyomeleleyo, kunye neseti yeengqi enamandla kwisebe elilawulayo) iyaqhubeka ibumba imithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo yohlanga. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo linyathelo lokuqala ekuqondeni indlela urhulumente waseMelika asebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abanokubandakana ngayo ngokunempumelelo nabameli babo.