Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Ukusekwa kwemithetho ngumsebenzi osisiseko worhulumente kumgangatho ngamnye. Ngelixesha iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zingafani phakathi korhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, zonke iinkqubo zokwenza umthetho zineenjongo ezifanayo: ukuguqulela iimfuno zikawonke-wonke kwimithetho enyanzelekileyo elawula ibutho labantu. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunika abemi amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwidemokhrasi kwaye kunceda abafundisi ukuba bafundise ngokunempumelelo abantu ukufunda ukufunda nokubhala.

Ipasethi esesikweni yokwenza umthetho iquka amanqanaba amaninzi angundoqo aqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ocetyiswayo ufumana uhlolo olucokisekileyo kunye negalelo loluntu phambi kokuba ube ngumthetho:

  • Isizukulwana soku-Idea kunye nokwenza uxwebhu — ukuchaza imfuneko nokubhala umbhalo wewiso-mthetho
  • Ukuqalisa nokubhekisa — ngokohlobo kunikezelwe ityala kwaye linikwe ikomiti
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqwalasela [ — uhlolo olucacisiweyo, ukuva, kunye nokulungisa
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Ingxoxo yeNkqutyana kunye nokuvota — ingxubusho yequmrhu lowiso-mthetho nesigqibo esipheleleyo
  • Imvume esebenzayo imvume - Iimpawu eziyintloko zegunya eliphetheyo okanye iveto ibhaybhuli
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulungelelaniso kunye nokugcinwa komthetho — Umthetho uyasebenza kwaye uyasetyenziswa

Ngalinye kula maqondo linika amathuba okuganana kwasesidlangalaleni, ubungqina obungoogqhinga, kunye nengxoxo yezopolitiko. Ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo kwenziwa ngamaqhinga — kunciphisa ukwenziwa komthetho ukuze kuthintelwe ukungxama okanye ukungaqwalaselwa kakuhle komthetho ukuba ungawiswa.

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho osisidibi

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho karhulumente isebenza phakathi komGaqo-siseko omiselwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. obethwe yingubo yowiso-mthetho kwiKhonkxale. Ingqungquthela luziko lowiso-mthetho oluyibhile-jiko-jiko-jiko oluyilwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu ze-Intenethi, ngalinye elineendima neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu kwamatyala ali-10 000 aziswa kwiNkondla yeminyaka emibini eqhelekileyo, kodwa lincinane kuphela — ngokuqhelekileyo elingaphantsi kwesihlanu ekhulwini — elingumthetho.

Ukwazisa novuselelo

Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingangenisa ityala. EHouse, ilungu liyiphosa nje le ngxelo kwi-Phost — ibhokisi eyenziwe ngomthi ngaphambili kwegumbi. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, igosa eliphetheyo kufuneka linconywe ligosa eliphetheyo ukuze lizise ityala. Xa lithe laziswa, ityala libekiwe inani, lishicilelwe, libhekise kwikomiti efanelekileyo emcimbini walo.

Ingqwalaselo ephambili

IiKomiti zilapho owona msebenzi uncinci womthetho ukhoyo. Ikomiti nganye inegunya kwiindawo ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu kunye neMathelo ilawula umthetho werhafu, ngelixa iKomiti yeNdlu Yesizwe ilawula izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Ebudeni bohlolo lwekomiti, amalungu anokuchonga apho iingcali, amagosa karhulumente, nabagcini-matyala banikela ubungqina. Emva kokuva, ikomiti iphethe intlanganiso yokuchonga apho amalungu acebisa nokuvota ngaphambi kokuba agqibe enoba aya kufaka ingxelo ngokwamkelekileyo kwemali kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

IiKomiti zinokubulala ityala ngokusuka nje ungenzi nto kulo — ishwangusha elifikela imithetho emininzi ecetyiweyo. Eli gunya lokugcina amasango lenza izabelo zeekomiti zibe nempembelelo ephezulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukuqwalasela okunenkcukacha kumthetho osebenzayo wequmrhu, i- Conerfer.gov inikeza ugcino-siseko sogcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene lwazo zonke iindleko kunye neezenzo zeekomiti.

