Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe eUnited States iye yaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekumisweni kwesizwe. Ibonisa ukutshintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala zikarhulumente nemigaqo yesiseko ekhokela imisebenzi yakhe. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kunceda abafundi baqonde indlela inkqubo yendaleko ebunjwe ngayo kwaye iqaliswe ngayo kwinkqubo ye-U.S. Namhlanje, ebandakanya iBhunga kunye noMongameli kulandelelwano lweziganeko, kuxhomekeke kumalungiselelo abhalwe ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo kwaye aye amiswa ngumthetho olandelayo, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, kunye neempikiswano zobupolitika.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko weNkqubo yoHlahlo loHlahlo-hlalo

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika inkqubo yokulungiselela inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe, ngokuyintloko ngokwabiwa kwayo kwamandla phakathi kweKhomishini kunye noMongameli. ICandelo I, ICandelo 7, linika iKhomishini "amandla engxowa," ukuyinika igunya lokukhupha iindleko zemali nokuvumela iinkcitho. Okwangoku, uMongameli unendima yokuphumeza uqingqo-mali, njengoko kuchazwe kwiSigqeba II. Oku kwahlukana kwakulukhetho lwangabomdlangathanga-caci, obek'ukoyika ukulawula igunya leemali kungakhokelela ekukhohliseni irhafu nokusebenzisa amandla endlu yabameli. Ngokuhlala kunye nenkcitho kwindlu yabameli ngezantsi kwegumbi kubantu, baqinisekisa ukuba abameli bemali balawule izithutho zemali zikarhulumente.

Amandla Engqungquthela: Inqaku I neMveli kaClaus

Inqaku I, Icandelo lesi-8 libala amagunya eBhunga, kuquka amandla okubeka nokuqokelela iirhafu, imisebenzi, ii-asters, kunye nee-opensile, ukuhlawula amatyala nokunikezela ngentlalo-ntle eqhelekileyo. Icandelo 9 ngokubhekele phaya lithintela ukusetyenziswa kwemali: "Akukho mali ezakukhutshwa kuMali, kodwa kwiNgqungquthela yeAppropriation, ingumthetho. Eli nqaku liyimbombo lokulawula inkcitho. Umthetho wokwamkelwa kwemali (Indidiyo, Icandelo 7) umisela ukuba zonke iindleko zokunyusa ingeniso zimele zivele kwindlu yabameli, nangona iBhunga lomthetho licebisa okanye livumelane nee-odemokhrasi. Eli lungiselelo lenziwe ukukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwerhafuthensiswa kwe-otho.

INkundla ePhakamileyo ayifane ibe nethuba lokuchaza la mabinzana ngokunzulu, kodwa isiphumo sayo sicacile: iBhunga ligunyazisa inkcitho nganye yedola urhulumente wengingqi, ngaphandle kwengxelo epheleleyo. Kwinkoliso yembali yaseMerika, ukuchithwa kwemali kuvunyelwe ngamatyala alo ngalinye kumasebe athile neenjongo ezithile. Kuphela ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kuphela apho iNkondla yaqalisa ukusebenzisa inkqubo yoqingqo-mali emanyanileyo, nebanzi.

Indima YoMongameli: Inqaku II noHlahlo Loqingqo - mali OlunoLawulo Oluphezulu

Inqaku II loMgaqo-siseko eliyabela uMongameli umsebenzi "Wokunyamekela ukuba uMthetho uphunyezwe ngokuthembekileyo," eliquka ukuphunyezwa kwenkcitho yeBhunga. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuncomela imigaqo yeKhomishini, kuquka nezicelo zoqingqo-mali. Noko ke, uMgaqo-siseko awufuni ukuba uMongameli afumane izicelo zokunikezela kuMphathi omnye, uqingqo-mali olumanyeneyo. Loo mfuneko yavela kumthetho [[FLT:] BD noMthetho wokuThetha i-akhawunti we-1921[FLT], owamisela inkqubo yoqingqomatshini wempatho-mali yale mihla. Phambi kowe-1921, abameli ngabanye bafaka izicelo zabo zemali ngokuthe ngqo kwiBhunga-mthetho-siseko solawulo noHlawulo loMlawuli woMkhosi we-Rhubiso-mali. I-1921 yayila i-OMB, yaze yanika umgaqo-mali kunye nocwangciso lomthetho lonyaka lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho wolawulo lwe-mali.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo omgaqo-siseko kwisishwankathelo

  • [[NTL: 0] Amandla oMkhosi: Indlu iqalisa iindleko zengeniso; ingqungquthela iyavumelana nazo zonke iinkcazelo (I, Icandelo 7-9).
  • [[UMTL:0] Indima ephambili: UMongameli unika iingcebiso zoqingqo-mali kunye nemiqondiso okanye ivetoes iintlawulo zeziphumo (Artle II, Icandelo 3).
  • Unyanzeliso lwendawo: Uhlaziyo noMthetho wokuphendula ka1921 wamisa indima kaMongameli ekunikezeleni uqingqo-mali olumanyeneyo kwaye wadala i-OMB.

