Ingcamango yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngumgaqo osisiseko obekwe kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-United States. Iqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinye likarhulumente elinamandla kakhulu, eligcina isiseko solawulo-mpukane esibonwa ngabaseki. Isebe elilawulayo, elijongene nokunyanzela imithetho nokusebenzisa urhulumente wezwe, liphantsi komjelo-siseko onamandla kunye nolawulo olungqongqo. Ezi zihlolo zenzelwe ukumisela igunya elilawulayo, ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, nokugcina ukuphendula koxanduva.

Ukuqonda Isebe Eliphetheyo

Ikhokelwa nguMongameli olawulayo waseUnited States, isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. Iimbopheleleko zalo eziphambili ziquka ukuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga, ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukulawula imikhosi exhobileyo, nokungamela isebe lesebe lesizwe. Isebe likwaquka uMongameli woMongameli, iKhabhinethi (eqeshwe ngeentloko zamasebe alawulayo), kunye nentabalala lee-ofisi zoorhulumente, ii-ooomeli, kunye neeofisi. UMgaqo-siseko unika uMongameli amagunya akhethekileyo ````Aveto,'', ukumisela igunya, kunye nendima yoMphathi kwiNtlokozonga) ezi zichasana ngemposiso, kodwa zikhuselwa phantsi kwanga ngabomcineyo, kunye namagunya ejajinga-mthetho ukuba athintele ulawulo olungowabo

Amalungu Angundoqo Okukhangela Nolungelelwano

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwaniso lusebenza ngeendlela ezininzi ezivumela amasebe owiso-mthetho nezomthetho abeke umda wamandla olawulo. Ezi zinto zilandelayo ziyinxalenye engundoqo:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ulawulo oluthe ngqo: ijonga imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo ngokuva, ukuphengulula, kunye nokuphicotha ngeengxelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho kunye nenkqubano yenkqubo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla ePurse: iBhunga lilawula inkcitho yorhulumente, ukunika okanye ukuncama imali ukubumba izinto eziphambili nezenzo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Amandla okuxhobisa: IBhunga lingamphazamisa uMongameli kunye namanye amagosa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye namagosa angalunganga, esebenza njengendlela yomgaqo-siseko yokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi okunzulu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: Indlu yemibutho kufuneka iqinisekise ukumiswa okungundoqo komongameli, kuquka amalungu eKhabhinethi, iijaji zorhulumente, kunye nee-amirari.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo kwaye angawusebenzisi: UMongameli angawubeka umthetho weveto, kodwa iBhunga lingawugqitha u-veto ngesibini sesithathu sobungangamsha kumacala omabini.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Impinda yeJodicial: Iinkundla zingavakalisa izenzo zegunya eliphetheyo ezingekho semthethweni, eziphulukeneyo okanye ezophulwayo zomthetho.
  • Imiqathango yemfazwe yamandla: Isigqibo semfazwe soMongameli silinganisela amandla kaMongameli okufaka imikhosi exhobileyo kumazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho.

Ulawulo loMthetho lwesebe elinolawulo oluphezulu

IBhunga liqhuba ukujonga okuyintloko ngamandla alawulayo. Le nkqubo iqhubekayo ibandakanya ukugada indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imithetho, ukuphanda indlela enokubakho yokuziphethe kakubi, nokuqinisekisa ukuba abameli basebenza kwigunya labo elisemthethweni. Ulawulo luqhutywa ziikomiti ezimileyo, ngokukhetha iikomiti, nangenkxaso yamasebe anjenge-Ofisi yoLawulo (GAO) neNkonzo yoPhicotho-zincwadi lweBhunga.

IKomiti ePhicothayo

IiKomiti kwiNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu kunye nezindululo zinokuphendula amagosa aphezulu aphetheyo ngezenzo, imigaqo, kunye nezigqibo. Ezi zimvo zifuna ukuba kubekho ukubonakala nokuphendula, ngokufuthi zityhila i-inficiencies, ukwaphula umthetho, okanye ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo. AmaNgqina kusenokufuneka anikele ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo, kwaye amalungu ekomiti anganyanzela ukuveliswa kwamaphepha adlula kwi-subpoena. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlundsko yoHluvo-luvo isoloko ihlola imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo eliphetheyo, ukusuka kwimpendulo ekhoyo yokuchitha iintlawulo olungekho mthethweni. Amandla okusebenzisa i-mthetho asisibambiswano, nangona maxa kuvela iingxoxo zesebe eliphetheyo, njengoko zibonwa kwiimeko eziphawula izinto ezifana [[FLctive:] ... ...[FPlaten]