Ingxoxo ejolise ekumgangatho nemisebenzi yokulungisa

Xa isibham sixeliwe kwikomiti, kufuneka sicwangciselwe ukuqwalaselwa. Kwindlu, iKomiti Yemithetho imisela amanyathelo engxoxo ngokukhupha umthetho omisela ukuba impikiswano iza kuhlala ixesha elingakanani kwaye ziziphi iinguquko ezivumelekileyo. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, ingxoxo idla ngokuba engenamda ngaphandle kokuba ukhuthuzo lukhutshelwe yivoti-ninzi, elinganisela impikiswano ebhekele phaya kwiiyure ezingama-30.

Inkqubo yokuvota nayo iyahluka phakathi kwamagumbi. Indlu isebenzisa uvota ngombane, ngoxa iNdlu yeeNdlu yeNdlu yamaCandelo isebenzisa ukuvota okanye ukuvota ngelizwi. Inkoliso yamalungu akhoyo navota kufuneka idlule kuwo omabini amagumbi, nangona imibandela ethile — enjengokubhaliswa kwesivumelwano nokungagunyaziswa — ifuna ukuba iphinde ibonwe.

Uxolelwaniso Phakathi Kwamagumbi

Ukuze umthetho ube ngumthetho, omabini amagumbi kufuneka adlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo. Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimbi idlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela equlunqwe ngamalungu aphuma kuwo omabini amagumbi idibana ukuze ixoxwe. Ingxelo yenkomfa ephumele kuyo kufuneka ivunywe ngamagumbi omabini ngaphandle kokuphinda kulungiswe. Le nkqubo yoxolelaniso inokuba nengxabano, ingakumbi kumthetho omkhulu ofana neendleko zoqingqo-mali kunye notshintsho lwezempilo.

Isenzo soMongameli

Emva kokuba la maziko edlulise umthetho ofanayo, ityala linikezelwa kuMongameli, oneendlela eziliqela:

  • [[FLT: 0] Uphawu loxwebhu [[FLT: 1] - Iba ngumthetho ngoko nangoko okanye kumhla osebenzayo ochaziweyo
  • Ukuqinisekisa uxwebhu — uMongameli ubuyisela i-Prom Congress ngokuphikisa; iBhunga lingawugqitha u-veto ngesibini-sithathu uvoti oluninzi kwigumbi ngalinye
  • Vumela ityala libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino — Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo ngeentsuku ezilishumi ngelixa iCongress isesehlo, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo
  • Pocket vento — Ukuba iiKhomishini zexesha leshumi losuku, ityala alibi ngumthetho

Amandla eveto anika uMongameli impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimimiselo yowiso-mthetho. Ngokwenkcazelo evela kwi-American Project Edesidentiate, oomongameli ukususela oko uGeorge Washington baye bakhupha ivetoes ezizii-intshi ezingama-500 ezithe rhoqo, ezimalunga ne-7 ekhulwini zabo bangahonjiswanga yiBhunga.

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho weRhulumente

Oorhulumente belizwe basebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko nemithetho yabo, edla ngokubonakalisa isakhiwo sorhulumente ngeli xesha ibandakanya iimpawu ezizodwa. Urhulumente ngamnye ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska unendlu yowiso-mthetho ebizwa ngokuba yi-bimadral encinci kunye nendlu ephezulu. INebraska isebenza indlu yowiso-mthetho engenayo, engeyo yarparta. Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho iyabelana nenkqubo karhulumente kodwa ikwabonisa impucuko yezopolitiki nezithethe zesizwe ngasinye nezolawulo.

Isenzo sokwazisa neKomiti

Abamisi-mthetho besizwe bawazisa amatyala kumagumbi abo ahlukeneyo. Umqulu womthetho uyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokorhulumente — iKhalifoniya ibona amawaka eendleko ezisungulweyo kwisethi nganye, ngoxa amazwe amancinane esenokucinga ukuba amakhulu ambalwa kuphela. Njengakwinkqubo karhulumente, iikomiti zidlala indima ephambili ekuhloleni umthetho, ukugcina amatyala, nokuncomela. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna iingxelo zeziphumo zemali ezinokufuneka zisetyenziswe kakhulu.