Imbali: Ukusuka kwiAd Hoc Approprice ukusa kuhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olusembindini

Indaleko yenkqubo yoqingqo-mali karhulumente worhulumente wezwe lonke ibonisa ukukhula korhulumente wephondo ngokwalo. Kwirepublic yokuqala, urhulumente worhulumente wayemncinane, kwaye izicelo zazilula, zibekwe kwimihlathi. Ingqungquthela yadlulisela izenzo zomntu ngamnye ukuxhasa imisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo qho ngonyaka ngamnye. UMongameli uThomas Jefferson wafuna ngokudumileyo ukulinganisela imali echithwa ngurhulumente encinane, ephikisa ukuba urhulumente wemali eninzi yayiyimfuneko kwinkululeko. Le nkqubo yaqhubeka ukutyhubela phantse inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ngemingxungxolo yamaxesha athile ngexesha lemfazwe.

IRiphabliki yokuqala: ILaissez-Faire kunye neSimo seTablar

Ukususela ngo-1789 ukuya kutsho kwiMfazwe yamakhaya, iBhunga elilungiselelwe ngaphandle koxwebhu olusemthethweni loqingqo-mali. UNobhala weMongameli wayeza kunika uqikelelo lwengeniso nenkcitho, kodwa kwakungekho mfuneko yokuba uMongameli anikele ngeplani ebanzi. Endaweni yoko, iKhomishini yacinga ukuba ityala lokunikezela liyimfuneko. Imigudu yokuqala ecwangcisiweyo yokulungiselela imali yafika neengxelo zika-Alexander Hamilton njengoNobhala wemali, kodwa kwanangoko, inkqubo yahlala ihlukene. Ngoo1850, ukuntsonkothile kwemisebenzi karhulumente ekhulayo, iimali zomhlala phantsi, kunye nolwando lomkhosi lwaselu `ukubiza iminxeba yotshintsho, kodwa okuncinane.

IXesha Lenkqubela - phambili noMthetho wohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali we-1921

Incopho yotshintsho yafika ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Iimbopheleleko ezikhulayo zesizwe, ukunyuka kwerhafu yengeniso (emva konyaka we1913 wokwenziwa kweNkqutyana Yoshenxiso Lwehlabathi) kunye neendleko ezinkulu zeMfazwe Yehlabathi I zayinyanzela inkqubo yoqingqo-mali kwimida yayo. Umongameli uWilliam Howard Taft, umxhasi wempumelelo yolawulo, wamisela iKhomishini e-Economy kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-ekukhuthaza ukuba kwenziwe uqingqo-mali. Noko ke, iBhunga lalwa nokunikezela kwalo lungelo. Lathi lathatha isiphithiphithi-mali semfazwe-* xa amaziko anikezela, izicelo ezinikezelwa ngokwahlukeneyo, ukunikezelwa komthetho-logja.

Ngo-1921, uMongameli Warren G. Handling Specing Act yoHlahlelo noMgaqo-nkqubo woHlahlo, owadala iBreau of the Bacter (BB) kwiSebe Lemali (emva lafuduselwa kwiOfisi yeGunyaziso loMongameli) kunye ne-General Accounting Office (I-GAO, ngoku i-Rhulumente ye-Accounting Office) njengesebe elizimeleyo lokuphendula uhlahlolo-mali. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, kwafuneka uMongameli ukuba anikezele uqingqo-mali omnye kwiBhunga. Lo msebenzi ukwayalela iintloko zoorhulumente ukuba zingabheki ngqo kwiNdluxa-mali yendlu yabaGenericine. Lo mthetho wabeka isiseko soqingqo-mali kwiNdlk

INkqubo Yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali Yale Mihla: UMthetho woHlahlo-hlahlo loMsebenzi woLawulo loMsebenzi weNtshona Koloni

Ngasekupheleni koo-1960, uxanduva phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo kunye nowiso-mthetho olugqithiseleyo ngokusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nolawulo lwemali luye lwaqina. Umongameli uRichard Nixon usoloko engafuni ukuchitha ```Ingqungquthela efake imigaqo-nkqubo, iqhubela kwiKhomishini ukuba imisele kwakhona igunya layo elisemthethweni. Isiphumo yaba nguMphumelo woLawulo lwemali kunye noLawulo lokuLawula lwendlela yohlahlolo lwamahlelo lwama-Imali , nto leyo ekwayithi ngaphaya kwaphela inkqubo yoqingqo-mali. Isenzo saseka iNdlulo iNdlulo lweNdlukwano kunye ne-Couragean Balletary Comment Office (CO) ukulungiselela uHlaluko-lunt, kwaye simisela nocwangciso lwendlela lokuhlawula. Kwakhona umgaqo-Mongameli wakwa-mali efuna ukuhlawulwa kwakhona kwesivumelwano se-Rocriventine.

