I-veto isisixhobo esisisiseko esiphethwe lisebe eliphetheyo ``ingumongameli, irhuluneli, okanye intloko yorhulumente') evumela ukuba bawuchase umthetho odluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngaphezu kwe- “hayi,” eli gunya lilolonga umlinganiselo wamandla kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, linyanzelisa ulalaniso, lithintela ukungxama okanye imithetho eyingozi, kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba umbono womphathi olawulayo uyahlonelwa. Ukuqonda amandla ka-veto kufuna ukuvavanya iziseko zawo ezisemthethweni, indaleko yembali, abaququququzeleli-madulezeli be-procedture, kunye neempikiswano ezijikeleze ukusetyenziswa kwalo.

Yintoni Igunya Leveto?

Embilinini wayo, amandla akwisigqeba segunya legunya lokula ukuvunywa kwemithetho edluliswa lisebe lemithetho, ngaloo ndlela ithintela ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iqokelele amavoti okungalawuleki iveto. Eli gama lisuka kwisiLatini to, elithetha ukuthi “ndiyalela,” kwaye ibingumqondiso wokulawula iminyaka eliwaka. Kwi-demokhrasi yanamhlanje, i-veto i-indecpin ekwindlela kunye nenkqubo yolungelelwaniso, elungiselelwe ukunqanda ukukhova ulawulo-mthetho nokunika umphathi-mthetho indima engqalileyo ekwenzeni umthetho.

I-Vto amandla angengagqibekanga. Imithetho-siseko emininzi ivumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ilawule indlu yowiso-mthetho nge-veto ene-majority ephezulu qha. Ngokufuthi isibini sesithathu segumbi ngalinye. "thus" iqinisekisa ukuba umphathi-mandla akanakukwazi ukuvala iinkqubo ezibanzi, ibipartisan inkxaso. Imithetho ethile elawulayo iveto yahluka-hluka ngelizwe kwaye, ngaphakathi kwesixokelelwano solawulo, ngurhulumente okanye iphondo. EUnited States, igunya lomongameli leveto lidweliswe kwi [[FLT: 0] I, ICandelo 7 lomGaqo-siseko, okwachaza inkqubo exombolo, kunye “needet' nenkqubo ye-ocket'.

Iintlobo Zemiphunga

Abalawuli basenokusebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamandla eveto, nganye enentsingiselo engaqhelekanga. Ukuqonda le ngxaki kubalulekile ekuhlolisiseni indlela iiveto ezichaphazela ngayo umthetho.

I-Veto eqhelekileyo

Olunahlobo luqhelekileyo, iveto eqhelekileyo, isenzeka xa umphathi onegunya ebuyisela umthetho kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ethetha ngokuchasa. Lo mthetho awunakuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ivote ukurhoxisa icebo elifunekayo. Kwi U.S., umongameli usoloko eneentsuku ezilishumi (ekugqitha iiCawa) ukutyikityo okanye ukunyusa isibhengezo; ukuba akathathi nyathelo kwaye iBhunga lisaqhubeka kwintlanganiso, ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphandle komtyikityo wakhe /a imvume engasebenziyo eyaziwayo njenge “pocket" phantsi kocatshulo.

Pocket Veto

Iveto yepokotho yenzeka xa umphathi wesebe engatyikityo ityala ngexesha elichaziweyo kwaye iseshoni yowiso-mthetho iphelile. Ngenxa yokuba ityala alibuyiselwanga ngokusemthethweni kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, akukho kuxolelwano kunokwenzeka; ityala liphelelwa ncam. Oku kunika umphathi isixhobo esinamandla sokubulala umthetho ebudeni beentsuku zokugqibela zentlanganiso yowisomthetho, ngokunempumelelo ukugqitha inkqubo yecebo lecebo lobugqhinga. Umongameli we-pocketvetoes usetyenziswe ngu-U.S.

I-Line - Ilette-Vieto

Umxholo-mxeba we-vto uvumela umphathi-mazwe ukuba alahle imiqathango ethile, kodwa achithe izinto kunye nemali ngexa ehlawulwayo. Olu hlobo lweveto lusetyenziswa kumaphondo amaninzi e-U.S. nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi (umz. Brazil, i-Mexico, amanye amazwe aseYurophu) ukulawula ukusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali nokupheliswa kwemiqathango. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. yalawula v. Clinton. isixeko saseNew York[[FLT][FLT][1] kunye nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi.[1998] Okokuba i-sinyukelo solawulo-kubhityo-itho-tototo ngokomthetho ka-1996, yawuphula umthetho oPhakathiweyo woMgaqo-siseko wezomthetho, ngenxa yokuba i-onele kuvumela umongameli we-expediant.

