Indima karhulumente karhulumente kwimpilo kawonke-wonke ingumbandela onamandla nodla ngokuphikisanayo, osekelwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States noweenkulungwane zendaleko. Ngoxa ngokwesithethe urhulumente egcina amandla amapolisa abanzi ukukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo, urhulumente umisele indima ebalulekileyo nebalulekileyo ngokucalula amagunya afana nokulawula ushishino lwezoshishino, ukuhlawulwa nokusetyenziswa kwemali yentlalo-ntle jikelele, kunye nokuziphatha kobuzwe. Oku kubandakanya igunya lorhulumente kunye nolawulo oluphezulu kudala inkqubo entsonkothekothe apho umanyano lwesizwe lunokwenzeka, kodwa ngaphandle kokukruquka ungquzulwano. Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kuyanika, imibutho ewenzayo, kunye neempembelelo zokwenene zemisebenzi yempilo karhulumente woluntu, abafundi, nabani nabani nabani nabani namhla wezopolishi.

Amandla kaRhulumente woManyano kwimpilo kaRhulumente

Igunya likarhulumente wengingqi lokusebenza kwimpilo kawonke-wonke lifumaneka ngokuyintloko kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States, nangona olu xwebhu lungakhe lukhankanye ngokucacileyo “impilo-ntle kawonke-wonke.” Endaweni yoko, iBhunga kunye nesebe eliphetheyo litolike izivakalisi eziliqela ukuxhasa amanyathelo empilo afikeleleka kude. La mandla aphunyezwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente, iinkqubo zemali, kunye namagunya ongxamiseko.

Urhwebo lweCalaus

Inqaku I, ICandelo lesi-8, iCandelo lesi-3 loMgaqo-siseko linika iNgqungquthela “ukulawula nayiphi na into echaphazela urhwebo namazwe asemzini, kunye namazwe aliqela, kunye nezizwe ezininzi zamaIndiya.” Eli binzana liye laba sisiseko esisemthethweni semimiselo emininzi yezonyango yesizwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo, ingakumbi ukususela kwixesha leNew Deal, ivumela urhulumente ukuba alawule nayiphi na into echaphazela urhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle, kuquka ukukhuselwa kokudla, ukukhuselwa kweziyobisi, kunye nokulawulwa kwezifo ezasulelayo. Umzekelo, [[FOLT:0] uFEdal Food, iD, iDirgi, kunye noMgalelo lwezothutho-om, kunye noMgaqo worhwebo-omatili-omatili, ixhasa i-Clasccown

Ukuhlawula Irhafu Nokusebenzisa Amandla

Inqaku I, iCandelo lesi-8, u-Claus 1 unika iNgqungquthela amandla “owokugcina nokuqokelela iirhafu, imisebenzi, ii-aspostes kunye nee-odolations, ukuhlawula amatyala nokulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo kunye nentlalo-ntle-ntle-ntle jikelele ye-United States.” Oku“ kunikezela u-Clauseaste” ngenye yezixhobo ezinamandla kakhulu ukwenzela impembelelo yempilo karhulumente. Ngokufaka iimeko zokunika inkxaso, urhulumente wesizwe angafaka iimeko zokwamkela imigaqo ethile yempilo. UMedicaid, umzekelo, ngucwangciso lwezonyango oludityaniweyo olunika ukuhlolwa kwempilo esezantsi kwabantu ngabanye; uchaza ukuba kufuneka ukuba imali ihlangabezane neemfuno ezithile ngokobugqalise, inzuzo, nobunjani. Ngokufanayo, [FL.0:][0][5]

Imicimbi yomanyano negunya labo lokumisela ulawulo

IBhunga linike abasemasebeni abaphetheyo igunya lokumisa nokunyanzelisa imithetho yempilo karhulumente.

