Ukwazisa

I-evereigration yasemva kwe-Latin America inika ithala leencwadi elinobuchule obuninzi bokuqonda indlela ezilawula ngayo iziphumo zedemokhrasi. Emva kophulwa kulawulo lwedemokhrasi nePortugal ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iiriphabliki eziphambili ezizuzwé njengefa le mithetho yolawulo ye-Riphabliki ye-Rondements, ii-astraderic ezingqongqo zentlalo-ntle, kunye nezoqoqosho ezixhomekeke ekukhupheni kwamanye amazwe. Ezi miqathango zidityaniswe nocelomngeni lokwakhiwa kwelizwe ukuze zivelise iinguqu-enkqubo zezobupolitika ezingaqhelekanga — ukusuka kwiinkqubo zolawulo zolawulo-demodekhrasi ezizinzileyo ezizinzileyo ukuya kwiinkqubo zolawulo zolawulo zolawulo lomkhosi kunye nee-mpumidiya. Eli nqaku lihlola izakhiwo ezingundoqo zolawulo lolawulo lwamazwe emva kokuzilawula kwe-Latin America, ukuhlazisela ulawulo, ukuhla kolawulo, nokuhlola iimpembelelo zazo ezindelelo lwedemodemodemokhrasi, ulungiso lwezi.

Imbali Yolawulo KuMzantsi Merika

Imibutho yenkululeko eyatshayelela i-Latin America phakathi ko1810 no1825 yaphelisa iinkulungwane ezintathu zolawulo lwamathanga kodwa ayizange iyile amazwana aqinileyo. La mazwe matsha ajongene nemibuzo esisiseko ngendlela yokulungelelanisa igunya lezobupolitika. Ngaba ayeza kusebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo lorhulumente okanye zomanyano? Ngaba amagunya aphezulu ayezakomelela okanye abuthathaka? Ingaba amafranti anokuba makhulu okanye alinganiselwe? Ezi ngxoxo zaqukunjelwa kwisiseko seminquba [[FLT:]] i-caudismoo[ — ulawulo lwamadoda anamandla asekuhlaleni awayehlanganise abalandeli abaxhobileyo — kunye ne-EMFURS.

Umgaqo-siseko wamandulo omninzi waboleka kakhulu kwimodeli yeUnited States okanye kwiingcamango ezikhululekileyo zaseYurophu, kodwa iinyaniso zasekuhlaleni ngokufuthi zazibhukuqa ezi ngcamango. Ukuzimela kwecawa, iCawa yamaKatolika, kunye nemikhosi yaqhubeka inempembelelo enkulu. Umphumo waba ngumjikelo wovavanyo lomgaqo-siseko, imfazwe yamakhaya, kunye nokuphambuka kolawulo olungqongqo, olukhutshwe phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ilifa lelizwe lokulawula nokungakho kodidi oluphakathi olunamandla lakwenza kwaba nzima ukwakha amaziko oluntu axhasa ulawulo-demokhrasi kwiindawo ezithile.

Imigaqo yoLawulo oluNcumisayo

Amazwe aseMzantsi Merika aye azama iindidi ezininzi ezibanzi zolawulo. Isakhiwo ngasinye sineziphumo ezahlukileyo zophuhliso lwedemokhrasi.

Inkqubo yobuMongameli

Esona sakhiwo sasasazwa kakhulu sokulawula eLatin America yinkqubo ecacileyo, apho umlawuli ophezulu ozimeleyo onyuliweyo esebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. Amazwe anjengeBrazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, kunye neColombia amkela iinguqu zale modeli. Umtsalane wawucacile: umlawuli onamandla anganikezela umanyano lwesizwe kunye nogqibelelo, ingakumbi kumaxesha engxaki. Kodwa, inkqubo yomongameli eLatin America isoloko ijongene kakhulu nomgangatho ophezulu kuncindileyo, ingakumbi xa idibene nee-checkingsss nolungelelaniso. Abaphakam bebanga abaninzi baye baphikisa ukuba amagama aqinileyo kunye nobuchule obuqinileyo bokuphumelela kwe-presidential kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-odmistrial, njengoko kuqwala ukudisiko oluphinda-Arian kwi-Rlandeinsburg naseBrazil (1979)).

