Urhulumente wase-United States wakhiwe kumgaqo wokwahlula amagunya, owahlula amasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: umthetho, umphathi, kunye nezomthetho. Esi sakhiwo silungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nokukhusela naliphi na isebe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi wesebe ngalinye obalulekileyo ngayo ukuze uqonde indlela amalungelo akho alondolozwe ngayo. Le nkqubo, ekhuselweyo kumGaqo-siseko, yenza urhulumente "ocebisi nolungelelwano" oluyalela ukuba lisebenze kunye xa lisebenza kunye nomntu ochukumileyo. Xa usebenza norhulumente (*) ukuhlawula irhafuthelo, ukusetyenziswa kwelayiselo, okanye ukukhuphisana ngesigqibo esisemthethweni, amasebe asebenza ngeendlela ezintsonkothile ezichaphazela ukukhululeka kwakho.

Isiseko: Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Abakhi bomGaqo-siseko babesoyika igunya eliphakamileyo, besebenzisa izifundo ezisuka kulawulo lwe-monarchy kunye nezikhalazo zamakoloni. Isiphumo saba ngurhulumente owahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye linomsebenzi walo owahlukileyo: iBhunga lenza imithetho, uMongameli uyayinyanzelisa, kwaye iinkundla zephondo ziyayichaza. Le mithetho yamasebe yaba yintsika elinganayo. Umthetho ngamnye, umthetho wezolawulo, okanye umthetho wenkundla, okanye ulawulo kufuneka uqulunqe ngelinye icala elinobuchule bokuphatha, ikhotyo ekukhuseleni izixhobo, ukukhusela ekuphenjelweni okungekho ngqiqwele.

Imithetho Esemthethweni: Imithetho Yobuqhetseba Ekhusela Inkululeko

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliyilwe ngokuyintloko yiKhonkxane, linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Lineegumbi ezimbini: Indlu yabameli, apho izihlalo zahlulwa khona ngabemi borhulumente, kunye neBhunga leNtlanganiso, apho iphondo ngalinye lifumana khona ii-senamente ezimbini. Le ndlela yokuyila iqinisekisa ukuba kumelelwe izilangazelelo zesizwe ezibanzi kunye nemigangatho yorhulumente. Ingqungquthela ikhusela amalungelo akho kwiinkqubo ezilandelayo:

  • Ulwahlulo: Amalungu eBhunga anyulwa ukumela izilangazelelo zomaqumrhu abo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amava ahlukeneyo aviwa kwinkqubo yomthetho yokwenza. Eli lisebe elikufutshane nabantu, kwaye unyulo lukuhlolo oluthe ngqo kumandla omthetho.
  • Imithetho ekhuselayo: IiBhunga zigqithisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu, ukhuseleko lwangasese, ukhuseleko lwabathengi, kunye notshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho oluchazayo nolukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
  • Amandla ePult: Kuphela iKhomyutha enokuthi ixhase ngemali. Ngokudibanisa iimeko ekusetyenzisweni kwemali, iBhunga lingaphembelela isenzo segunya eliphetheyo (ngokomzekelo, ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwemali kwimisebenzi enokuphazamisa amalungelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuphaphela nophando:[ iikomiti zeKhonkcotha-ngquthela zinganikela amangqina, zinyanzelisa amaxwebhu, kwaye ziba namava ukuqwalasela ukuthobela kwesebe eliphetheyo ngokukhusela amalungelo.
  • Igunya lokwalathisa: Congress, kunye namazwana, zingacebisa iinguquko zomGaqo-siseko ukukhusela ngokucacileyo amalungelo amatsha okanye ukubhukuqa izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezilinganisela amalungelo.
  • IChecks kuMphathi-mikhosi: Indlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (abagwebi, abaphathi-mikhosi) kwaye idibanisa izivumelwano. Zombini iigumbi zingayikhupha iveto engumongameli ngevoti emibini 76 3.
  • [ Amandla okwandiswa: Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, abagwebi, okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente ngenxa "yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki," kwaye iBhunga libamba ityala. Oku kusisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla asongela amalungelo.

