Ukwakhiwa koLawulo lwaseMelika: Inkqubo eManyeneyo

I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente esasaza amandla kumanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo: asekuhlaleni, urhulumente kunye norhulumente. Esi sakhiwo, esenziwe ngabom ngabaseki belizwe, siqinisekisa ukuba igunya lokwenza izigqibo lihlala kumgangatho ofanelekileyo ngeli lixa ligcina isakhiwo esimanyeneyo sesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ziqwenga ezidibana ngayo, apho iimbopheleleko zabo ziqala khona kwaye ziphela, nendlela abemi abanokubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngayo nomgangatho ngamnye uyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela imigaqo ebumba ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Isiseko Sobomi Besicombululo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni umele eyona thala likhawulezileyo nelifikelelekayo lolawulo lwamaMelika. Ukusuka kumabhunga amancinci ukuya kumsebenzi omkhulu we-oventies, la mabhunga aphatha iinkonzo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amava abahlali ngosuku ukuya kutsho kusuku. U.S. urhulumente osemthethweni wezibuko lenqanawa [ unika ushwankathelo lwamawaka emikhosi yasekuhlaleni ekhoyo kulo lonke ilizwe, ngalinye linemithetho yalo, imithetho, kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza.

Izakhiwo zoMasipala nezesiZwe

Oorhulumente bengingqi jikelele bawela kwiindidi ezimbini: oomasipala (izixeko, iidolophu, kunye needolophana) kunye nobalo-mali. OoMasipala basebenza kwiindawo ezinabantu abahlala behleli, ngeli xesha izibalo zinika iinkonzo kwimimandla ebanzi esoloko iquka oomasipala abaninzi nemimandla engadityaniswanga. Eminye imimandla ikwasebenzisa izithili ezikhethekileyo ukwenzela imisebenzi ekhethekileyo efana nolawulo lwamanzi, abaphathi-majoni othutho, okanye iinkqubo zethala leencwadi.

Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

  • Imisebenzi yokhuseleko e- e-Public — amasebe amapolisa, iinkonzo zomlilo, ukusabela kongxamiseko, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho kuxhomekeke kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. La masebe abumba umgca wokuqala wokhuseleko lwamaqela.
  • K-12 ulawulo lwemfundo — izithili zesikolo sasekuhlaleni, ezilawulwa ziibhodi ezinyuliweyo, ezilawula imigangatho yezifundo, ukuqeshwa komfundisi- ntsapho, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nezithuthi zabafundi. Iirhafu zempahla zidla ngokuxhasa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yale misebenzi.
  • Ugcino lwezakhiwo — oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina iindlela, iibhulorho, iindlela, izibane zesitrato, imiqondiso yendlela, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke kwimida yabo. Bakwalawula izityalo zokuphatha amanzi, inkqubo yokulahla amanzi endle, kunye nenkunkuma eqokeleliweyo eqinileyo.
  • Ilizwe lisebenzisa ucwangciso kunye nokulungisa indawo — imithetho yokulungisa imisela ukuba ziziphi iintlobo zezakhiwo ezinokuya apho, inkqubela-phambili enzima kangakanani, kwaye yiyiphi imisebenzi evunyelweyo kwimpahla yabucala. Iikhomishini kunye neebhodi zokucwangcisa zenza ezi zigqibo zilandelayo.
  • Iinguqu, ukuzonwabisa, kunye neenkonzo zenkcubeko — iipaki zikawonke-wonke, iindawo zoluntu, amathala eencwadi, amaqula okudada, amaqumrhu emidlalo, kunye neenkqubo zobugcisa zilawulwa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, zixhaswa ngemali ngoqingqo-mali lukamasipala kunye neendleko zomsebenzisi.
  • Impilo entle kunye nogutyulo — amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni anyanzelisa uhlolo lwevenkile yokutyela, alawule iimpendulo zezifo eziqhambukayo, anike iinkonzo zokucoca. Amasebe okucoca aphatha ukuqokelelwa komgqomo, iinkqubo zokuphinda usetyenziswe, kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi.