Iinkqubo zePalamente nezoHlabathi

Iinkqubo zePalamente, apho umphathi ofumana ugunyaziso lwakhe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, zazingaxhaphakanga kakhulu eLatin America. IUruguay ngokufutshane yalinga isigqeba esiphezulu (IBhunga lesiZwe loRhulumente) ukususela ngo1959 ukuya ku1967, ijolise ekudluliseni amandla nokuphepha iingozi zenkqubo ye-caudillism. IPeru yamkela inkqubo edityanisiweyo, edityanisiweyo, kancinane emva komgaqo-siseko we-1993. Noko ke, imigudu emininzi yolawulo lwepalamente yayiphila kafutshane okanye ilinganiselwe. Imodeli yomongameli yahlala ingeka, ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yelifa elinamandla lenkqubo yobucukubeko eSpeyin.

Abalawuli Bomkhosi Nobugunya

Ulawulo lomkhosi lwabalawuli babeyinkqubo ephindaphindwayo yokulawula kwinkulungwane yama-20. Kwiminyaka yee-1960 ukutyhubela i1980 kwabakho ulawulo lwezigqeba ze-bureaucracy-areatist eBrazil, e-Argentina, eChile, eUruguay, nakwezinye iindawo. Aba rhulumente bawacinezela amaqela ezobupolitika, uluvotelo, kwaye basebenzisa uloyiso lwesizwe ukunyanzelisa ucwangco — ngokufuthi ngokuxhasa amaqela aphezulu amaqela aphezulu namazwe angaphandle anjengeUnited States ngexesha lemfazwe yomlomo. Ulawulo lwasemkhosini lusoloko lunxulumene nedemokhrasi enzima, nangona eminye imikhosi (umz. iPinochemet) yaqalisa utshintsho lwezoqoqosho lokuba oorhulumente bedemokhrasi kamva bangapheli. Iinkundla zolawulo-othobal, iinkundla zoburhulumente babantu, ukuxhatsha kwemiwa kwabantu abahlaziweyo.

Oonopolitiko Noorhulumente Bendaleko

I-Latin America ikwavelisa isithethe esahlukileyo se- ulawulo lwezikhundla eziphezulu, olugqithisiweyo, olusuka kuJuan Perlón eArgentina (1946-955, 1973-1974) ukuya kuHugo Chávez eVenezuela (1999-2013). Iinkokeli zePopulist ezisebenzisa amandla aphambili kumphathi-makhareji, zikhuphe amaziko asunguliweyo, kwaye ziqhubele phambili inkxaso yoququququ nokhuthuzo oluthe ngqo kumahlwempu kwaye lukhutshwe phantsi kwe-Diviorpozistiki. Ngelixesha laxa ukwandisa inxaxheba kwe-politiki kwixesha elifutshane, i-populism idla ngokuyihla ukhuseleko olukhululekileyo — iinkundla ezizimeleyo, umatshini, kunye neemithetho-okheshane — ezikhokelela kulawulo lwe-projective okanye kwi-demodecracy. I-Venezuela i-tray ukusuka kwi-Chracracractiography i-modey i-modey eninzi ye-opera elungeleney i

Impembelelo Kwiziphumo Zedemokhrasi

Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yokulawula kuye kwabutshintsha kakhulu ubutyebi bedemokhrasi baseMzantsi Merika.

Amandla enzaliseko kunye nokuqiniswa kwedemokhrasi

Amazwe awakha amaqumrhu ombuso ozimela geqe, amaziko azimeleyo — azimeleyo, oonogcisa, iinkonzo zoluntu, kunye namajelo eendaba akhululekileyo — aye asengozini yokugcina idemokhrasi ezinzileyo. [[FLT: 0]] iCosta Rica isoloko ichazwa njengeyona meko iphumelelayo kummandla: emva kokuphelisa umkhosi wawo ngowe-1970, ilizwe lavelisa urhulumente wentlalo olunentlalo oluphezulu, inkqubo yokhuphiswano oluneyo, kunye nemigangatho ephakamileyo yokuthembana. [[FLT:] [FLT:]] Uruguay[[[FLT: 3], phezu kwayo intluede kwintlawulo oluphezulu lobuzwila lobuzwilamngenise, emva kokuba i-RGenesalsethi yoothelela nolu guqu oluthe guqukileyo, lwawonyukelwe zi-1980, kunye nee-empempempemperacrivement. [i yoo-othe , i-ethe pro

Ukuvukela nokuwohloka kwedemokhrasi

Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe abuthathaka kunye namandla omongameli angaphezulu aye afumana ukuwohloka kwedemokhrasi okuphinda-phindekayo. Ngokomzekelo, iArgentina, ibhayisekile phakathi kolawulo lwabemi nolomkhosi izihlandlo ezintandathu phakathi ko-1930 no1934. Uknabelo lwamandla kumongameli, ludityanisiwe kunye nee-intergate zokhuselo kunye nokungabi nazihlolo ezisebenzayo, kwayenza inkqubo yaba buthathaka kwiingxaki zezoqoqosho kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-pulgasi. I-Venezuela, yakha yathathwa njengemodemodeli yedemokhrasi, yabona ulawulo lwayo luguquke ngokuthe ngcembe phantsi kwe-Chávez: umgaqo-siseko womthetho we-1999 we-1999 wenza ukuba unyulo lombutho womongameli, kunye nokungabikho kwemithetho ye-jikilikiliki. Ngo-yo-20202020, eli lizwe laye lawela kwingxaki yobuntu kunye nokhuphiko olukhulu lolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe nge-o-Adixdiadiadia.