Umthetho ongundoqo owandisa amalungelo

Ukutyhubela imbali, iBhunga liye lamisela imithetho yokutshintsha amalungelo abantu.

  • Umthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964: Lo mthetho ophawulayo owenqabela ucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, umsebenzi, kunye neenkqubo ezihlawulwa ngurhulumente.
  • Umthetho woVoting Rights ka-1965: Esi senzo sasusa imiqobo efana novavanyo lokufunda nokubhala kunye nerhafu yovo oluye lwasusa intlawulo yaseAfrika kunye namanye amaqela amancinane. Kwakufuneka ulawulo lwamagunya karhulumente kunye nembali yocalulo.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho wesiphene wonyaka ka 1990: Lo mthetho uyalwalela ucalucalulo kubantu abaneziphene kuzo zonke iindawo zobomi bukawonke-wonke(imisebenzi, imfundo, ezothutho, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke) kwaye ugunyazisa indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala.
  • Inkululeko yoMthetho wolwazi (FOIA): Igqitha ngo 1966, iFOIA inika abemi ilungelo lokufikelela kwiingxelo zombutho worhulumente, ikhuthaza ukubonakala nokuphendula.
  • Umthetho we-Asct we- 1974: Lo mthetho ulawula ukuqokelelwa nokusetyenziswa kolwazi lobuqu ngamasebe karhulumente, ukhusela abantu ekujongweni okungangqinelani norhulumente.
  • Umthetho we-USA INKULULEKO ka-2015: Emva kokutyhilwa kokhangelo oluninzi, iBhunga ladlulisela esi senzo ukuphelisa ingqokelela enkulu yeerekhodi zefowuni kwaye linyanzelisa ulawulo olungqongqo kumaqumrhu obukrelekrele, uqinisa ukhuseleko loLawulo lwesine.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: Ukugunyazisa Amalungelo Ngokwezenzo

Isebe elilawulayo likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States kwaye liquka amasebe karhulumente, amasebe, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Umsebenzi walo oyintloko kukunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Kodwa kwakhona uMongameli usebenzisa igunya elizimeleyo elibalulekileyo ukubumba amalungelo ngemiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo, izibhengezo, nezenzo zamasebe alawulayo. Nantsi indlela eliyiphumeza ngayo indima yalo:

  • Ukwenziwa kwamandla koMthetho: amasebe oManyano anjengeSebe loBulungiseleli, iKhomishini yeMisebenzi eLinganisayo, kunye neSebe lezeMpilo neNkonzo yoLuntu liphanda ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu kwaye lizisa izenzo zokunyanzelisa abantu, iinkampani okanye oorhulumente.
  • Imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo: UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo ethwala impembelelo yomthetho kumasebe karhulumente. Le miyalelo ingandisa okanye ikhusele amalungelo kwiindawo ezifana nokufuduka, ulawulo lwemeko-bume, kunye norhulumente ongekho kwicala lomsebenzi 76discrinication.
  • [[NTL:0] Igunya le-Veto: UMongameli angawuphazamisa umthetho onokuthi uphazamise amalungelo omntu ngamnye, unyanzelise iBhunga ukuba liphinde liphinde licinge okanye likhusele isibini sesithathu sobungangamsha obuphezulu ukuqhuba.
  • [[NT.:0] I-Pregons kunye nomthetho: uMongameli unamandla okuxolela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe, olunokulungisa ukuchana kwetyala, lubuyisele amalungelo asekuhlaleni njengovota, lubonise inceba kwiimeko apho umthetho wawusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kakhulu.
  • Ukutyunjwa kwaBagwebi namagosa: UMongameli ubeka abagwebi bephondo (kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo) namagosa aphezulu asemaqumrhu. La madinga abumba indlela amalungelo achazwa ngayo kwaye anyanzeliswe ngayo kangangamashumi eminyaka.
  • IDiplomacy kunye neZibonelelo: uMongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezivumelwano ezikhusela amalungelo ukunqumla imida, ngokomzekelo, ezo zinxulumene nokurhweba kwabantu, indawo yokufihla intloko, okanye izinto zenkcubeko.

