Ukwakhiwa Korhulumente waseUnited States Nomphumo Wako Kuwe Imihla Ngemihla

Urhulumente akayongcamango ekude, engekho ngqiqweni ehlala eWashington D.C. kuphela kwizakhiwo okanye kumagumbi karhulumente. Ngumandla amisela isantya esisitrato sakho, ubunjani bamanzi asempompini yakho, uqeqesho olufundiswa kwisikolo somntwana wakho, kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko yenqwelo-mafutha ohamba ngayo. Ezi zigqibo zenziwa kungengagunya elinye elingunoMonolithi, kodwa yinkqubo edibeneyo yorhulumente, urhulumente, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ngalinye elinamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko. Ukuqonda indlela ezi migangatho ezi zinto ezifundiswa ngayo esikolweni somntwana wakho, kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko yemoto oqhuba ngayo isantya sakho sokufumana ulwazi olukwinkqubo elawula ngokunempumelelo yobomi noluntu lwakho.

Urhulumente Omanyeneyo: Igunya lesiZwe

Urhulumente wesizwe uphethe owona mgangatho uphakamileyo wegunya eUnited States, efumana amandla awo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U. Ukufikelela kwawo kwimicimbi yesizwe efuna ukudibana kuwo onke amaphondo angama-50. Ukusuka ekukhuseleni ilizwe ukuya kwinkqubo yokufuduka, izigqibo zayo zimisela ukulawulwa okugqithisileyo nokusemthethweni apho amazwe kunye nabantu basebenza khona. Ngoxa isoloko ibonakala ikude kubomi bemihla ngemihla, impembelelo yayo isasazekile: imithetho karhulumente ikhusela ukukhuseleka kokutya kwakho, ilawula iinqwelo-moya zeTV ne-Internet, iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Iimbopheleleko Zeentambo

  • Ukhuselo lohlanga kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wobuzwe: Umkhosi wase-U.S., izivumelwano zobuzwe, kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ziwa phantsi kwe-purie. IBhunga libamba amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, ngelixa uMongameli esebenza njengoMyaleli-oMkhosi-okanye neNxulumano namazwe asemzini.
  • Urhwebo lwe-Interstate: I-Claus inika urhulumente wezwe lonke igunya kwintengiselwano yezoqoqosho ezinqumla imida karhulumente. Oku kuquka ukulawula iibhanki, iimarike, kunye nee-mnethwekhi zezithuthi ezifana neenqwelo-moya kunye nololiwe.
  • Umthetho onyanzelisayo kunye nodityaniso: Imisebenzi efana neFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), I-Enforcement Administration (DEA), kunye ne-U.S. i-Immigastial Services zoGunyaziso-mthetho wombuso kunye nemithetho yokunyanzelisa ukufuduka.
  • I-inshorensi yokhuseleko nezonyango: Ulawulo lokhuseleko lwentlalo, iMedicare, kunye nenxalenye ebalulekileyo yemali yeMedicaid ilawulwa kumgangatho wengingqi karhulumente, ukuseka inkxaso esisiseko kubantu abadala, abantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye neentsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi.

Ukwakhiwa nokujonga kunye nolungelelwano

Urhulumente wesizwe wahlulelwe ngabom ngamasebe amathathu, inkqubo eyenzelwe ukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekuqokeleleni amandla amakhulu kakhulu. Oku kwahlukana, kudityaniswe nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana, kuqinisekisa intsebenziswano kunye nolawulo.

  • Isebe eliphumezayo: Eliphethwe nguMongameli, elisebe linyanzelisa lize limisele imithetho karhulumente. Liquka amasebe eKhabhinethi (umz., iSebe Lemfundo, iSebe Lokhuseleko Lomzinzo), amaqumrhu aphetheyo, kunye nabasebenzi besizwe. UMongameli angawuhambisa umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga kunye nokumiselwa kweejaji zesizwe, kuquka iiJaji eziPhakathi-waka (ngokuyintloko kwemvume yeNkuhlalo).
  • Isebe elinomthetho: IBhunga le-bimear (Indlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso) inomthwalo wokuyila imithetho, irhafu enika irhafu egunyaziweyo yemali karhulumente. Indlu yabameli inikezela izihlalo ezisekelwe kubemi borhulumente, inika amaphondo amakhulu umelo. IBhunga linikeza umelo olulinganayo nabaquququzeleli ababini. Ingqungquthela ingawudlulisa umongameli we-veto ngemibhobho emibini yesithathu.
  • Isebe le-judicial: INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo zitolika umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente. Zinamandla okuhlola isigwebo. /Izenzo zowiso-mthetho zokubhengeza okanye izenzo zegunya elizimeleyo. Izigwebo zimiselwe ubomi, ziwakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Le mithetho ithetha ukuba kwanaxa kumiselwa umthetho wesizwe, ukuphunyezwa kwawo kudla ngokubandakanya ukudityaniswa okuntsonkothileyo phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, oorhulumente borhulumente, kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, intengiselwano yesiseko esingundoqo edluliselwe kumgangatho wesizwe (njengeInkcazo yokwandisela kunye noMthetho weSebe lezethutho) ihambisa imali kwiSebe leSebe lezezothutho, ngoko elilawula imisebenzi yokwakha ngokunxulumene noorhulumente bengingqi kunye noorhulumente bephondo kunye nezixeko. I-Evironmental Protection Agement (EPA) imisela imigangatho yesizwe ecocekile yamanzi acocekileyo, kodwa amaziko asebenza ngokuthobela loo milinganiselo.