IHolo yeDolobha njengeNkundla yeDemocratic

Intlanganiso yeholo yedolophu, eqala kwiindibano ze-New England zobuthangala, ihlala ingenye yeentlobo ezicacileyo zedemokhrasi eUnited States. Ezi ndibano zivumela abemi ukuba babuze amagosa anyuliweyo, badlale ingxubusho yemithetho ecetyisiweyo, bavote kwiimeko zoqingqo-mali zasekuhlaleni. Nangona izixeko ezininzi zithathe indawo yeentlanganiso zedolophu ezinyulu ngenkqubo yamabhunga ameleyo, igama elithi "iholo yedolo" ngoku lichaza ngokubanzi nayiphi na indawo yolawulo-demokhrasi apho amagosa asebenza khona ngokuthe ngqo kunye namaqumrhu. Ukuya kwezi ntlanganiso kunika abemi bemi ithuba lokuphembelela izigqibo ezinkozo zemfundo, imiba yenkqubela, kunye nemiba yerhafu yasekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba bagqibe.

Urhulumente: ULawulo oluPhakathi

Oorhulumente bakwisikhundla esibalulekileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente yorhulumente, ukusebenzisa amandla angaphathiswanga urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente okanye angathintelwanga nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U. Urhulumente ngamnye usebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko wakhe kwaye ugcina isakhiwo secapitol apho umthetho, umphathi-mpala, kunye namasebe agwebayo eqhuba umsebenzi wawo. iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yoRhulumente yeLegislatures[ imigaqo-nkqubo yemigaqo-nkqubo ehamba inqumla onke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu, inika ukuqonda indlela yokusingatha imingeni eyahlukeneyo kumazwe.

Iinkqubo zomthetho weRhulumente

Iphondo ngalinye ngaphandle kweNebraska linendlu yowiso-mthetho ebizwa ngokuba yi-biamaral, eqheleke yiBhunga kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli okanye iNdibano. Le mibutho yezorhwebo, ingxoxo, kunye nokudlulisela imithetho kwimicimbi esukela kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kumgaqo wemeko-bume. Abenzi bemithetho bemithetho-mthetho badla ngokuba ngamagosa akwinxalenye yexesha abalungelelanisa imisebenzi yabo yemithetho kunye nezinye iinkonzo, ingakumbi kumazwe amancinci.

Imisebenzi ye-Greyithi kunye neMisebenzi yezeMaphu

Iphondo ngalinye linerhuluneli enyuliweyo ekhonza njengentloko eyintloko, enembopheleleko yokutyobela okanye yokubeka umthetho, yokulungiselela uqingqo-mali, nokuvelela amasebe aphetheyo enkundla. Amazwe akwagcina iinkqubo zawo zokuchophela amatyala asematyaleni, ukusuka kwiinkundla ezisingatha amatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala, ukuya kumisela iinkundla eziphakamileyo ezichaza umthetho wesizwe nemithetho-siseko. Ezi nkundla zisebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle kwamacala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe okanye umGaqo-siseko.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zorhulumente

  • inkqubo yokufundisa kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo — ama-United States amisela imigangatho yohlelo lokufundisa, anike uvavanyo olusezantsi, abafundisi-masipala abagunyazisiweyo, kunye neeyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke kunye neekholeji zoluntu. Kwakhona asasaza uncedo lukarhulumente kwimimandla yesikolo yasekuhlaleni kwaye ajonge izigunyaziso zesikolo somgaqo-siseko.
  • izibonelelo zoshishino — amasebe ezothutho kaRhulumente alawula umendo weendlela, iibhulorho, iinqwelo-moya, namazibuko enqanawa. Anika imali yezithuthi zemali kunye nokuqokelela iirhafu zepetroli kunye neendleko zokubhalisa imoto ukuxhasa ezi projekthi.
  • Imali kunye neenkonzo zentlalo — Amazwe anika iinkqubo zeMedicaid, iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle yabantwana, iinkqubo zoncedo lokutya, kunye nokungaqeshwa. Akwalawula ii-inshorensi ze-inshorensi yempilo kunye neengcali zezonyango zelayisensi.
  • isigwebo somthetho kunye nezilungiso ezingundoqo — amasebe amapolisa aseburhulumenteni, amagqwetha esithili, abakhuseli bezoburhulumente, kunye neenkqubo zentolongo zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Imithetho karhulumente ichaza uninzi lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ibeka izikhokelo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwezibonelelo kunye nobuncwane bendalo — ama-United States anyanzelisa umoya nomgangatho womgangatho wamanzi, alawule iipaki zamazwe namahlathi, alawule imigoqo yemigodi kunye nokubhobhoza, kunye noomatiloshe benkqubo yokulondoloza izilwanyana zasendle.
  • umgaqo wezoshishino nomgaqo wezorhwebo — imibutho yomgaqo-siseko weStates, iingcali zelayisensi kuogqirha ukuya kubachebi beenwele, ukunyanzelisa imithetho yokukhusela abathengi, kunye nokulawula iinkampani ze-inshorensi kunye neziphazamiso.