Indlela Imibandela Engxamisekileyo Ewakhusela Ngayo Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Amaziko asekuhlaleni achaza aze asebenzise umthetho yonke imihla.

  • ISebe leMigaqo-nkqubo (DOJ) Amalungelo eSizwe [ ligweba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo, ukuziphatha kakubi kwamapolisa, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo okuvota, kunye nocalucalulo lwezindlu.
  • IKhomishini ye-Ofisi eLinganisayo yeMsebenzi (EOC) inyanzelisa emsebenzini ukulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noqikelelo kwaye iphumeza amashumi amawaka ezikhalazo nyaka ngamnye.
  • I-Epagency yeNkcubeko yoKhuselo (EPA) inyanzelisa imithetho ekhusela uluntu ekungcolisekeni, ejongwa ngokuqhubekayo njengewonga elisesikweni lemekobume kunye nelungelo lempilo.
  • ISebe le-Ofisi yemfundo yamalungelo e-Polity liphanda ngezikhalazo zocalulo ezikolweni, kuquka ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, isini, kunye nokukhubazeka.

Izenzo zoMongameli ezinokuqondwa

Abalawuli banegunya elilawulayo elisetyenziswa ngokwembali ukuhambisela phambili nokukhusela amalungelo:

  • I-Exective Order 9981 (1948): ekhutshelwe nguMongameli Truman, lomyalelo wasusa imikhosi exhobileyo, incopho yamalungelo abantu.
  • [[NTL: 0] Isenzo esicetyiweyo ukwenzela ukufika kobuntwana (DACA): Ndithi gqi ngo-2012 ngokusebenza kwegunya, i-DACA ikhusela amakhulu amawaka abaphambukeli abangaxelwanga abaziswa e-U.S. njengabantwana abasuka ekugxothweni nasekunikweni ugunyaziso lomsebenzi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-Exective Order 11246 (1965):[[Umthetho kaMongameli Johnson:1] wayalela ikontraka zikarhulumente ukuba zingabi nakuchonga emsebenzini kwaye zigunyazise ukuvumela ukukhuthaza ithuba elilinganayo.
  • UMthetho othe ngqo wokuthintela nowokulwa ucalucalulo kwisiseko sophawu lweGeneder okanye uLawulo lwezesini (2021): umyalelo woMongameli Biden waqinisekisa ukuba imithetho echasene nodibaniso lwamazwe igquma imbonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza ngokwesini, ukungqubana kwezindlu, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nomsebenzi.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Ukutolika Nokuthethelela Amalungelo

Isebe lenkundla egwebayo, eliqukiwe yiNkundla Ephakamileyo neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente, lichaza imithetho lize liqinisekise ukuba iyavumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Eli sebe libalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngokuhlola ngokugweba, “‘ amandla okuphelisa imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya ezichasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zisebenza njengokuthintelwa korhulumente ophazanyisiweyo, kwaye izigqibo zabo zibumba intsingiselo yamalungelo kwizizukulwana.