  • Abathathi-nxaxheba boLawulo lwezifo nothintelo (CDC): iziko lokhuseleko lonyango lwelizwe, elijolise ekuhloleni izifo, ekuphandeni okuqhaqhazelileyo, nakwiinkqubo zokuthintela. Indima ye-CDC yokulawula ilinganiselwe, kodwa impembelelo yayo ngokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi nenkxaso-mali ininzi.
  • Food kunye neDROGam Administration (FDA): Imbopheleleko yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, ukusebenza, nokhuseleko lweziyobisi zabantu nezezilwanyana, iimveliso zebhayoloji, izixhobo zonyango, umphako wokutya kwelizwe, izithambiso, kunye nemveliso ezikhupha ubushushu bemitha.
  • Icandelo lesizwe lezempilo (NIH): isebe eliphambili lesebe lorhulumente lokuqhuba nokuxhasa uphando lwezamayeza, kuquka uphando ngezifo ezingapheliyo, iintsholongwane ezasulelayo, kunye nokwahluka-hluka kwezempilo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo lwezibonelelo kunye neeNkonzo (HRSA): uphucula ukufikelela ekunyamekeleni impilo yabantu abangakhange bafumaneke, abakwanti, okanye abangakhuselekanga ngokwezonyango.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zeMental zezempilo (SAMHSA): kukhokelela imigudu yoluntu yempilo ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nokugula ngengqondo.

Amandla eMfuno kunye nokuLungiselelwa kwempilo yoLuntu

Urhulumente wezwe lonke ugunyazisa uNobhala wezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoMsebenzi zezeMpilo kaRhulumente ukuba athathe amanyathelo okukhusela intshayelelo, ukudlulisela kunye nokusasazwa kwezifo ezisulelayo ezivela kumazwe angaphandle ukuya kumazwe ase-United States okanye phakathi kwamazwe. Oku kubandakanya amandla okubamba, ukuvalela, okanye ukukhulula abantu ngokomlinganiselo wokungakholelwa ukuba basulelwe sisifo esingenakungenwa. Umthetho weStafford kunye noMgaqo-siseko weSizwe unika ezinye izicwangciso zorhwebo lwemali ngexesha lentlekele, kuquka neengxaki zempilo. Ngexesha lonyaka wama-2001, i-HN1 ye-PGPGPTP.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yokubandakanyeka kwimpilo kawonke-wonke

Amagunya achazwe ngasentla abonakala ngezenzo zikarhulumente ekucombululeni iingxaki ezinzulu neengxaki zempilo eziqhubekayo. Uhlolisiso olungqalileyo lwemizekelo lubonisa indlela igunya likarhulumente elisetyenziswa ngayo, iingenelo elizinikelayo, neempikiswano elikhe lizibangele.

ICOVID 16) IPandemic

Isifo se-COVID 16) yaba yeyona ngxaki yoluntu eninzi ukususela kwisifo somkhuhlane sowe-1918. Urhulumente wengingqi wathabatha indima ephambili, wasebenzisa umanyano lwamandla ongxamiseko, inkxaso-mali kunye nenkxaso esebenzayo.

  • Izindululo zobungozi kunye neNgqungquthela: NgoJanuwari 31, 2020, HHS yavakalisa iExamistment yempilo kawonke-wonke, ilandelwa nguxakeka wesizwe phantsi koMthetho weStafford weNkqutyana ye-Ofisi, ezi zindululo zivumela i-FRANTA ukuba icelele uluvo lweMkhosi (UMna), unyango, kunye nesixhobo sokugoma, kwaye yanika iCDC igunya lokubeka i-CDC ukuba ifake i-complator Moratium (emva ihlalwe yiNkuNkulwano ePhakamileyo).
  • Isantya soMkhosi weMbindi: Umanyano lukawonke-wonke olukhawulezise ukuphuhliswa, ukwenziwa, kunye nokusasazwa komchiza we-COVID 16). Urhulumente wezwe wafakela ngaphezu kwee-R39 zezigidi zezigidi kwinkqubela-phambili ye-gamma kunye namanani angaphambili e-97purchased, okwenza ukuba izitofu zokuqala zokugoma zigunyaziswe kwisithuba esingaphantsi konyaka.
  • Imfundo kunye nezicelo: ICDC ekhutshwe kwaye ihlaziywe rhoqo kukhokelo lokunxiba isigqubuthelo, ukuphambuka kwebutho labantu, ukuvavanya, ukwahlukana, kunye nokuhlaliswa komntu. Nangona ezi zazingezozizo imiyalelo, zaziphembelela ngamandla imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, ukuvalwa kwesikolo, kunye nemisebenzi yomsebenzi. Isebe lakwalawula usasazo lwesizwe lwezitoliki zezi kwi-COVOVID.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Inkxaso yezezimali kwiinkqubo zonyango kunye nabantu ngabanye: [ uMthetho weCaress kunye neempahla zoncedo ezalandelayo zanika amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kwizibhedlele, amasebe ezempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nabantu ngabanye ngokuhlawula intlawulo engxamisekileyo, ukwandisa iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa, kunye nemali yoncedo.