Urhulumente Omanyeneyo: Igunya lesiZwe

Urhulumente wesizwe, ohlezi eWashington, D.C., unegunya kwimicimbi yesizwe. I-Capitol yokwakha izindlu zeBhunga, eliyiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeBameli. Amagunya karhulumente karhulumente abekwe kumGaqo-siseko kwaye atolikwa ngokubanzi ngezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye noqheliselo lwembali. Collet.gov wewebh[[ inikezela ngomthetho wequmrhu, iingxelo zekomiti, kunye neNkrejiko yeBhunga.

Amasebe Amathathu Alawula Umkhosi

UmGaqo-siseko umisela amasebe amathathu alinganayo: isebe lowiso-mthetho (iKhonreji) libhala imithetho, isebe elilawulayo (uMongameli kunye namasebe orhulumente) limisa imithetho, kwaye isebe eligwebayo (iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi) lichaza imithetho. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya kudala inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa okulungiselelwe ukuthintela naliphi isebe elinye ekulawuleni amanye. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo ezikhethekileyo elinokuzisebenzisa ukulinganisela amandla amanye amasebe, njengawomongameli we-veto, iKhontrala yokuqinisekisa iijaji zesizwe, kunye nokuhlola umthetho.

Imisebenzi kaRhulumente woManyano

  • ukhuseleko lohlanga kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe — urhulumente wezwe ugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, uqhuba unxibelelwano namazwe asemzini, uthethana, kwaye umela iUnited States kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. IBhunga linegunya lokubhengeza imfazwe nokuxhasa umkhosi.
  • Inkqubo yezorhwebo yeInterstate kunye nezoqoqosho — urhulumente wezwe ulawula urhwebo phakathi koorhulumente, umisela inkqubo yemali ngeFederal Reserve, unyanzelisa imithetho echasene nokholo, kwaye ujonge iimarike. ICelas yezorhwebo iye yasetyenziswa ukuthethelela inyathelo likarhulumente kwimimandla emininzi yobomi bezoqoqosho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukususelwa kunye nokwemvelo[[FT:1] — umthetho woManyano onokuthi ungene kwelo lizwe, ixesha abanokuhlala ngalo, kunye nenkqubo yokuba ngummi. Ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo kuphethwe ngamaqumrhu asekuhlaleni aquka iCumstom kunye ne-Immigration kunye ne-Cmmostial kunye ne-Cormation kunye ne-Cormasti.
  • Iinkqubo ze-inshorensi ye-inshorensi — Ukhuseleko lweNtlalo, iMedicare, kunye ne-Medicaid ziinkqubo zezwe ezinika inkxaso yengeniso kunye nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo kwabakhulileyo, abakhubazekileyo, nabangenayo. Ezi nkqubo zimele inxalenye enkulu yoqingqo-mali lwezwelo-mali.
  • Amalungelo eCivil kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko — umthetho weFederal unyanzelisa iziqinisekiso ezichasene nocalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, kunqulo, ukukhubazeka, nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. ISebe leJaji kunye neenkundla zephondo lisingatha amalungelo oluntu.
  • Ipropati yolwazi kunye nemvume ezisemthethweni — I-ofisi yePatant ne-Trademark yase-U.S. inika imvume neempawu, ngelixa umthetho wolawulo lokhuseleko loxwebhu lweziqu zikhusela imisebenzi yokudala. Ezi nkqubo zingenisa ulwahlulo ngokunika abadali amalungelo apheleleyo okwexeshana kumsebenzi wabo.

Indlela Yokusebenzisana: Intsebenziswano Neengxaki

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente bengingqi, borhulumente noorhulumente bomhlaba luphawuleka ngentsebenziswano nokhuphiswano. Ukubethana kwezithuba kudala amandla antsonkothileyo apho imigaqo kumgangatho omnye inokukhulisa, iphikise, okanye inyanisene ngenye imigangatho. Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kungundoqo wokuxela kwangaphambili indlela iinguqulelo zenkqubo eziya kudlala ngayo emhlabeni.