Impikiswano Ephathelele Umgangatho NeziHlaliso

Iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho zephondo ukwenzela ingxoxo yomgangatho zahluka kakhulu. Amanye amaphondo alandela imithetho esemthethweni efana neyamaBhunga, ngoxa amanye esebenza ngokungacwangciswanga. Amazwana amaninzi afuna ukuba kufundwe amatyala kwiintsuku ezintathu ezihlukeneyo ngaphambi kwengxelo yokugqibela, isithethe esibuyela kuqheliselo lwepalamente yaseNgilani. Izipheliso zokugqwetha zinganikelwa phantsi, nangona amanye amaphondo emisela ukupheliswa kwalawo aneziko lombandela wemali.

Indima yeRhuluneli

Emveni kokudlula kobabini agumbi, kuthunyelwa erhuluneni ukuba amkeleke; bonke abalawuli banegunya lokutyobela, nokuba yiveto, kodwa iingcaciso ziyahluka.

  • Iveto eGqityiweyo — Irhuluneli iyalwamkela lonke uxwebhu
  • Umba- mgca-okanye i-veto — Abalawuli abaninzi bangarhoxa iimposiso ezithile okanye amalungiselelo ngaphakathi kwemali ngaphandle kokukhanyela umlinganiselo wonke. Eli gunya lixhaphakile kumazwe kodwa alikho kumgangatho wengingqi yezwe
  • [[FLT: 0] Pocket vento — Ezinye irhuluneli zingabulala umthetho ngokungenzi nto emva kwendlu yowiso-mthetho

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yelizwe ingayisusa ngokuqhelekileyo i-gubernaralialial vetoes enezi-3 okanye ii-fiths ezithathu zovoti, kuxhomekeka kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yemithetho yesizwe inika ubuncwane obubanzi bokuthelekisa iinkqubo zemithetho kuwo onke amazwe angama-50.

Izindululo ezikhethekileyo zikarhulumente

Urhulumente uliqela uthathe iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ezahlula iinkqubo zokwenza umthetho kwimodeli karhulumente:

  • I-intium kunye ne-heaterendum [amazwe angaphezulu kwama-20] avumela abemi ukuba bafake imithetho ngqo ngenyathelo lokufaka ibhola, bagqithe indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuqokelela inani elichaziweyo lezicelo zesayina nokuze banikezele umlinganiselo kwivoti kawonke-wonke
  • Ikomishini yohlolo [ — Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo, kunokuba abe yimimiselo, ukuzoba izithili zowiso-mthetho
  • Ukumisela amalungiselelo — umazwe amaninzi afuna imithetho ethile kunye namaqumrhu athile ukuba aphele emva kwexesha elibekiweyo ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iyawaphinda iwagunyazise, inyanzelisa ukuba kuhlolwe iinkqubo zikarhulumente ngamaxesha athile
  • Imisebenzi yomthetho yokwenza ifomu — ama-United States asebenzisana ngeKhomishoni yoMthetho we-UFENT ukuze aqhube umthetho wemodeli onokusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo ngaphaya kwemithetho, ekhuthaza ukungaguquguquki kwimimandla efana nomthetho wezentengiso nomthetho wentsapho

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho wangaphakathi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni — kuquka izixeko, izixa-mali, iidolophu, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo — benza imithetho ebizwa ngokuba yiMithetho. Ngoxa isikali sincinane kunomthetho karhulumente okanye worhulumente, umthetho wasekuhlaleni uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla kwimimandla enjengezindlu, ezothutho, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwelizwe. Ukwenziwa komthetho kulula ngakumbi kubemi basekuhlaleni, ngentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke kunye neentlanganiso zasekuhlaleni ezinika amathuba angqalileyo okungeniswa.

Inkqubo yoqikelelo

Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho yasekuhlaleni jikelele ilandela olu landelelwano:

  • Iprojekthi — igosa elinyuliweyo lasekuhlaleni, ilungu labasebenzi bakarhulumente, okanye ummi licebisa umthetho. Iingingqi ezininzi zivumela abemi ukuba bacele imithetho ngqo
  • uhlolo lomthetho — abasebenzi bakarhulumente bahlalutya umthetho ocetyiswayo wokuthobela ngokusemthethweni, ukuchaphazeleka kwemali, nokungaguquguquki kwemigaqo ekhoyo. Amasebe okucwangcisa, amasebe omthetho, kunye namasebe emali ancedisa kakhulu kolu hlolo
  • Ukuva [[FLT: 0] — Kuqukunjelwa umlomo osemthethweni, okuqhelekileyo ngexesha lebhunga okanye intlanganiso yengingqi yengingqi yesixeko. Ingingqi ingangqina ngokobuqu, ikhuphe amagqabaza abhaliweyo, okanye ithathe inxaxheba kwii-portals ze-intanethi
  • ufundo lokuqala [ — Umthetho uvezwe kwaye ufundwe ngokuvakalayo, nangona imimandla emininzi ngoku iphazamisa ukufundwa okupheleleyo kwemicimbi eqhelekileyo
  • Ukufunda nokuvota [ — Umthetho ubuyiselwa kwivoti yokugqibela, ngokuqhelekileyo kwintlanganiso elandelayo. Amaqumrhu amaninzi owiso-mthetho asekuhlaleni afuna uninzi olulula ukuze adlulise, nangona eminye imicimbi — efana notshintsho okanye imiba yamaqhina — isenokufuna ukuba kubekho unyuko olukhulu
  • Imvume yequmrhu okanye yegunya eliphezulu — Ukuba indawo inomphathi-mikhosi okanye umlawuli wephondo, elo gosa eliqhelekileyo lineempawu okanye elikhupha umthetho

Iintlobo Zemithetho Yasekuhlaleni

Imithetho yasekuhlaleni iquka imibandela emininzi echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuqhatha nosebenziso lomhlaba[ - ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yempahla yolawulo, umphakamo ophezulu, uxinano, kunye nodanyazo
  • Impilo entle nokhuseleko [[FT:1] — ikhowudi yokwakha, iikhowudi zomlilo, imimiselo yokhuseleko lokutya, kunye nemithetho yengxolo
  • Ukunika imvume nokuvumela — ilayisensi yeshishini, ilayisensi yotywala, kwaye ivumela iimfuno zokwakha nezeziganeko
  • Traffic kunye nomiswa womthwalo — imida yesantya, imida yokupaka, kunye nofakelo lophawu lwendlela
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imimiselo yenzululwazi yemfundo — ulawulo lwenkunkuma, ulondolozo lwamanzi, kunye nolawulo longcoliso lwasekuhlaleni
  • I-[FUT:0] Intengiso — irhafu yempahla, iirhafu zentengiso, neerhafu zeshishini lasekuhlaleni

Ukubaluleka Kolawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni udla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngumgangatho worhulumente osondelelene nabantu, kwaye ngesizathu esilungileyo. Amasiko ongingqi angatshintshwa ukuze ahlangabezane neemfuno ezikhethekileyo kunye nokhetho lwabantu abahlala apho. Umthetho wokwakhela izithuba osebenza kakuhle kwingingqi yasemaphandleni usenokuba ungafanelekanga ngokupheleleyo kwingingqi ephakamileyo yedolophu, kwaye ukwenza umthetho wasekuhlaleni kuvumela ulawulo ngalunye kwimithetho yezobugcisa efanelana neemeko zayo ezikhethekileyo.

Ukwenza umthetho kwasekuhlaleni kunika abafundi amathuba abalulekileyo okufunda. Iintlanganiso ezininzi zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zivulekele uwonke-wonke kwaye zigaleleka kwi-intanethi, kukwenze kube lula kwiiklasi ukuqwalasela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iinkqubo zemfundo ze-COVIC ezinxulumene norhulumente wasekuhlaleni zinceda abafundi baqonde indlela imithetho echaphazela ngayo abamelwane babo nendlela abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo ekulungiseni loo mithetho. USA.gov ulawulo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni lunika oovimba bemisebenzi yokufumana nokuqhagamshelana namagosa asekuhlaleni kunye nocwangciso lwentlanganiso.

Indlela Abemi Abayiphembelela Ngayo Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Ukuba nenxaxheba kubemi kubalulekile kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo, yaye kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinokuphembelela abantu kunye nemibutho yokwenza umthetho kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente.