Amandla Okuphanda Nee-Subpoena

IBhunga eliPhakamileyo likwandisa nayiphi na ingcebiso yophando kwimiba yalo yowiso-mthetho. Oku kuquka ukukhupha ii-pacenas ukuze kunikelwe ubungqina okanye amaxwebhu, ukuqhuba, kwanokubamba abantu abade bedelwa yiKhomishini yokungagqibeleli. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawaxhasa ixesha elide amandla eBhunga okuphanda, ngokuphanda ukuba uphando lwe-Rocet lumele lusebenze injongo esemthethweni yemithetho-mthetho ([[FLD:0]Mcrain v.Daughty, [1951]),. Uphengululo oluphezulu lwemiba luye lwahlola izenzo eziphezulu ezinxulumene nokunyanzelwa kolawulo, ulawulo lwesizwe, nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ongxamiseko-xakeka. Oku kusoloko kukhokelela kwiinkqubo zolawulo, kwiinkqubo zezolawulo lwezempatho-olawulo, okanye kwimimiselo yempatho kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Amandla Okuthenga

Ulawulo lweBhunga lokuHlanganisa iKhomishini yeNkqutyana yenye yezona ngqikelelo zinamandla kumandla olawulo. UmGaqo-siseko unika isebe lemithetho igunya elipheleleyo lerhafu kwaye lisebenzise (Icandelo I, Claus I, Icandelo 8, 1). Ngenxa yoko, uMongameli kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo akanakusebenza ngaphandle kwenkxaso yemali karhulumente. Oku kwenza ukuba iCandelo likwazi ukubeka iinkqubo ezithile, ukubeka ezinye umda, kwaye kubeka iimeko ekusetyenzisweni kwemali.

Inkqubo yoNcedo loHlahlo loHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Nyaka ngamnye, iBhunga kufuneka lidlulise iindleko ezilishumi elinesibini zokunikezela ngemali enikwa amasebe kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni. UMongameli unika izicelo zoqingqo-mali, kodwa iKhomishini ayinyanzelekanga ukuyilandela. Ngenkqubo yezicelo, abenzi bomthetho banganyusa, okanye bakhanyele ukuxhaswa kwemali yenyathelo elithile, ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yesebe elilawulayo. Umzekelo, iKhomishini iye yathintela ukusetyenziswa kwemali yokwakhiwa komda, yakwalela ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango ethile yemimiselo ethile yezomkhosi, kwaye yathintela ukugcinwa komthetho othile wemekobume. Umthetho we-Impostamental uMthetho woLawulo ka- 1974 ubeka imiqathango eqhubekayo yokungasebenzisi buchule bokusebenzisa imali efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yeNicondrencelmentiement

Imali exhotyiswe ngemiqathango

IKhomishini idibanisa rhoqo iimeko kwizicelo, ifuna isebe elilawulayo lihlangabezane nemilinganiselo ethile ngaphambi kokufikelela imali. Ezi meko zingaquka iimfuno, ukuxelwa kwenjongo zomthetho, okanye imiqathango yemisebenzi ethile. Abakhweli bavumela iKhomishini ukuba iphembele inyathelo legunya ngaphandle kokudlula komthetho. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba imilinganiselo egqithisileyo ingalawula isebe eliphetheyo, ifinyeza ukwahlulwa kwamandla. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ixhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yomthetho okhoyo njengoko iimeko zicacile kwaye zinxulumene nodweliso lwenkqubo yesizwe ebuza ([[[FLT.0]]] South Dakota] v. [FLTB], , .[FLT], 1987]).

Icebo: Ukhetho lokugqibela

Ukuphengulula sisixhobo esinamandla somGaqo-siseko sokuhlola isebe eliphetheyo. Kuvumela ukuba iBhunga lisuse uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye amanye amagosa asekuhlaleni ukwenzela "Isizathu, Isifumbathiso, okanye amanye amaCelo aphezulu kunye nama-Misdemeor" (Artle II, Icandelo 4). Le nkqubo isebenza njengesithintelo ekuxhathiseni okunzima kokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kwaye ayifane ibhekwe, kodwa ubukho bayo bubonakalisa umgaqo wokuba akukho mphathi ongaphezulu komthetho.