Ukuqhelisela Umanyano

Ingcamango yolawulo lorhulumente ichaza ukwahlulwa kolawulo phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko ka-Supremacy Claus umisela ukuba umthetho karhulumente uthathe indawo yokuqala kunemithetho engqubanayo, kodwa ugcino loMgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesithoba ubhekise kumagunya anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe. Oku kuxinezeleka kuye kwakhuthaza iimfazwe ezingokwasemthethweni nezezobupolitika kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ukusuka kwiingxoxo zobukhoboka kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ukuya kwiimfazwe zalethu leminyaka ekwiminyaka ephakathi kwezonyango, umgaqo wemekobume, kunye nomthetho wemfamanzi.

Ukujinga okubonelela ngeNgxowa-mali

Urhulumente osisibonelelo-mali norhulumente usoloko esebenzisa inkxaso-mali njengesixhobo sokuphembelela inkqubo yasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente wengingqi unika iminikelo kumaphondo ngeenjongo ezithile, njengolwakhiwo lohola-ndlela, utshintsho lwemfundo, okanye amanyathelo empilo kawonke-wonke. Ezi zibonelelo zisoloko zivela neemeko ezifuna ukuba amazwe amkele imigaqo ethile okanye afikelele imigangatho ethile ekhethekileyo yokusebenza. Ngokufanayo, amaphondo amisela imiyalelo koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, maxa wambi anikela ngemali ukuhlangabezana neendleko kwaye maxa wambi afuna iindawo ukuba zifumane iindleko.

Imizekelo yoNcedo lwaMagunya

  • Ukusebenzisana kolwamkelo lokusebenza — Xa kufikelwa iintlekele zemvelo, abaphendula kuqala basekuhlaleni banikela uncedo olukhawulezileyo, amasebe karhulumente alungiselela izibhengezo zentlekele karhulumente, kwaye i-FEMA idibanisa uncedo lwesizwe. Inkqubo yeNational Incident Management Management System inika isiseko esilungeleleneyo solu manyano.
  • Amalungu asebenza ngokusemthethweni — amasebe aMasebe anjengeFBI neDEA asebenza norhulumente kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni kwimikhosi ehlasela ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, nobugrogrisi. Imisebenzi yamalungu igunyazisa ubuchule kunye negunya lomgangatho ngamnye.
  • uzalisekiso lomgaqo-siseko — i-Invironmental Protection Agency ye-Invironmental Protection Agency imisela imigangatho yesizwe yomgangatho womoya namanzi, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi amatyala anika iinkqubo zokuvumela nokunyanzelisa ezifikelela loo migangatho. Amazwe angamkela iimfuno ezingqongqo kunemiyalelo yomthetho karhulumente.
  • Iprojekthi yokurhweba inkxaso-mali yeprojekthi — imisebenzi emikhulu ibandakanya ukuxhasa ngemali evela kuwo onke amaqondo amathathu. Unxibelelwano olutsha kuhola wendlela lungafumana imali yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi, ii-dola zezithuthi zikarhulumente, kunye neminikelo yasekuhlaleni yokudibanisa iindlela kunye nezingeni-amandla.

Ukuba Ngummi: Ukwenza Ilizwi Lakho Live

Ubuchule bobumi bubalulekile ekusebenzeni kolawulo-demokhrasi kulo lonke umgangatho. Ukuqonda ukuba liliphi iqondo lorhulumente elinegunya phezu komba othile kwenza abemi bakwazi ukuhlasela ulawulo lwabo loburhulumente ngokunempumelelo kwaye baphephe ukunxunguphala xa bethetha namagosa angalunganga. USUSA. ugov amagosa anyuliweyo anceda abemi ukuba baqonde abameli babo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Zokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Isiphelo: Amandla Okuqonda

Isakhiwo esisigxina sikarhulumente waseMerika sidala iindawo ezininzi zokufikelela kubemi abafuna ukuphembelela iinkqubo ezichaphazela ubomi babo. Ukusuka kwiholo yedolophu apho abemi baphikisana khona ngokutshintsha kwemithetho yorhulumente yasekuhlaleni, apho kusungulwa khona imithetho karhulumente, umgangatho ngamnye unika amathuba acacileyo okuthabatha inxaxheba. Ukuqonda ukuba nguluphi umgangatho olawula imisebenzi, indlela inkxaso yemali ehamba ngayo phakathi komgangatho, nalapho isalathisa khona ukudimazeka kuguqula inkqubela yomsebenzi. Ngokubandakanya nemigangatho emithathu karhulumente, abemi bayakwazi ukuncedisa ekubumbeni uluntu, amazwe abo, kunye nohlanga lwabo ngendlela eluncedo.