URhulumente WeRhulumente: Imikhosi yeDemokhrasi

Esebenza phakathi kweambrela yorhulumente kunye nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni, oorhulumente bephondo banezikhundla ezizizodwa namandla aphawulekayo. UMthetho oMgaqo-siseko weshumi kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U. awugunyaziswanga ngokukhethekileyo kurhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Lo "magunya agciniweyo" uvumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengeeklabhu zemithetho ezimeleyo, ajonge iingxaki neemfuno zengingqi ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko iJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo uLouis Brandei ephawulwe ngokubanziwa, umisela "ukusebenza njengegumbi lezifundo zogcino-ncwadi; kwaye zama uvavanyo lwentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho ngaphandle komngcipheko kwilizwe lonke."

Imisebenzi nemisebenzi engundoqo

  • Imfundo: Imali yoorhulumente baseburhulumenteni nemfundo kawonke-wonke yeK-12, icwangcise imigangatho yohlelo lokufundisa (kuquka iimfuno zokuphumelela kwesikolo samabanga aphezulu), ilawula iiyunivesithi zikarhulumente kunye neenkqubo zoluntu zekoleji, kwaye isoloko ikhokela iindlela zemali zesithili sesikolo.
  • Isakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo: Amazwe anomthwalo wokwakha nokugcina iindlela zikarhulumente, iibhulorho, kunye neenqwelo-moya. Zinendlela ezininzi ezinkulu ezidibanisa izixeko needolophu, kwaye zisoloko zisongamela ubhaliso lwezithuthi kunye nokufakwa kwe-injini yabaqhubi.
  • Impilo neSafekta: amasebe ezonyango karhulumente alawula iingxelo ezibalulekileyo, alawula izibhedlele namakhaya anyamekela abalupheleyo, anika iinkqubo zonyango ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente, alungelelanisa ukuqhambuka kwezifo. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni anyanzelisa imithetho kwiindlela zikarhulumente kwaye ancedisa ukunyanzelisa umthetho wasekuhlaleni.
  • Imithetho kunye neZilungiso: izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ezimisela imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngelixa iinkqubo zenkundla yeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lweempikiswano zomthetho (i-divoce, izivumelwano, iityala lolwaphulo-mthetho). Iintolongo zikarhulumente zibamba iityala zamatyala, kwaye iibhodi zeparatole zilawula iinkqubo zangaphambili.
  • Ulawulo lwezenkcubeko:[ amaqumrhu okhuseleko longcoliso lwemeko-bume yelizwe anyanzelisa ulawulo longcoliso, alawule iipaki zikarhulumente kunye nemigudu yolondolozo lwezilwanyana, kwaye anike ulawulo lwenkqubo zemekobume yengingqi njenge Chukutha Act yeManzi e-Gada kwimida yawo.

Isakhiwo sikaRhulumente weRhulumente

Ingqina imodeli karhulumente, lonke urhulumente unamasebe amathathu, nangona amasebe akhethekileyo nasemagunyeni anokwahluka. Isebe elilawulayo likhokelwa yiRhuluneli, enyulwe ngokubanzi kwaye linamandla okuvelela amasebe karhulumente, icebisa uqingqo-mali, kunye nomqondiso okanye ummiselo wesizwe. Isebe lemithetho yemithetho-wiso-mthetho lidla ngokuba li-bimaral (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, enendlu yowiso-mthetho engenaziqu) kwaye linembopheleleko yokuyila nokudlulisa imithetho karhulumente. Amagosa esizwe anyulwa kwimimandla ephakathi kwephondo.