I-Amendito

Abanye abalawuli banegunya lokubuyisela isindululo ngecebiso lokulungisa ityala, kunokuba balahlwe ngokungqalileyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingasamkela, yale, okanye ilungise ezo zigqibo. Le ndlela ```ibizwa'''iindawo kunye nengcebiso"". "Into esetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka i-Itali ne-Poland, kunye namazwe amaninzi e-U.S. (umz., New York, Illinois). Ikhuthaza ngokuvumela umthetho wesimo solawulo lwequmrhutha ukuba ungabi nakuwuthintela ngokupheleleyo.

I-Veto yoMlawuli weNkqubo

Kwinkqubo ezithile zepalamente, intloko yesizwe (njenge-monarch okanye umongameli) inokuba neveto esesikweni enqabileyo ukusetyenziswa. Umzekelo, umlawuli waseBritane uhlala enamandla okunqanda ukuvunyelwa kwenkosi ukuba ihlawulelwe amatyala adluliswe yiPalamente, kodwa akukho kumkani oye wenza njalo ukususela ngo-1708. Kwinkqubo ezingephi, umongameli angabhekisa umthetho kwinkundla yesiseko ukuze ahlole phambi kokulawula kwepromugalthi-an engangqalanga nto exhomekeke ekutolikeni kwemithetho yetyala kunokuba kuphenduku.

Inkqubo yeVeto ngeenkcukacha

Indlela esuka kwingxelo yemali kwindlu yowiso - mthetho ukuya kwiveto esenokuba yindawo ekunokusetyenziswa kuyo iquka amanqanaba aliqela ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linemithetho ekhethekileyo nengqwalasela elungeleleneyo.

IPassso yoMgaqo-siseko kunye nokuLawulwa koMphathi-mikhosi

Xa omabini amagumbi endlu yowiso-mthetho e-bamaral evumela intlobo ezifanayo zemali, “iqengqeleka” kwaye inikezelwa kumphathi-mthetho. E-U.S., ityala lithunyelwa kwiNdlu enguWhite, apho inkqubo yokuhlola iqala khona. /i-ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo, iziphathi-mthetho, kunye neengcali zezikomfa-mthetho.

Impinda yegunya nesigqibo

Umphathi-mphathi unefestile elinganiselweyo ukuba athathe inyathelo. Kwinkqubo karhulumente wase-U.S., umongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (ukrwela iiCawa) ukutyikitya ityala, ukulifaka, okanye ukuliyeka lingasayinwa ukuba iBhunga lihlala lisebuthweni. Ukuba umongameli ukhupha eli tyala, kufuneka anikezele “umyalezo” ochaza izizathu zokulahliwa. Lo myalezo ubuyiselwa kwigumbi apho ityala laqala khona kwaye ungeniswe kwirekhodi yemithetho-wiso-mthetho.

& Yenza Isiqinisekiso

Xa ifumene umyalezo weveto, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingazama ukukhupha iveto. Oku kufuna ukuba uvoti-zibini ezithathu kumacala omabini. Ukuba isibini-sithathu sovoti yegumbi ngalinye ukudlulisa ityala ngaphezu kokungafuni kukamongameli, iba ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino lomphathi omkhulu. Ukuba imvume yokukhupha imvume ingaphumeleli kwanakwigumbi elinye, umthetho uyafa. Ukususela ekusungulweni kwe-U.S., ngaphantsi kwe 10% yomongameli wevetoes ibingahoyi, ibonakalisa ubunzima bokuhlanganisa i-atmosferal enjence.

Ixesha Elinqatyisiweyo Nentlanganiso Ezikhethekileyo

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi umisela imida engqongqo yexesha lokuhlola kwegunya eliphetheyo kunye namandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okuthatha inyathelo kwi-veto. Kwamanye amazwe, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingazibiza kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo ngokukhethekileyo ukuba iqwalasele inyathelo eligqithiweyo. Ukuba irhuluneli ikhupha ityala emva kokuba iseshoni eqhelekileyo iphelile, ukuvota okugunyazisiweyo kunokwenzeka ebudeni bentlanganiso elandelayo, kodwa eminye imithetho ifuna ukuba kuvotiswe ngokukhawuleza.