Indima Yasemkhosini Kwezobupolitika

Indima yomGaqo-siseko womkhosi ingumahluko obalulekileyo kwisakhiwo. Kumazwe amaninzi aseMzantsi Merika, imikhosi yahlala inegunya elibalulekileyo kwezobupolitika nasemva kokuguqukela kwidemokhrasi — imisebenzi yokhuseleko lwangaphakathi, uqingqo-mali kunye nokuhlawulelwa kokuphathwa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu. Ezi “zinguqu ezigunyazisiweyo” (umz. Brazil, Chile) zarhweba ngokuzeleyo ngokuzinzileyo, kodwa zashiya ulawulo lolawulo lwezinzo lwedemokhrasi lungachaphazeli kwimpembelelo yomkhosi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukupheliswa komkhosi waseCosta Rica kwasusa umkhosi njengomdlali wezopolitiki ngokupheleleyo, ethetha ukuba uphuhlisa umgangatho wedemokhrasi.

Iinkqubo Zomdlalo Neqela Lezobupolitika

Ukuyilwa kweenkqubo zonyulo kukwayidemokhrasi. Iinkqubo zomelo, njengoko zisetyenziswa kwiUruguay nase Costa Rica, zakhuthaza ukhuphiswano oluninzi kunye nesakhiwo esimanyeneyo. Amanye amazwe amkela iinkqubo ezingundoqo okanye ezixubeneyo ezisoloko zahlulahlula iindlu zowiso-mthetho kwaye zikhuthaza ezobuqu zobunyani. iBrazil’s imigangatho ephezulu yolungelelwaniso, idityaniswe nengqeqesho yelizwe elidibeneyo kunye neqela elibuthathaka, iye yakhokelela ekungqubaniseni iingqungquthela zezindlu-mikhosi ezininzi zamaqela amancinane, inyanze oomongameli ukuba bahlanganise iingingqinelo ezibanzi nezingonakalanga ukuze balawule. Oku kuba negalelo kwimigangatho ephezulu yezopoliti kunye neengxaki zolawulo.

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

IChile: Ukusuka Kulawulo - melo Ukuya Kulawulo - melo Olunesidima

I-Premicodenti yezobupolitika yaseChile inguvavanyo oluchaseneyo. Ukususela ngo-1833 ukuya ku1973, yalondoloza umthetho ozinzileyo womgaqo-siseko, kunye nenkqubo yolawulo lolawulo-siseko oluneedemokhrasi eyathi yavela yazinza ngakumbi phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ulawulo lwezomkhosi lwangowe 1973 lwaqhutywa nguGeneral Augusto Pinochet lwaseka ulawulo olunobundlolo olunonyame olwathisela phambili olulawulwa luphuhlise olunolwaluvo lwenkqele lwezoqoqosho lwazalulo lwenkqeshosho ezoqoqosho, kwaye lwabuyisela umgaqo-siseko womgaqo-siseko woburhulumente wezomzikomkhulu onamandla owenziwe ngo 1980. Lo mgaqo-siseko solawulo-siseko solawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo-mthetho-siseko solawulo-siseko solawulo-mthetho-siseko solawulo-siseko solawulo-siseko solawulo-siseko solawulo-siseko se-siseko solawulo-siseko sawongameli-siseko se-siseko senqanawa esiphezulu, imfuthoba imfuthoba ingu 2019, ingundala imfutho