Ulawulo lukarhulumente luthetha ukuba imithetho yerhafu ingahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwana. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zerhafu ``iirhafu ezihlawulwayo kunye neepesenti zerhafu' ezimiselwe kumgangatho karhulumente. Amanye amazwe akanayo irhafu yengeniso yobuqu (umz. Texas, Florida, Nevada), ngoxa amanye anemibutho yerhafu eqhubekekayo (umz. iKhalifoniya, New York). Ngokufanayo, amazwe anemida ebanzi kwimithetho yokuzonwabisa, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni ngoxa amanye engayivumeli ngokungqongqo. Olu tshintsho luchaphazela ngqo apho abantu bakhetha ukuphila, ukwenza ishishini, nokuthatha umhlala phantsi.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Inkonzo Ephambili Yoluntu

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngowona mgangatho ukhawulezileyo nobonakalayo worhulumente kumsebenzi wakho wemihla ngemihla. Uphatha iinkonzo zezandla ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo impahla yakho, ukhuseleko, nomgangatho wobomi. Imimandla, izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophana, kunye neendawo ezikhethekileyo (njengeebhodi zesikolo, imimandla edubula umlilo, kunye namagunya aphezulu asekuhlaleni) zibumba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa zisebenza phantsi kolawulo kwaye zifumana igunya kumthetho karhulumente, zisoloko zinenkululeko ephangaleleyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Imisebenzi yeCore kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni

  • [[NTLA] Ukhuseleko lwePublic: Amasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni, amasebe omlilo, kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko (EMS) zingabaphendula bokuqala kwiimeko ezinzima kummandla ohlala kuwo. Imimiselo yokuzimisela ilawula ukwakhiwa kwemithetho yokhuseleko kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Imithetho yohambo, imimiselo yokupaka, kunye nemithetho yengxolo iyanyanzeliswa kwindawo ohlala kuyo.
  • Imisebenzi yePublic kunye nezakhiwo: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina iindlela phakathi kwemida yesixeko, balawula amanzi kunye nenkqubo yokuchitha amanzi amdaka, baqokelela inkunkuma, bagcina iipaki kunye nezixhobo zokuzonwabisa, kwaye basebenzisa iinkqubo zokuthutha zikawonke-wonke (iibhusi, umsele okhanyayo).
  • Izithili zeSikolo sase-adela: kumaphondo amaninzi, iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni (zikhethwe okanye zimiselwe) zongamela imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yezikolo zikawonke-wonke, abaqeshi beeklasi, abacwangcisi boqingqo-mali, kunye nemisebenzi yokufundisa kunye nezivumelwano phakathi kwemigangatho yemfundo karhulumente.
  • Ukunika imvume kunye nokuzinika: Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benza izicwangciso ezibanzi zokusebenzisa umhlaba, bamisela imithetho yokumisa indawo enokuthi yakhelwe apho (kwizorhwebo, ezoshishino, ezoshishino), imvume yokwakha, kunye nokunyanzelisa imigaqo yezindlu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala kakuhle.
  • IiNkundla zase-Ofisi: iinkundla zikaMasipala zisingatha ukwaphulwa okuncinane, amatikiti eenqwelo-moya, kunye neempikiswano ezincinane zamakhaya. Iinkundla zamaphondo zisingatha amatyala anzima kakhulu kodwa ziseyinxalenye yenkqubo yokugweba yesizwe.

Iintlobo Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

  • IMinicipalities (Iziko kunye neTowns): Ngokuqhelekileyo ilawulwa ngumphathi-dolophu onyuliweyo (obulala) kunye nebhunga lesixeko (obelishwa). Abanye basebenzisa inkqubo "osomeleleyo" apho usodolophu aphethe khona amandla olawulo abalulekileyo, ngeli lixa abanye besebenzisa inkqubo "yomphathi-mphathi- dolophu onobuchule, otyunjwe libhunga kwibhunga lemihla ngemihla.
  • Izifundo zamazwe amakhulu aquka imimandla yedolophana nelasemaphandleni, kuquka oomasipala abaninzi kwimida yabo. I-Colaries isingatha iinkonzo ezinqumla imida yesixeko ngasinye, njengeenkundla zamaphondo, ujongo lwempahla, iintolongo, iikliniki zoluntu, kunye nezibonelelo zoluntu phakathi kweedolophu (umz., iindlela zamazwe, iipaki zengingqi).
  • Izithili ezikhethekileyo: I-Independent, amaqela karhulumente alinganiselweyo enzelwe ukunikela inkonzo ekhethekileyo. Ezona ziqhelekileyo zizithili zesikolo. Ezinye ziquka isithili samanzi, isithili sokhuselo lomlilo, isithili sethala leencwadi, kunye namagunya othutho lukawonke-wonke. Zineebhodi zazo ezilawulayo ezisoloko zinyulwa ngabahlali kwimi yesithili.