Indaleko Yamandla EVeto

Ingcamango yegunya ivule ixesha elide ngaphambi kwexesha lomGaqo-siseko wale mihla. Imvelaphi yalo ingalandelelwa kwiRoma yamandulo, apho [[FLT: 0] iziqu zabaphathi be-plebs zabamba igunya lokuqhuba izenzo zeBhunga kunye nabanye abaphathi bolawulo ukukhusela izilangazelelo zabantu abaqhelekileyo. Kamva, umlawuli weBritane wasebenzisa iveto epheleleyo: uBhulumente wayenokungayamkeli nayiphi na imiyalelo edluliswa yiPalamente. Noko ke, ngenkulungwane ye-18, eli gunya laye laphelelwa lisebe lokungasebenzi; ukumkanikazi okokugqibela eBritani wasetyenziswa ngukumkanikazi Anne ngowe-1808.

Xa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wabhaliswa ngo1787, abalawuli baphikisana ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wamandla olawulo. Izicelo zangaphambili zaquka iveto epheleleyo, efana neyokumkani waseBritane, kodwa abameli abafana noJames Madison baphikisa iveto efanelekayo enokungalungiswa yi-ethenan ephezulu. Ukuyekelela `a ii-3 ezimbini ngaphezulu/ukubekwa ngaphezulu kwe--"I", Icandelo 7. Le ndlela yokwakha isuka apho iveliswa khona nge-$_inkoliso ye-democracrafikis.

Ulawulo Lweveto EUnited States

Oomongameli base-U.S. baye basebenzisa iveto kwimivo eyahlukeneyo. UGeorge Washington wafaka kuphela izisongelo zokuphembelela umthetho ngaphambi kokuba ufike edesika, lo msebenzi waziwa “njengomqondiso wento ekwindawo eyi635 (kuquka 263 yepokotho). Kumaxesha angoku, iveto iye yaba sisixhobo esiphembelela abantu abaninzi. Abalawuli badla ngokusebenzisa iveto ukusongela ukuphembelela umthetho phambi kokuba ufike edesika yabo, umkhwa owaziwa ngokuba “ngumqondiso” okanye“ ukusongela.

Uguqu-guquko lwezizwe ngezizwe

Kwezinye iindawo, amagunya eveto ahlukile ngokuphawulekayo. EFransi, umongameli angafuna ukuba kufundwe okwesibini nawuphi na umthetho, ngokunempumelelo kumiselwe kwawo. EJamani, umongameli wengingqi angala ukutyikitya ityala ukuba lichasene nomgaqo-siseko, kodwa iivetos ezinjalo aziqhelekanga kwaye zidla ngokujongwa. Kumazwe amaninzi aseMzantsi Merika, umphathi ophetheyo unento ekwindawo yokulawula imigaqo-mali.

Ukubaluleka Kwamandla E-oyileti Kulawulo

Umbane weVeto usebenza imisebenzi emininzi engaphaya kokwala nje umthetho. Kukuvavanya okubalulekileyo kwigunya lowiso-mthetho, kodwa kwakhona ukhuthaza ingxubusho, ukhusela izilangazelelo ezincinane, kwaye uqinisa ukwahlukana kwamagunya.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Injongo eyintloko yeveto kukuthintela indlu yowiso-mthetho ekumiseleni imithetho ejongwa njengengekho semthethweni, engeyoyabulumko, okanye ngokuchaseneyo nomdla kawonke-wonke. Olu hlolisiso luqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye likarhulumente elinokulawula inkqubo yokwenza imithetho. Kwakhona linyanzelela ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iqwalasele imbono yomphathi-mthetho ize yakhe inkxaso ephangaleleyo kwiizicelo zayo.