IVenezuela: Idemocratic Collapse

IVenezuela yadunyiswa ixesha elide njengendawo echasene nokungazinzi kwe-Latin America. Ukususela ngo-1958 kuse phambili, i-Punto Fijo Pact phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu yaseka idemokhrasi eqinileyo eneenxenye ezimbini ephakamileyo ehambayo kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle ye-oyile ezivunyiweyo. Isakhiwo solawulo sabonisa inkqubo yomongameli enamandla, kodwa ngokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenza kakuhle. Noko ke, ukuwa kwamaxabiso e-oli phakathi kwama-1980 nama-1990, kunye nokwanda korhwaphilizo kunye nenkqubo ye-astrity neqela elivulekayo, kwavula umnyango kaHugos Chávez, owayesakhe umlawuli onamandla onamandla onamandla. Umthetho wakhe we-1999 ukunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla amagunya aphambili, ukunyanzeka kwe-Scerol, ukunyanzelwa kwe-omatika ka-mone, ukurhoxakeka kwe-okhe, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ontandom, ukuvuselwa kwe-ondonganyelelwa kwe-yonganye i-yongam, ukurhorhorhorhorhorho

EBrazil: Ubuongameli Nokunganyaniseki

Isakhiwo solawulo lwe-Brazil sidibanisa inkqubo enamandla yomongameli kunye nengqungquthela edibeneyo, abalawuli belizwe abanamandla, kunye nenkqubo yomthetho enzima edumileyo. Emva komgaqo-siseko wonyaka we-1988, iBrazil yavela njengedemokrasi echumileyo, kodwa iingxaki eziqhubekayo zokonakala kwezobupolitika, ukungabikho kobunyani, nokungalingani koburhulumente kwabangela ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Inkqubo kamongameli yakhuthaza abalawuli ukuba bakhe abalawuli abaninzi, abasebenzisanayo ngobuchule bokusebenza kwe-Rocelm — ukutshintshana ngezikhundla kunye noqingqo-mali ukuze kuxhaswe i-mali ye-mthetho. Oku “ukungalawulwa kombutho wobumongameli wesizwe” kwabangela ukuba kukwazi ukulawula, kodwa kwadala umhlaba wokuzala kwayo, njengoko i-Lavato Jatoto i-1940-20111. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-okrobishophu kwe-yo ye-othelela ukusetyenziswa kwe-oglobaneyo kwe-mo ye-mo-mo-mothe, i-mothe, i-moduradiyo i-ethe ukubonakala kuvuvuse i

Mexico: Inxalenye enye yeDomitance kunye noTshintsho

Isakhiwo sokulawula saseMexico kwinkulungwane yama-20 sasiyi-drojini: inkqubo yobumongameli obuqhelekileyo obulawulwa yi-Institutional Revolution Party (PRI), eyayinegunya ukususela ngo- 1929 ukuya ku 2000. IPRI yazigcina zilawula ngokuxuba i-arhente, ukulwa nokusebenzisana kwabachasi, kunokusebenzisana nabo, kunokulawula umkhosi wezobupolisa. Umongameli wasebenzisa amandla amakhulu owedemokhrasi — ngokufuthi ubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yedemokhrasi epheleleyo, ekubeni oomongameli basebenze iGama elinye leminyaka elithandathu ngaphandle kolawulo oluphezulu, kodwa benokwakhela i-mzalela ilandela ilandela ilandela ilandela ilandela ulawulo lwabo oluphambili lwezopolitiko, kodwa lusakwazi ukuvelisa imingeni eninzi yezopolitiko kunye nomthetho wezoburhulumente, xa kuthelekiswa nokufumana i-Androffic. I-Exel-mose ishiya iziphumo zenkqubo zenkqubo ezinamandla kakhulu zedemodemodemodemodensi.

IArgentina: Ukungalawuleki Nokungakwazi Ukuzenzela Izinto

Imbali yokulawula ye-Argentina iphawulwa ngokugqithisileyo ngokuhambelana phakathi kwedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo-mandla lwasemkhosini, okuqhutywa kakhulu linani elidibeneyo likaJuan Perón kunye nentshukumo ehlala ihleli. Eli lizwe lamkela inkqubo yobumongameli, kodwa igunya lolawulo lidla ngokusetyenziswa ngendlela edidek-thekis': amaqela abuthathaka, amaqela alwa noorhulumente abalawuli abalawuli abanobundlobongela, yaye amajoni asoloko ephazamisana nemigaqo ekhoyo yezoqoqosho ekhoyo. Ukususela kowe-1930 ukuya kowe, akukho mongameli onyuliweyo ogqibelele kwityala elipheleleyo ngaphandle kokubhukuqwala okanye ukurhoxabela. Ilizwe labuyela kwidemokhrasi ngo1998, yaye ukususela ngoko i-Argentine, kwanopoliti ye-Monga, kwana nolawulo lwezimongalo lwaphantsi lwamanyululawulo oluphantsi lwemeko-Celson, kodwa lungamele lungamele ukulawulwa kwemeko yemeko enyanze ingulo yoograli ye-Roctive, kodwa lunga eliphantsi kwesol.