Ukutya noLawulo lweziyobisi (FDA) Ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kokutya neziyobisi

Inkqubo yangaphambi kweFDA yokuvunywa kweziyobisi ezintsha nokungamela kwazo ukunikezelwa kokutya yimizekelo engundoqo yomgaqo-siseko wempilo karhulumente. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka:

  • Imvumelo engalunganga kunye nokhuseleko: Iinkampani zomchako kufuneka zingenise ugcino-lwazi olubanzi lwezimvo zovavanyo ukuze zibonise ukhuseleko nokusebenza. IFDA ihlola le data kwaye, ukuba ivunyiwe, iyaqhubeka iqwalasela iziganeko ezingalunganga ngako FDAD Menassie Siging System (FALT) . Ukuvunywa kwababulali beentlungu ezizintlungu ngo-1990 kunye nokurhoxa okulandelayo ekubekeni okungafanelekanga kokufanekisela phambili amandla kunye nokungalinganiswa kwesi gunya.
  • Imithetho yoKhuseleko Lokutya: IFDA inyanzela ukuba kusetyenziswe uMthetho we-Foood Safety Modertiation Act (FSMA), osusela ukujolisa ekuphenduleni ekuthinteleni ukugqabhuka. Lo mbutho uqhuba uhlolo, iinkupho, ukhumbula, kwaye umisela imilinganiselo yokuvelisa ukhuseleko, i-allergen layinta, kunye nokutya okungenisiweyo. I-2018 yo-omaine etwece E. i-coli, eyabangela ukuba abantu abangaphezu kwama-200, ibangele izimfuno ezifunekayo.
  • Ummiselo weTobacco: Ukususela ekudluleni koMthetho wokuKhuthaza Ukutshaya Kwentsapho noLawulo Lwecuba ngo- 2009, iFDA iye yalawula ukwenziwa, ukusasazwa, kunye nokuthengiswa kwemveliso yecuba. Oku kuquka ukuvalwa kwemidiza enobumnandi (ngaphandle kwe-manthol), ifuna izilumkiso zempilo, kunye nokuhlola izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-ekharigartettes. Ngo-2022, i-FDA yacebisa umthetho wokuvala imidiza, ikhankanya umonakalo okhoyo kubantu abamnyama.

IZiko loLawulo noLothintelo lwezifo (CDC)

I-CDC ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zempilo kawonke-wonke, ukulawulwa kwezifo ezasulelayo nokuthintelwa kwezifo ezingapheliyo.