Ukuthatha Inxaxheba Ngokuthe ngqo kwiindlela

Abemi banokusebenzisa iindlela eziliqela ukuqhuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho:

  • Ukudibanisa amagosa anyuliweyo — ukubhala, ukubiza, okanye ukukhupha i-imeyili abamisi-mthetho ukuvakalisa inkxaso okanye ukuchasa iityala ezithile
  • Uvavanyo ekuchotshelweni [ — Ukunikela ubungqina ngomlomo okanye obubhaliweyo ngexesha lekomiti echotshelwayo kunye neentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke
  • Incedisa kumaxesha okugqabaza kwasekuhlaleni — amasebe amaninzi karhulumente amkela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke emimiselo ecetyisiweyo phambi kokuba agqibele ukuqukunjelwa
  • Ukuvota kunyulo - Amagosa abonakalisa ulwahlulelwano lomgaqo-nkqubo womntu obalulekileyo yeyona ndlela isisiseko yokuthabatha inxaxheba
  • Ukukhonza kwiibhodi nakuothunywashe — oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente baneebhodi zamatsha - ntliziyo ezicebisa ngemicimbi equka ucwangciso lwe-paki ukuya kugcino lwembali

Ubuchule Obulungelelanisiweyo

Abemi abaninzi baphembelela ukuqulunqwa komthetho ngokulungiselela amaqela olawulo olucwangcisiweyo, unxulumano loogqirha, kunye neemfuno ezingaziphumeziyo. Le mibutho ilawula umthetho, ifundisa amalungu ayo malunga neendleko ezihleli zihleli, kunye nokuququzelela inkxaso yengca okanye inkcaso. Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye nolwakhiwo lonxulumano nabenzi bezigqibo ezingundoqo. Ngoxa ukungenelela kuzo zonke imigangatho karhulumente kuxhomekeke ekutyhilweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kuhlala kuyinkqubo esemthethweni nesetyenziswa kakhulu kumaqela amele izilangazelelo zawo kwinkqubo yenkqubo.

Ukusebenzisa ubugcisa kwimithetho elandelelanayo

Ubugcisa bezi mini buye benza kube lula kunanini na ngaphambili ukuba abemi balandelele umthetho baze babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Iiwebhusayithi zowiso-mthetho zomanyano kunye norhulumente zinika iidatabase ezinokuphengululwa, iinkqubo zocwangciso zeekomiti, kunye neerekhodi zokuvota. Abaninzi banikela iinkqubo zokuphaphamisa ze-imeyili ezinika izikhokhelo xa iindleko ezithile ziqatshelwe okanye zicwangciselwe ukuva. Ukuvula iinyathelo zolawulo zikarhulumente kuye kwakhokelela ekudalweni kwenkqubo ye-applets-s kunye ne-APiss yenza ukuba ugcino lwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yecawakhiwo-data lufikeleleke ngakumbi kubaphuhlisi kunye nabaphengululi. IPlatformations njenge i-openforever kunye nomgangatho-wongameli-ontalktivelties zivumela abemi bemishicineli ukuba balandele umthetho, bona indlela abameli babo abavotimkeli babo abanxibelelayo, kunye neempempempempe.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kumgangatho worhulumente, worhulumente, nowasekuhlaleni yenzelwe ukuba ibe yeyokuzithandela, ecace gca, neyamkelekileyo kulawulo lukawonke-wonke. Ngoxa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zahluka kwiimiqathango yolawulo, imigaqo engundoqo yokuhlola iikomiti, ingxoxo, ukuvota, kunye nemvume ephezulu ihleli ihleli ithe tye. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubalulekile kwisivumelwano sezentlalo-ntle esinempumelelo kunye nokufundisa abafundi indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, inkqubo yokwenza umthetho inika amathuba aphakamileyo okufumana ulwazi olusekelwe kwiprojekthi. Abafundi bangafumana irejista yemali ngendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni, okanye balinganise indlebe yowiso-mthetho kwiklasi. Le misebenzi inceda abafundi bahlakulele ubuchule bokucinga obunenkxalabo, baqonde ukubaluleka kokulalanisa nokuxoxisana, kwaye baqonde ukuba imithetho ayiyo imithetho engekho ngqiqweni kodwa yindalo yabantu ebunjwe yimikhosi yezobupolitika nentlalo.

Enoba ungumfundi ofunda ngorhulumente okokuqala, umfundisi- ntsapho ufuna iindlela zokufundisa abantu, okanye ummi ofuna ukuliva ilizwi lakho, eqonda indlela edalwe ngayo linyathelo lokuqala lokuba nenxaxheba enentsingiselo kwidemokhrasi. Le nkqubo isenokuba intsonkothile, kodwa iseyeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuguqulela imilinganiselo kawonke wonke kwimithetho eyabelana ngobomi.