  • [[NTL: 0] Impinda yeJudicial: Imiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison (1803), eli gunya livumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho kazwelonke nezwe engqubana nomgaqo-siseko. Yindlela yejadica enamandla kwamanye amasebe.
  • [[NTL: 0] Isiqinisekiso okanye iNkxaso: iinkundla zoMasipala zigqiba kuphela iimpikiswano zokwenene, hayi imibuzo ecingelwayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo aqwalaselwa kwiimeko zekonkrithi apho umntu eye wahlelwa yintlekele yokwenene.
  • Izahlulo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezimisela isalathisi somzekelo kuzo zonke iinkundla ezincinci. Oku kudala uzinzo nokungaguquguquki kwindlela amalungelo asetyenziswa ngayo kulo lonke ilizwe.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane: Iinkundla zisoloko zingena xa amaziko owiso-mthetho okanye izenzo zolawulo zithwesa amaqela amancinane umthwalo. Amalungelo angathandwayo akhuselekile kakhulu xa abagwebi bekhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kubomi babo bonke kunye nokhuseleko lomvuzo.
  • Inkundla yeSizwe seHabeas Corpus: inokuthi amagosa azise ibanjwa phambi kwawo ukuze afumanise ukuba ngaba ukuvalelwa kuvumelekile kusini na. Olu khuselo lwamandulo lukhusela ekubanjweni ngokungekho mthethweni nasekuvalelweni.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Amatyala aliqela eNkundla Ephakamileyo aye achaza aza akhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): INkundla yavakalisa ukwahlukana kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ibhukuqa imfundiso "yohlukene kodwa elinganayo" kwaye ivulela indlela umbutho wamalungelo abantu.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): yamisa imfuneko yokuba amapolisa azise amalungelo awo okukrokra ukuze ahlale athule kwaye abe negqwetha, ngoku elaziwa ngokuba zizilumkiso, ukukhusela amalungelo oMphetho-mda wesihlanu noweSithandathu.
  • [[NTL:0] Roe v. Wade (1973): Waqonda ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko womfazi lokukhetha ukuqhomfa phantsi kweNkqubo elindelekileyo ka-Claus we-145th Amendment. (Note: Ngelixesha Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022]) uyasiphendusa esi sigqibo, lo mba ushiyeka ungumzekelo obalulekileyo wokhuseleko lwamalungelo ejaji.)
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umtshato osisini ungumgaqo-siseko omnye phantsi kwesiqinisekiso soMphetho-mthetho weshumi elinesine wenkqubo nokhuseleko olulinganayo, ukuqinisekisa ukulingana komtshato kulo lonke ilizwe.
  • Icandelo leColumbia v. Heller (2008): INkundla yathi uLawulo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuba nesixhobo sokuzixhobisa esikwikhaya, ukubetha umthetho wompu ongqongqo D.C.
  • Amaqonga okukhupha umva . United States (208): INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokufikelela kwiingxelo zeseli yomntu {{foni, ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwezolawulo lwesine lwezokhuseleko lwezobuqu kumaxesha amanani.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Inkqubo yovavanyo nolungelelwano iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinokulawula amanye. Olu cwangciso lubalulekile kukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Amandla esebe ngalinye athintelwe ngabom ngamanye, edala uxinezeleko olunamandla olufuna intsebenziswano noxanduva. Nalu unxibelelwano olungundoqo:

  • [[NTL: 0] Ingqwalasela ze-ligide kwigunya: Ingqungquthela ingangawulawula umongameli, ingeyiyo kwaye isuse uMongameli, ingavumi ukuqinisekisa amadinga, ithintele ukuxhasa imali, kwaye indulule uphando.
  • Ingcebiso ze-ligislative Iingqi kwiSiqendu soMdiso: IBhunga liyakwazi ukurhoxa nokususa abagwebi, litshintshe inani lezihlalo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, licebisa ukuba kulungiswe iimpendulo zomGaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa izigqibo, kwaye libeke umda ulawulo lwezikomkhulu.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ingqikelelo-mali ePhambili kwiNkundla yoMthetho: UMongameli angarhoxa amatyala, abize iKhomishini kwintlanganiso eyodwa, kwaye ancomele umthetho. UMongameli oPhathiswayo woBulungiseleli wongamela iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kwaye angafaka iivoti ezibolekisayo ezingama-26.
  • Iingqikelelo zeSebe leMisebenzi: uMongameli ubeka izigwebo zonke zephondo, neSebe leJaji linyanzelisa (okanye liyayeka ukunyanzelisa) izigwebo zenkundla. Oomongameli nabo banawo amandla okuxolela.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iinkundla ze-judicial Iikhankaso kwiMithetho: zingabetha imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Uhlolo lwejaji luyingqwalasela yokuqala kwingqungquthela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ingqwalasela zeJudicial kwiGunya: Iinkundla zingaphelisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo okanye izenzo zomaziko ezigqitha igunya lomthetho okanye lomgaqo-siseko. Zingayalela ukuba kukhululwe abantu abavalelweyo ngokuphosakeleyo nge-habeas corpus.