Inkqubo Yokuzibophelela

Le nkqubo iqala kwiNdlu yabameli, apho i-Programu zeKomiti ePhakamileyo kunye namavoti kwiimeko zokunganconywa. Ukuba inkoliso yeNdlu epheleleyo iyamkeleka, uMongameli uyacelwa − − kuyamkeleka ukuwisela umthetho ngokomthetho. Lo mcimbi ungena kwiNdlu yeQalo, ebeke ityala lilawulwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo (xa uMongameli evavanywa). Ukukholelwa kufuna ukuba uninzi lwabaququzeleli abakhoyo, okuphumela ekususweni kwesikhundla kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba kususwe kwisikhundla solawulo lorhulumente kwixesha elizayo. IBhunga lingavota ukuchola okanye ukugweba. Abalawuli baseFramers bamisela ngabomgathanga umqobo ukuze bathintele ukuphathwa kakubi kwe-Rhulumente, kodwa inkqubo isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sezobupolitika kwizixhobo ezilwayo.

Imizekelo Yembali

Oomongameli abathathu baye baphenjelelwa yiNdlu:

  • Andrew Johnson (1868) - Icetyiswe ngokwaphula uMthetho weOfisi; ingenatyala yivoti enye.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Bhill Clinton (1998) – Icetyiselwe ukuguqula kunye nokuthintela okusesikweni; ingenatyala yiBhabhethi.
  • Drump (2011 kunye no2021) – Icedis kabini: okokuqala ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye nokuthintelwa kweBhunga (ihlazo leUkraine), kwaye kamva kuphenjelelwa ukuvukelwa kwemivukelo (Januwari 6 uhlaselo); ungabi natyala kuwo omabini amaxesha.

Nangona kungekho mongameli ususiweyo ngokungekho mthethweni, le nkqubo inyanzelisa uphando lukawonke-wonke kwaye ingenza buthathaka ikomkhulu lezobupolitika lomongameli, njengokuba kuboniswa kwiziphumo zombini zombhiyozo weClinton noTrump. Ukongeza, isisongelo sokungacengi sinokuthintela ukuphangwa kwesikhulu ngexesha lokwenene.

Isiqinisekiso seBhunga

UMongameli ubeka abantu ngabanye kwizikhundla ezingundoqo zikarhulumente ````iiKhabhinethi'''. Kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi bephondo, abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nezigidimi) kodwa oku kumiswa kufuna "imvume nemvume" yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso II, iCandelo 2, Claus 2). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza ngabantu abafanelekayo abanokumelana nokuxilonga nokuxilonga uwonke-wonke.

Inkqubela yokuqinisekisa

Emva kokuba uMongameli ememezele ukutyunjwa, ikomiti yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso (umz., iVumelwa yabagwebi, iMasipala eeNtlalo Zolawulo) ihlala iphulaphule apho umlawuli ephendula khona imibuzo efana nejaji yesizwe ngemvelaphi, iimfaneleko, neembono zenkqubo. Ikomiti ngoko ivota ukuba ingakuncomela ukutyunjwa kweBhunga elipheleleyo. Ukuba iyavunywa, iBrettle Cotageanton njengengxoxo epheleleyo kunye nevoti; uninzi olulula luqinisekisa iindawo ezininzi, nangona ukumiselwa okuthile okufana nabagwebi besizwe kufuna kuphela uninzi (aluko oluneentloko, ngokuchasene nokungaqondani kweminye iinka),. Inkqubo inokuba yenkcaso ephezulu yeNkundla yookanye ne-Cumesterne.

Imisebenzi

Uqinisekiso lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso lusebenza njengovavanyo oluqatha ngokuvumela abaququzeleli ukuba bathintele abangafaneleki okanye abathathi-nxaxheba abagqithisileyo. Kukwafuneka ukuba umongameli ajonge kwiNdlu yeeNtsimikazi elawulwa liqela eliphikisayo amanani angaphezulu ukuze akhusele isiqinisekiso. Ngokuchaseneyo, xa iBhaathe yalawulwa liqela lomongameli, abanyangi basoloko bejongene nokuchasana okuncinci, kodwa amandla okubamba i-uplip' okanye "bluesprip" ivetoes (izihlalo ezigatyi zokungavumi ukuva) zisakho. Oku kukubonisa indlela uphakamkelo nokulungele ukumelana nokuguquka kwemeko yezopolitiko.