  • Inkqubo yesizwe yoLungelo: ICDC isungula ucwangciso lobuntwana kunye nogonyo oludala olusekelwe kwincopho zeKomiti ye-Advisory kwi-Immunzation Practices (ACIP). Ikwathenga namayeza okugoma abantwana abangakhuselwanga okanye abaphantsi kovavanyo oluphantsi kwinkqubo yabantwana (VFC). Ukunciphisa okuphawulekayo kwezifo ezinjengemathikithi, ipoliyo, kunye neHPVPPN iziphumo ezithe ngqo zomhlaza woluvo olunxulumeneyo.
  • Ulawulo nothintelo lweTobaco:[[FLT] I-ofisi yeCDC engokutshaya neyonyango iqhuba igalelo lamaGama asuka kuMdadi otshayelayo kwaye inikezela ngemali kumaphondo ukwenzela iinkqubo zokulawula icuba ezibanzi. Lo mbutho ujonga ukusetyenziswa kwecuba kwiNational Health Conference Survey kunye nogcino-lwazi lwemeko-bume. Nangona icuba iqhubeka, ihlala ingunobangela ophambili wokufa okunokuthintelwa kwi-U.S.
  • Ukuthintela Isifo seChronic: Icandelo leCDC le-Mopulation Health lixhasa iinkqubo zokuthintela isifo sentliziyo, seswekile, istroke, nomhlaza. I-National Diabetes Prevention Program (Uhlobo lwe-DPP) ngunkqubo efunyenwe kubomi ukuncitshiswa kobungozi bokukhula kohlobo lwesi-2 lwesifo seswekile. Iseko likwaxhasa imali nemigudu yasekuhlaleni ukukhuthaza ushishino lomzimba, ukutya okunempilo, nokutshaya.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuthintela i-Olfose: Ekuphenduleni kubhubhani we-opioid, iCDC ikhuphe imigaqo ebhaliweyo yeopioids, ulwandiso lwe-data esetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo, kunye neenkqubo zothintelo lwasekuhlaleni. Umsebenzi weziko lokhuseleko ufak ’ isandla ekuncipheni kwe-621dose opioid, nangona ukufa okunxulumene ne-fentonynātion kuseyingxaki.

Impilo Yokusingqongileyo: Indima yeAgency Yokukhusela Indawo Engqongileyo (EPA)

Nangona ingeyoyonkqubo yonyango lukawonke-wonke kuphela, i-EPA inyanzelisa imithetho echaphazela ngqo iziphumo zempilo. Umthetho we-EPA ococekileyo we-Air Act, i-Clean Eccape Water Water, kunye noMthetho wokuLawula i-Toxic Substances Control Act unika igunya lokumisela imilinganiselo yokungcolisa, ukulawula amanzi angenazingcolisi, kunye nemichiza yoshishino-shishino. Umzekelo, umthetho we-EPA olawula ilothe yepetroli kwipetroli kunye nepeyinti uthoba ngokuphawulekayo ityhefektha ityhefu yelothelo ephambili yabantwana. Ngo-2024, i-EPA yakhupha umthetho wokugqibela ofuna ukuba yonke imibhobho ekhokelela kungenelwe ukutshiselwa endaweni ye-enjini yemithambo-methoxiki.

Imali ebonelelwayo yeSebe

ISebe lezempilo kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo ze-HRSA linika iNkqubo yezeMpilo, eyimali engaphezu kwama-400 eenkonzo zezempilo zoluntu ezinceda izigulana ezingaphezu kwama-30 ezigidi ngonyaka, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zikwi-inshorensi. La maziko anikela inkathalo ephambili, iinkonzo zamazinyo, unyango lwengqondo, kunye nonyango lweziyonkcitho kwimimandla engaphantsi kwenkonzo. Umanyano lunika amandla okunika izikali ezityibilikayo kunye neenkonzo zolwazi, ezizenza zibe yi-atlee grade gradee cellnet kwinkqubo yonyango lwaseMelika.

Iingxaki NeeNkcukacha Kwisenzo Sempilo Yoluntu

Ukungavisisani phakathi komanyano lwesizwe nololawulo lwesizwe, imibuzo engokwasemthethweni nokuthemba abantu ngendlela esetyenziswa ngayo imigaqo karhulumente.

Umanyano Nokulungelelana Kwamandla

Umthetho weSimendo seshumi oLawulweyo onikwe amagunya angekho kurhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Ngexesha lobhubhani, oku kwakhokelela kulwahluko olucacileyo lwempendulo yezorhulumente: amanye amazwe amisela imiyalelo engqongqo engqongqo kunye nemfuno yokufihla isigqubuthelo, ngoxa amanye ekwalela amanyathelo anjalo. Urhulumente wequmrhu elilawulayo lokuzama ukukhupha i-moduratorium yabethwa ngumthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo Alabama Association of Realterors v. Isebe lezempilo kunye neSebe loluntu [[FLT:] [[FLT] [20]], elithi lathi lathi libambe ukuba iCDC i-statortion lidlule igunya layo lomthetho. Ngokufanayo, isigodlo senkundla somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-ofisi se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko senqanawa se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-se-