Izigqibo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zinempembelelo engqalileyo kumaxabiso empahla kunye nobuntu babantu. Isigqibo sebhunga lesixeko sokubuyisela indawo engenamntu kwindawo yokuhlala ukuya kwintengiselwano ephezulu singaguqula ukuva kwengingqi ekufuphi. Uqingqo-mali lwebhodi yesikolo lungaphelisa umculo okanye iinkqubo zemidlalo. Ikliniki yesebe lokugoma lengingqi yezonyango ingathintela ukuqhambuka kwesifo. Ukuya kwintlanganiso yebhunga lesixeko okanye kwintlanganiso yebhodi yesikolo kusoloko kuyindlela ekhawulezileyo yokubona idemokhrasi kwimicimbi yakho.

Indlela Ezi Nto Ezinokudibana Ngayo Nezichaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho

Ukuqonda imaleko kubalulekile, kodwa ingqiqo yokwenyaniso ifumaneka ngokubona indlela esebenza ngayo kunye/okanye ngamanye amaxesha kwiinjongo ezinqamlezileyo(ukuveza iziphumo ezikufikelayo. Akukho mngeni ubalulekileyo osombulula ngomlinganiselo omnye. Qwalasela le mizekelo:

  • Imfundo Yomntwana Wakho: Urhulumente worhulumente unika inkxaso ethile (umz., isiHloko ndinika izikolo ezifumana imali ephantsi) kwaye umisele iimfuno zamalungelo abantu abanzi. Urhulumente umisela iimvavanyo ezisezantsi, kunye nemali eninzi yoqingqo-mali yesikolo ngerhafu karhulumente. Ibhodi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni iqesha abaphathi-ntloko kunye noothisha, imisela ikhalenda yesikolo, kwaye ilawula imekobume yemeko-bume yemihla. Ukuba umzali uxhalabele ngemisebenzi yomfundisi- ntsapho okanye ubunjani benzululwazi, indawo yokudibana kwesikolo, indawo ekufutshane yesikolo yasekuhlaleni yindawo yesikolo, hayi iWashington C.
  • IKhomishoni Yakho: Inkqubo ye- Interstate Highway yaxhaswa ngurhulumente yaye yakhelwa kwimigangatho karhulumente. ISebe lezothutho ligcina iindlela zikarhulumente kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwemida yalo. Urhulumente wesixeko wasekuhlaleni ujongene nokulungisa izitrato ezisemgceni, ukubeka ixesha elilula ekunqamlezeni kwenqanawa, nokususwa kwekhephu kwiindlela ezikufutshane. Iprojekthi enkulu yokwakha isenokubandakanya intlawulo lukarhulumente, ucwangciso lwelizwe, kunye nemvume yasekuhlaleni.
  • Inkathalo Yakho Yezempilo: Urhulumente worhulumente unika iMedicas kubakhulileyo kwaye umisela iimfuno ezisisiseko zenkqubano ye-inshorensi yempilo phantsi koMthetho we-Afford Cancer. Amazwe asebenzisa eyawo intengiso ye-inshorensi yempilo, alawula iinkampani ze-inshorensi zobuqu, kwaye aphatha i-Anshorensi yezempilo yabantwana (CHIP). Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni anikela ngekliniki-mali yesisa okanye aphantsi kwemali yokugoma, ahlola iivenkile zokutyela, kwaye anike imfundo yempilo yabantu.
  • [[NTL: 0] Uhlawula: Uhlawula irhafu yengeniso karhulumente kwiNkonzo yeNguqulo yeMpahla. Uhlawula irhafu yengeniso karhulumente (ukuba uhlala norhulumente omnye) kwaye irhafu yentengiselwano kwintengo. Uhlawula irhafu yempahla yobulali kwingingqi yakho okanye kwisixeko, eziziphi izikolo zemali, iindlela, neenkonzo zasekuhlaleni. Imali epheleleyo oyihlawulayo nemali ehlawulwa ngayo ixhomekeke kwizigqibo ezithenjiweyo kuwo onke amanqanaba amathathu.