I-Vito Enegunya noMthetho

Igunya likaMongameli linye ilungu elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa. Xa iBhunga ligqithisa umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina umthetho, awuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino, okanye uthotho. Aveto ubuyisela ityala kwiKhomishini ngesigidimi esichaza iimpikiswano. Noko ke, iBhunga lingawudlulisa umongameli iveto ngesithathu esiphezulu esivotelwayo kwindlu nendlu kunye neNdlu, ngaloo ndlela likhupha umthetho kumthetho kwiimpikiswano zikaMongameli.

Iintlobo Zemiphunga

Ukongeza kwi-veto eqhelekileyo, uMongameli une- iveto: ukuba iNgqungquthela ibambene neentsuku ezilishumi yokunika umthetho, uMongameli akanakuwusayina, ayiwuthinteli ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba ulawuleke. uMongameli akanawo umtya wokufumana into ekhoyo. (ubuchule bokula umphatho othile wemali). UMongameli uyakwazi ukubulala ityala elingu-655). U-RoseAll wabetha umthetho we-omgadale kuMgaqo-o-onkethi we-omgaqo-o-o-onke-mali . Isixeko se-ondondo-onke, u-onke, u-Prentshiso qhaqhathiso ku-malilonke, u-Fram, u-6555. Ngexesha lika-G.

Ulawulo lwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lwezomthetho

Ijaji inika ukhangelo olubalulekileyo ngokutolika imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zolawulo zihambelana nomGaqo-siseko. Ngamandla ohlolo lwezomthetho (omiselwe ku-] Marbury v. Madison, 1803]), iinkundla zingazenza zingabi namsebenzi imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo ezingaphaya kwegunya lomthetho okanye ezichasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Ukuqheliselwa kweNjongo yezeMigaqo

Xa isebe elilawulayo licetyiswa enkundleni, ijaji iyavavanya ukuba isenzo silele kumgaqo-siseko woMongameli okanye igunya elinikezelweyo. Iimeko zisoloko zibandakanya izibhengezo zokuba uMongameli udlule amagunya akhe, njengokuyalela ukuphangalala kweshishini lobuqu ngaphandle kwemvume eququzelekileyo (] iLeachstown Comment & Lamp; Tube Co. v. v. v.[FLT:]], 1952]) okanye ukukhupha imiyalelo yezongameli eziphezulu engqubanayo nemithetho yemithetho yesizwe. Inkundla ephakamileyo ikwamele ivumelane nemithetho engomnye i-tepi yomthetho ebhaliweyo, ayisayini ukuqinisekisa ukuba nelungelo lokulawula ulwazi kwiBhunga okanye kwiinkundla zemali. [[FUrse-FUS] kunye, ngokunjalo, umqulu olungelene.[4]

Ukuma Nokusesikweni

Asiyongxaki yonke yezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu efikelela kwiinzuzo. Iinkundla zifuna ukuba kubekho iinkqubo ezicacileyo zokuma/ingozi yekonkrithi enokuthi ibekwe kwisenzo esiceliweyo, kwaye le mbambano kufuneka ilungiswe (akukho umbuzo wezobupolitika ongcono oshiyelwe kumasebe ezobupolitika). Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayikhange ilawule kumthetho-siseko wamandla emfazwe okanye iinkqubo zokungaququki kwiimeko ezithile, ukubhekisa kwiBhunga okanye kuMongameli. Kodwa, xa kuziswa kakuhle, ukuphatha kwe-quant ephezulu kungenza i-DCUA inyanzele, njengoko kuboniwe [[FOLT:0] Inkundla yezokhuseleko yeNtlanga yeNtlanga.[FONK:1] [20], eyathiye yabetha phantsi ulawulo lwe-Trumpse-DCAR.

Iindlela Ezongezelelayo Kumandla alawulayo

Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko ongundoqo, imithetho emininzi kunye neengcebiso zequmrhu zinyanzelisa isebe elilawulayo.