Ukuthenjwa Kukawonke - wonke Nenkcazelo Ephosakeleyo

Ukuthemba amaqumrhu ezonyango karhulumente kuphelile kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi ebudeni besifo se-COVIDÍ19. Ukuphikisana kwemiyalezo ephathelele ukuma kwimingxuma, imvelaphi yentsholongwane, kunye nexesha lokugonya elixhokonxa amathandabuzo kubangela amathandabuzo. IMischance yasasazwa ngokukhawuleza kwi-media yoluntu, ibangela ukuchanabeka nokuthomala kwemichiza ngokuhambelana nemilinganiselo yempilo yoluntu. ICDC ne-FDA iye yazama ukunxibelelana ngokucacileyo nokuphinda inyaniseke, ingakumbi kuluntu oluseburhulumenteni olonakalisa uvavanyo lwezamayeza (umz., i-Tuskee Syphilis Sy Sys Study S). Ukuqinisekisa ukuthemba kufuna ukubonakala, ukuthunyelwa koncedo oluthe rhoqo, nokuqinisekisa uluntu olunyanisekileyo.

I-Equotton kunye ne-Alphantia

Imali elungiselelwe impilo kawonke-wonke isoloko isasazwa ngokulinganayo kodwa ayisoloko isasazwa ngokulinganayo. Iingingqi zasemaphandleni, uluntu, kunye nemimandla yasezidolophini ephantsi kwenani leempumpukane zidla ngokufumana oovimba abambalwa kumntu ngamnye kunemimandla etyebileyo. Isifo seCHOVID 16) esibalaselisa ukuqhekeka kokuvavanywa, ukusasazwa kwemiqhaza, kunye nobuchule bempilo. Iinkqubo zomanyano ezifana ne-Heal Health Center Program kunye ne-CDC ye-Foperations kwi-Community Health (ING) ye-ENTS) efuna ukuvala ezi zizithuba, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo phantsi kwemiqatha yempilo kuhlala kungucelomngeni. Ngokutsho kwengxelo yama-20211 evela kwi-UTrences America, urhulumente wezempilo kawonke-U.

Iingxubusho ezingokwasemthethweni nezeeNyanga

Iimfuno zogonyo lomanyano lwabasebenzi bezonyango, abasebenzi basemkhosini, kunye nezindlu zorhulumente ziye zabangela imingeni engokwasemthethweni kunye neengxoxo ezingokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi imiyalelo ingumsebenzi osemthethweni karhulumente wokukhusela uwonke, ingakumbi kwizicwangciso eziphezulu ze-"%risk. Abachasi baphikisa ukuba bayayichasa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko yezonyango. Iinkundla ziye zaxhasa imithetho ngokubanzi xa zisekelwe kwigunya elicacileyo lomthetho-mthetho kwaye zisetyenziswa kubemi abathile abathile, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathangoopolitiko kuye kwaba nzulu.

Isiphelo

Indima karhulumente karhulumente kwimpilo kawonke-wonke ayiphelelanga okanye ayiphelelanga. Imveliso yenkcazelo yemithetho-siseko, izenzo zomthetho, inkqubo yolawulo, kunye nokuhlola ikomiti. Ukusukela kuMashishini kaClaus ukuya kuMphathiswa ka-Claus, iziseko ezisemthethweni zibanzi kodwa ziphikiswa. Imizekelo yehlabathi ekhoyo i-CHOVID 7619 isuka kwisifo se-CFDAP, kwinkqubo yokugoma i-EPA ecocekileyo ukuya ku-EPA imithetho ecocekileyo, ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi acocekileyo, kwaye inkcenkcenkce kuqhubekeka kwemiqathango yempilo ekhoyo. Njengoko kuvela izisongelo ezintsha zempilo nento ezijongelwano zikawonke, ulungeleno phakathi kwegunya nolawulo lwe-Oversigralitiki luya kuqhubeka luluphawu olulawula ulawulo lwempilo lwaseMerika. Abafundisi kunye nabafundi, abaluqonda olu luluvo lwayo kuphela olu luluvo lwangaphambili lwempilo lwabemi bamazwe aseUnited States.