Ucelomngeni Nethemba Lexesha Elizayo

Phezu kwako nje ukuhlanganiswa jikelele kwedemokhrasi yokhetho kwi-Latin America ukususela ngoo1990 (ngokungaphandle okuphawulekayo kweVenezuela, eNicaragua, kunye neCuba), amazwe amaninzi ajamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo oluphuma kwimiqathango yawo yolawulo ezukileyo. Ukulawula okulawulayo kusengumba ophambili: nalapho kukho oomongameli basoloko bedlula kwimithetho yowiso-mthetho, umthetho, okanye iinkundla ezilawulayo kunye namalungu anyanisekileyo. Amacandelo okuthelekelelo amaziko endlu yowiso-mthetho kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, amaqela ezobupolitika, kunye namacandelo ejajiko aseleyo ahlala phakathi kowona mmandla uphantsi womhlaba wonke. Unyuko lwezokhuseleko lwedemokhrasi [[FLT:]] olugqithisileyo, ulawulo olucwangcisiweyo, okanye ukurhwaphiswa kweziyobisi, luye lwanyanze ulawulo lweziko-omatili, kwakhona olungekho mgangxunya phakathi kwegunya lamazwe nomkhosi.

Olunye ucelomngeni lolwakhiwo luxanduva phakathi lokungalawuleki kunye nolwahlulo oluninzi. Njengoko kuboniwe eBrazil, eChile, e-Ecuador, nasePeru, oomongameli abanyulwe ngokuntlu-ninzi okuncinane mabakhe imibutho edibene kakhulu. Oku kusoloko kukhokelela ekungasebenzini komthetho kunye nemigudu yokungaququki — Peru kuphela yabona oomongameli abane bekhutshwa okanye berhoxiswa phakathi konyaka ka-2016 no-2022. Amanye amazwe athelela iinguqu: iBolivia ishukutyelelwa kwikhothali-menti efana “nobasemgceni phakathi kwequmrhu eliphetheyo kunye nombutho omkhulu wemithetho-mthetho, ngelixa umgaqo omtsha wephondo weChile (owaliwayodwa ngo-2022) ecekiswayo ekhutshwayo. Kodwa ke amanye amazwe amaqela acetyongamele ukuchaniswa kwemithetho.

Oonobangela abangaphandle — ingakumbi impembelelo ekhulayo yezoqoqosho nenkqubo yamanye amazwe ase-U. Iinkokeli ezilawulayo eVenezuela, eNicaragua, naseCuba zithembele kwinkxaso yomkhosi wamaTshayina ebolekisayo neyokuxhasa imikhosi yaseRashiya ukuxhathisa ingcinezelo yedemokhrasi. Okwangoku, iingxaki zezoqoqosho eArgentina nase-Ecuador ziye zadala amathuba avulekele iinkokeli ezithenjiswe ukuphelisa ukulawulwa kwequmrhu, zibeka engozini yokukhukuliseka kwedemo-demokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Uthelekiso lwezakhiwo zokulawula emva kwe-Latin America lutyhila ukuba nangona imicimbi yokuyila umGaqo-siseko, ayiyiyo isiphelo. Amazwe anamandla, azimeleyo njenge Costa Rica, iUruguay, kunye nasemva konyaka we19990 IChile iye yakwazi ukuqhuba amandla omongameli kwisiphelo sedemokhrasi, naxa izakhiwo zawo zifana nalawo angenampumelelo. Ngokunjalo, ubukho bombutho onamandla kummandla wolawulo lwezwelo, ukungalingani okuphezulu, kunye nebutho labantu abahlalayo — njengaseVenezuela okanye e-Argentina — iye yakhokelela ekupheliseni kwedemokhrasi okanye ekupheliseni okunzulu. Impembelelo yemikhosi yequmrhu, imo yokhetho, indlela yeqela elinempumelelo, kunye nobukho bendlela yokuhlola nokulingana nomlinganiselo onamandla ngokulinganayo. I-Latin America ijongene, ixhomekeke kwimingeniselo ye-demodemokhrasi engundoqo kwimbali yayo, ifuna inkqubela engundoqo yembali: i-evotiventiming, kodwa i-ece-ece.[10]

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona i-V-Democracy Institute iingxelo zaminyaka le zedemokhrasi, iNdlu yeSikhululo seMveli[[FLT:] iingqikelelo zengingqi, kunye nemisebenzi yemfundo efana ne-“Premidelialism kunye nedemokhrasi eLatin America” nguScott Mainwaring kunye noMat Shugart ([[FLT:]4]] Cambridge University Presss[]).