Isisombululo Sezigqibo Zemfazwe

Ngo- 1973 yagunyaziswa ngaphezu koMongameli Nixon's chuto, iSigqibo saMagunya emfazwe sifuna ukuba uMongameli azise iBhunga kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokwenza imikhosi ukuba ilwe kwaye ibeke umda ukuthunyelwa kwemikhosi iintsuku ezingama-60 (ngexesha lokurhoxa kweentsuku ezingama-30) ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini ivume ukuba iqhubeke isenza isenzo. Ngelixesha oomongameli besoloko bephikisana ngomgaqo-siseko, eso sigqibo sibuyile indlela yokulwa kongenelelo olufana nomkhosi wase-2011 weLibya kunye nephulo lomkhosi elichasene nomkhosi lowe-IS. Ikhompathi yenzeke yangqungquthela idideli edideli, kodwa umthetho unika iBhunga lokwenza ucelomngeni lokungagunya.

Abahloli Jikelele kunye nokhuseleko lwemibhobho

Umbutho ngamnye oyintloko weSebe elilawulayo unoMphathi-mikhosi (IG) onoxanduva lokuphicotha nokuphanda izityholo zokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ubuqhophololo, ukuxhatshazwa, kunye nokuziphethe kakubi. I-IGs isebenza ngenkululeko enxulumeneyo kwaye inike ingxelo kwintloko yombutho kunye neBhunga. IWhistletronder Protection Act (202) kunye neminye imithetho ikhusela abasebenzi abachaza ububi bokuziphindezela. Le nkqubo yenza ukuba ukujonga kwangaphakathi okunokubhencama ukungaphumeleli kwesebe eliphetheyo, okunjengokukhalazelo lokuqala lwe-201919 lokudubula i-lithoba i-mouse eyakhokelela kwityala lokuqala lokungagunyazi yomongameli u-Trump.

Indima Yeziphakamiso Ezizimeleyo

Amaqumrhu athile karhulumente anjengeFederal Reserve, iKhomishini yeSizwe neKhomishini ye-Exchange, kunye neKhomishini yoNqumo loManyano-olwe-olwenziwe ukuba igqunywe kulawulo oluthe ngqo lomongameli. Abameli babo basebenza kumagama asisigxina kwaye abanakususwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, isakhiwo iNkundla ePhakamileyo eyaxhasa i-Humproferity v. I-United States [1935] kwaye kamva iphuculwa kumthetho we-LLC v. Confecialcial Burection Bureaunity [[FLT] [FLT]] 2020]. La masebe azimeleyo ahlola ulawulo ngemithetho yezopolitiko ngaphandle koloyiko lwemiqatha, ngokukodwa kwimimandla yemali kunye nemiqatha.

Iimbono Zabantu Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ngeli xesha ingeyondlela yomgaqo-siseko esesikweni, uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nomatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo usebenza njengemiqathango engacwangciswanga enamandla kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Uphando lwamaMedia, uphando lobuzwilakhe, neengxoxo zezopolitiko ezibumongo zoluvo lukawonke-wonke, kwaye zinokunyanzela iKhonklane okanye iinkundla ukuba isebenze. Ityala lePentagon Papers ([ New York Times Co. v. United States[FLT], 1971) yabonisa indlela ukucinezelwa kokucinezelwa kwesebe eliphetheyo ukukhusela izenzo zalo, kwaye ubuchule bukawonke wonke bokuvota ngaphandle komongameli okanye uninzi lwe-RGenegavis.

Isiphelo

Ukuxilonga nokulinganisela kwisebe eliphetheyo asiyomithetho emileyo kodwa yinkqubo esebenzayo eguqukayo ngezopolitiko, ngokomthetho, kunye nentlalo. Ukusuka ekujongeni kwemithetho kunye namandla emali yokuhlola nokunika ingcebiso, ezi nkqubo zidibene zithintela ukuqokelelwa kwamandla nokulondolozwa komthetho. Umthetho womthetho ubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo, njengoko bebonisa ukubaluleka okuhlala kuhleli kobutyala nokubonakala kokulawula. [[FLT: 0]].[FLT].S. umGaqo-siseko wezo-siseko , , [umthetho olungele ukusetyenziswa kwesebe ngalinye, kufuneka usebenze ngendlela elungele ukusetyenziswa yi-Enza.[FLT]