Name

Abalawuli bale mihla basebenzisa i-veto isisongelo [ njengesixhobo esisebenzayo sokukhupha imvume kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokuphawula ukuba baza kubhalisa isisongelo ngaphandle kokuba amalungiselelo athile atshintshiwe, oomongameli bangabumba umthetho emva kwemifanekiso. Eli gunya lingaba namandla angaphezulu kuneveto ngokwalo, ngenxa yokuba liphembelela okuqulethwe ziintlawulo phambi kokuba bafike kwidesika yesikhulu. Isisongelo esinguwo sikhulu siyakwazi ukunyanzelisa okanye ukuva umngcipheko wolawulo lwegridi.

Ukuncitshiswa komgaqo-nkqubo nokuphendulelwa

UVetoes uvumela abalawuli ukuba bagcine ukungaguquguquki kwemigaqo-nkqubo kwiimimandla ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, umongameli angabeka ityala lokuchitha imali elingaphezulu kwemali ejoliswe kuyo, ngaloo ndlela ebonisa uqeqesho loqingqo-mali. Imiyalezo yeVito ikwanikela ingxelo yoluntu ngezinto eziphambili nezingavumelaniyo, ezinokuthi ziphembelele izicelo zezomthetho zexesha elizayo kunye neembono zabavoti.

Ukuxokisana Nokugxekwa

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo, amandla eveto awanampikiswano. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi anokusetyenziswa kakubi ukuze kufumaneke abanqolobi, ukuba anegalelo ekufakeni imigca enqamlezileyo, kwaye ezinye iintlobo zeveto zaphula ukwahlukana kwemigaqo yamandla.

Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya Leveto

Xa umphathi ophetheyo esebenzisa iveto ukuvala umthetho odumileyo ngenxa yezizathu zezobupolitika kuphela, okanye ukunyanzela ukuvunyelwa okungahambelaniyo nemali, kunganciphisa ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi. Kwezinye iimeko zembali, abalawuli baye basebenzisa iiveto ezingxoweni ukubulala amatyala ngaphandle kwengcaciso esemthethweni, ukujika inkqubo yokuzikhusela ngokupheleleyo. Abagxeki bakwaphawula ukuba isisongelo seveto sinokuthintela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuthoba iinguqu eziyimfuneko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni imithetho ebuthathaka.

Uvalo lwe-grid kunye nommiselo

Kwimekobume egabaleleyo, abalawuli bangathetha phantse yonke imithetho emikhulu esuka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho elawulwa liqela eliphikisanayo. Le ndlela ingakhokelela ekungasebenzini kwemithetho, apho kumiselwe imithetho embalwa ebalulekileyo. I-U.S. inamava anjalo e-gridlock ngexesha lolawulo lukaBill Clinton (semva kwexesha lonyaka ka-19995) kunye noBarack Obama (semva kwexesha lonyaka lonyaka ka-2010), xa bobabini bejamelene ne-veto isongelo esithe sacima inyathelo elikhulu. Ngoxa iveto isisixhobo somgaqo-siseko, ukusetyenziswa kwayo okugqithisileyo kunokuphelisa ukuthemba urhulumente kumandla akhe okusebenza.

Ingxoxo Ye-Vto Yomgca

Ilayini-nto ekwindawo ehlala ingolunye lwezona ndlela zegunya elilawulayo eziphikiswayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ivumela abalawuli ukuba banqumle inkunkuma baze basuse “umphanda wepork” ochitha ngaphandle kokulahla zonke iindleko. Abachasi baphikisa ngokuthi inika umphathi onegunya amandla amakhulu kakhulu kuqingqo-mali, ibenza bakwazi ukusohlwaya okanye ukuvuza abalawuli bemithetho ngemisebenzi engaqhelekanga. Clinton v. Isixeko saseNew York isigqibo saphelisa ngokunempumelelo i-Cemveto, kodwa amajelo amaninzi ayaqhubeka ekuyisebenzisa, ngokufuthi ngemiqathango yokunqanda ukuxhatsha.

Ingqwalaselo ephambili

Kwezinye iindawo, iinkundla ziye zacelwa ukuba zihlole ubugqeba bezenzo ze-veto. Umzekelo, iinkundla zikarhulumente ziye zagqiba enoba abalawuli bangaphaya kwegunya labo ngokusebenzisa iivetoes zomgca ukuze basuse ulwimi ematyalani ngendlela eyatshintsha injongo yomthetho. Ezi zigqibo zomthetho ziphucula imida ye-veto, ziqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ihambelana nemigaqo-siseko.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lamandla EVeto Esetyenziswayo

Uhlolisiso lwemeko ezikhethekileyo apho igunya leveto lasetyenziswa khona lubonisa impembelelo yalo yokwenene kumthetho nakwezobupolitika.