Xa inkqubo iphumelela, onke amanqanaba ayamkela ityala. Xa lingaphumeleli, umgangatho ngamnye ungatyhola omnye. Kodwa ukuqonda ukwabiwa komthwalo kukunceda ukuba ukhokelele ukuganana kwakho ngokunempumelelo. Ukuba ufuna uthutho olungcono, kufuneka wazi ukuba umba ulele kusini na kwigunya lakho loduladula, intlawulo yakho yezethutho, okanye iziphiwo zolawulo lorhulumente.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Zokusebenzisana Norhulumente Wakho

Ukwazi indlela esebenza ngayo kusisiqingatha se-equation. Ukuzibophelela ngokuzibhokoxa kuqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zakho nemilinganiselo zimelelwe. Ungabandakanyeka nakweliphi na iqondo, kodwa eyona nto isebenzayo idla ngokujolisa umlinganiselo othile ophezulu wegunya kuwe.

  • Iintlanganiso zengingqi zengingqi: Iintlanganiso zebhunga lesiXeko, iintlanganiso zengingqi zombutho, kunye nokuchotshelwa kwebhodi yesikolo kuvulekele uwonke wonke. Inkoliso iquka ixesha "logqabaza loluntu" apho ungathetha ngqo namagosa akho anyuliweyo malunga nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni kangangemizuzu emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu.
  • Ukukhupha kukhetho ngalunye: I-Turmout kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni nolombuso isoloko isezantsi, ithetha ukuba ukhetho lwakho luthwala ubunzima obungakumbi. Unyulo olukhethekileyo lweminxeba yesikolo, uthetho lwesixeko, i-tractimements, kunye neendawo zengingqi zingaba nempembelelo enkulu, kodwa bambalwa nge10-20 ekhulwini abavoti abafanelekileyo bangakhupha iibhola zomvoti.
  • Ukudibana nabameli Bakho: Iminxeba yefowuni, ii-imeyili, kunye neeleta kumbandela we-ofisi yommeli wakho. Kwimiba yorhulumente, qhagamshelana noMmeli okanye abaququzeleli bakho be-U.S. Kwimiba karhulumente, qhagamshelana noMmeli weSizwe sakho okanye uMphathi-Mmandla. Kwimiba yasekuhlaleni, qhagamshelana nelungu leBhunga leSixeko okanye uCommishinary. Yiba ngqalanisa imiyalelo okanye inkqubo othetha ngayo.
  • Ngena kwibhodi yoLuntu okanye kwiKomiti: Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni baneebhodi zokuzithandela (iikhomishini yokufaka iiplani, iipaki neebhodi zokuzihlaziya, iibhodi zethala leencwadi) ezityunjwe ngumphathi-dolophu okanye ibhunga. Ezi ziimibhobho ethe ngqo ukuphembelela inkqubo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa Izixhobo zamanani: Imisebenzi ye-website efana ne .gov inikezela ngesango kwiinkonzo zezwe kunye nolwazi lokudibana kuwo onke amanqanaba amathathu. IGaveralam-Programs Association inika uluvo kumba-mazwana wombuso. Kulwazi lwangaphakathi, phendla isixeko sakho okanye iwebhthi ye-website esemthethweni. Uorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni ngoku bajikeleza iintlanganiso kwingingqi engaphakathi kwaye bamkela iintetho zikawonke wonke nge- ephuma kwi-imeyili okanye iintlobo ze-web.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukulandela Iindaba zobulali neQela loLuntu: Zibophelele kwiphephandaba lakho lasekuhlaleni okanye landela amanxuwa eendaba oluntu. Ngenela amaqela oluntu (njengamaqela oluntu akwindawo elandelayo okanye asekuhlaleni eFacebook) apho abemi bathetha ngeenkonzo nombandela karhulumente.

Isiphelo

Umaleko karhulumente eUnited States asiyonto nje engaqhelekanga evavanyweni. Bayila inkqubo esebenzayo yoluntu, urhulumente wesizwe, nohlanga. Urhulumente umisela imithetho ebanzi kwaye unika ubuncwane besizwe. Urhulumente ulungelelanisa loo mithetho kwiimfuno zengingqi kwaye alawule iinkqubo ezinkulu zasekhaya. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezenza ukuba ubomi bemihla ngemihla bube nokwenzeka kwaye bulunge. Ngokuqonda ukuba umntu ophethe isixhathiso sengxaki enikiweyo, uyakwazi ukusebenza njani ngemiqobo yokuvota, ukuya kwiintlanganiso, okanye ukunxibelelana namagosa .