Imizekelo Yokwenene Yehlabathi Yokujonga Nokulinganisela Kwamalungelo

Iziganeko zembali zibonisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo:

  • Watergate kunye neUnited States v. Nixon (1974): Xa uMongameli Nixon wabiza ilungelo eliphezulu lokuvala iteyipu erekhodiweyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ngamxhelo mnye ukuba ilungelo aliphelelanga kwaye iyalela ukuba bakhululwe, baxhase umthetho kunye nokuziphendulela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Clinton Impecation (1998-1999): Indlu etyunjwe nguMongameli Clinton ngenxa yempephe kunye nesithintelo sokusesikweni, kodwa iNdlu yeNtlanga yakhulula. Oku kwabonisa ubume bezobupolitika bokungaquququzeli kunye nebhatyi ephezulu yokususa umongameli.
  • Act yeCare Care Ingxaki (202, 2015, 2020): Congress yayidlulisa iACA; uMongameli wayisayina. Abachasi bayivavanya kwinkundla amaxesha amaninzi. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa igunya lomntu ngamnye njengerhafu kwaye kamva yawisa phantsi ilungiselelo elingundoqo elifuna amaphondo ukwandisa iMedicaid, lo gama ikwala nokungavumelani nocelomngeni lomthetho emva kweBhunga eliphumeze isohlwayo. Isebe ngalinye ladlala indima.
  • Travel Ban Litigation (207-2018):[[FLT Trump] wakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ethintela uhambo kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi. Iinkundla zomanyano zavala iindawo zokuvalwa komsebenzi, kwaye ekugqibeleni iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa uhlobo oluhlaziyiweyo emva kokufumana ukuba isekelwe kumaziko okhuseleko lwesizwe kunokuba isekelwe kunqulo.

Indima Yommi Ekulondolozeni Amalungelo

Ukuganana nge-CPU kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina umlinganiselo wamandla nokukhusela amalungelo. Indlela enziwe ngayo umGaqo-siseko ekugqibeleni ixhomekeke kubemi abanolwazi nabasebenzayo. Abahlali bangathabatha inxaxheba kwezi ndlela zilandelayo:

  • Ukukhupha: Ukuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo lwezwe, lombuso, nolwasekuhlaleni kugqiba ukuba ngubani obhalayo, onyanzelisayo, notolika imithetho. Ukunika amalungelo ngokwawo kufuna ukuphaphanyiswa okuqhubekayo ukukhusela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amagosa aqwalaselweyo: ukubhala, ukufowunela, okanye ukudibana nabameli bakho okanye abaququzeleli baphembelela ngqo izigqibo zabo kumthetho ochaphazela amalungelo.
  • Inkonzo ye-JURY: Ukusebenza kwijaji kukuthatha inxaxheba ngqo kumsebenzi wesebe eligwebayo, ukuqinisekisa iimvavanyo ezisesikweni nokusesikweni okusekelwe kuluntu.
  • Intlanganiso yoxolo kunye nokucelela urhulumente izingxengxezo zeSindululo soQuqulo soLuhlu oluye lwabangela utshintsho kwimbali yaseMerika.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Ukuhlala ngokuphandle: Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo kwaye lilandela ngayo izigqibo zenkundla, iingxoxo zowiso-mthetho, kunye nezenzo zolawulo lunceda abemi ukuba baphendule amagosa. Ubuncwane obusemthethweni obufana .gov, Indlu ye-White.gov, kunye , kunye [FLT]
  • I- I-ofisi i- Izakhamuzi eziba ngabameli, oomongameli, okanye abagwebi ziba yinxalenye yenkqubo ngokwayo, zizisa iimbono ezintsha kukhuseleko lwamalungelo.

Ekuqukumbeleni, amasebe amathathu karhulumente asebenza kunye ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana. Ngokuqonda iindima zesebe ngalinye, abemi bangawaxabisa ngakumbi amalungelo abo kunye nenkqubo ekhoyo yokuwakhusela. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyominzi ekwakheni, kwaye ayiyomitshaza ephilayo efuna ingqalelo engapheliyo, inxaxheba, kunye nokuphendula. Xa elinye isebe ligqitha, abanye banokuhlehla. Xa abemi besenza into ethile, bomeleza, isakhiwo siphela. Amalungelo abo asingooyena mntu usisigxina; bakhula kuphela xa onke amasebe e-atsh-* ne-odwa abantu behlala bephaphile.