UGeorge W. Bush kunye ne-Fiscal Bartive

Umongameli uGeorge W. Bush wasebenzisa i-veto enciphayo ngexesha lakhe lokuqala kodwa waba nesibindi ngakumbi emva kokuba iiRiphabliki zilahlekelwe kukulawula kweBhunga ngo-2006. Wakhupha amatyala anxulumene nophando lwe-style cell, i-Iraq ixhasa inkxaso-mali yexesha elithile, kunye nonyuselo lwabantwana lwe-inshorensi yempilo (SCIP). Isigidimi sakhe sagxininisa ukunyanzeleka koxanduva kunye nokuchasa okungalawulekiyo. I-veto yolwando lwe-SCHIP yayinengxabano, njengoko yayisithintela umgudu wokugqugqithela abantwana abangakhange bafumane nto.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

UMongameli Barack Obama wasebenzisa iveto ukukhusela umqondiso wesibonelelo uMthetho wokunyamekela ongenakuthengwa (ACA]) kwimizamo emininzi yokuphinda-phinda yeBhunga leRiphabliki elilawulwayo. Wakhupha iivetoes ngo 2015 nango2016 ukwenzela iindleko ezizakuba zicombulule isitshixo se-ACA, kuquka inkxaso-mali kunye nomyalelo womntu ngamnye. Ezi zives zabalaselisa indima yempatho ekulondolozeni impumelelo enkulu yenkqubo echasene nenkcaso ye-Riphabliki.

UDonald Trump noKhuseleko lweSizwe

UMongameli uDonald Trump wakhupha ivetoes kwimiba emininzi, kuquka ukhuseleko lomda, ungxamiseko lwesizwe, kunye nokuthengiswa kwezixhobo. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, wenza isigqibo esimanyeneyo esasifuna ukuphelisa isibhengezo sakhe songxamiseko yesizwe kumda womzantsi, kwakunye nesigqibo sokuvala ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo eSaudi Arabia. Ezivees zagxininisa uxinezeleko phakathi kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu kunye nolawulo lwequmrhu.

Imizekelo yomgangatho kaRhulumente: IFradenstein Veto" kaWisconsin

Kumgangatho wezwe, ngamanye amaxesha abalawuli basebenzisa ububanzi obungaqhelekanga bomgca-ilungu leveto. EWisconsin, irhuluneli ingacima oonobumba, amanani, kunye namagama asuka kwiziphumo zezicelo ukudala izivakalisi ezintsha ngokupheleleyo .-umkhwa owaziwayo njenge “Fradenstein vhato." Eli gunya lalisetyenziswa nguRhuluneli Tommy Thompson ukuphinda acwangcise izicwangciso ngendlela engakhange icelwe. Ngelixesha lempikiswano, libonisa ukugqithisa kwegunya elinoxande lwe-veto kwaye liye lakhokelela ekubizeni utshintsho.

Isiphelo

UVito uhlala engomnye wezixhobo eziphambili kwizixhobo zekhompyutha ezilawulayo, esebenza njengesixhobo sokulwa nokuqhatha kwemithetho kunye nekrele lokuqhubela phambili kwenkqubo. Indaleko yayo engokwembali ``iitribune' ukuya kwidemokhrasi yale mihla yedemokhrasi.) ibonakalisa ucelomngeni oluhlala lukho phakathi kwamandla karhulumente. Ngoxa iimpikiswano ngokusetyenziswa kakubi, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zentsimbi, ukubekwa imigca, kunye negunya lento engundoqo, umsebenzi weveto njengendlela yokuhlola indlu yowiso-mthetho-siseko ibalulekile kwimpilo-siseko solawulo-siseko sezoburhulumente bendalo. Njengoko iimeko zezobupolitika ziqhubeka zisenza kube lula, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla ekwakheni umthetho, ulawulo, ulawulo, ingxube-ntle, kunye nengxoxo yolwazi-mo-mgaqonga. Ukuqonda umsebenzi ongundoqo wokusebenza kwemithetho yezolawulo lwezolawulo-demo-yonke.