Isisombululo Soqingqo - mali Nokuvisisana

Embindini kwisenzo sika-1979 sisigqibo somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko wetyala ]. [ukumiswa kwesigqibo sonyaka okucwangcisiweyo, ingeniso, kunye nentlawulo kumagumbi acwangcisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali jikelele. Kwakhona isisombululo simisela ukusetyenziswa konyaka ozayo kunye neminyaka emininzi ezayo. Ngokungafaniyo netyala lobalo, uhlahlolo lohlahlo asayinwanga nguMongameli kwaye akanawo amandla omthetho. Endaweni yoko, sisebenza njengeplani ekhokela umthetho olandelayo. Isigqibo sikwalawula ukusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nemigangatho yengeniso yekomiti nganye, sithintela nawuphi na umqatha ongaphezulu wemida ovunyelwana.

Isenzo sika-1956 sikwadala inkqubo yolungiso [, evumela iKhontrakthi ukuba itshintshe imithetho ekhoyo `njengekhowudi yerhafu' okanye iinkqubo ezinikwa ilungelo(ukuyihlanganisa nesigqibo soqingqo-mali. Ukudibanisa amatyala kuqwalaselwa phantsi kwemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo, ukulinganisela ingxoxo kunye nee-fivbusters kwiBhunga. Le nkqubo isetyenziswe kutshintsho lwenkqubo enkulu, kuquka uMthetho werhafu nemisebenzi ka-2017 kunye noMthetho we-Afford Cance Act woqingqo-mali. Kodwa, uxolelwaniso luthintelwe kwizinto ezichaphazela ngqo okanye iingeniso, kunye nokungalubizwa "Umthetho we-Grard"

Indima Ye-ofisi Yohlahlo - mali Yoorhulumente

I-CBO inikela uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo, olungangeni nxaxheba loqingqo-mali kunye nemiba yezoqoqosho. Iqikelela iindleko zomthetho, ilungiselela iingxelo zoqingqo-mali zexesha elide, iphinde ihlole iingxelo zoqingqo-mali zikaMongameli. Iingxelo zeCBO zibalulekile kwiingxoxo zoqingqo-mali, njengoko zinika abenzi bemithetho isiseko esisisiseko esisekelwe kwintelekelelo ecetyiweyo enokuthi ifunekelwe iinguqu. Umalathisi weCBO umiselwe nguMlawuli weNdlundlwane neMongameli othelisa iNdlundlo, kwaye i-ofisi ivelise igama elilulo locothayo locotho nongakhethi. Umzekelo, iindleko zemali ze-CBO zemali zezempilo kunyaka wama-2002010 zadlala indima esemgalelo kwi-Afford Carence.

Izixhobo zobuchule: IPAYGO noHlahlo

Isenzo sonyaka we-1940 sasingekho zixhobo zokulinganisa ezinamandla, kwaye iintsilelo zakhula ngokukhawuleza ngoo1980. Ingqungquthela yaphendula ngomthetho owongezelelekileyo: uBalend Banced Uhlalo-mali kunye noLawulo lwe-Emerge Deficit Act ka 1985[ (I-Gram-Rom-Roundman-Holf) [iiiiiindawo ekhoyo)] (i-[FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] i-actum-RG [implate-gongss] kunye ne-ofulm-ofu) esetyenziswayonkene , ifuna ukuba nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo irhafu okanye i-okanye i-ofuthe-ofulthi esetyenziswayo.[11]

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo Neengxaki ZomGaqo-siseko

Phezu kwamashumi eminyaka otshintsho, inkqubo yoqingqo-mali iyaqhubeka ijongene nocelomngeni olukhulu. Ityala lomanyano njengesabelo se-GDP linyuke kakhulu, ingakumbi emva kwengxaki yemali nezifo ze-COVID-19 zowama-2008. Ukungahambelani nezobupolitika kudla ngokukhokelela kwintsebenziswano yemali engapheliyo, ukuvalwa korhulumente, nokuncitshiswa kwamatye. Ukuxabana komgaqo-siseko phakathi kwamandla eBhunga negunya eliphezulu likaMongameli kusengundoqo.

Igunya loMthetho: Igunya loLawulo noLawulo lweQela

Isenzo sophazamiso lobumongameli sophazamiso sisohlulwa, kodwa oomongameli baye baqhubeka bevavanya imida yabo. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ulawulo luye lwasebenzisa iinguqu ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba zivunywe nguMphathiswa, kunye nomthetho wokudala ukuphembelela ukusetyenziswa kwemali. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo izikolo--. ISixeko saseNew York [195] [195] [19] [195] siqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakukwala ukuchitha imali efanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba igunyaziwe yiKhonkxaso. Kodwa, impikiswano iyaqhubeka nokuba uMongameli unegunya eligunyaze linegunya elisemthethweni lokuyeka ukuchitha inxalenye ye-"inkathalo". I-ofisi yeSiluleko somthetho phantsi koMongameli uDonalddold Trumpmp iphikisa izenzo ezinjalo ezichasene nomgaqo-mthetho ofanelekileyo somgaqo-mthetho osisicwangciso esiphambili kwakhona, i-ogqeshoshoshosho oluthe ngoncedo olufana nokulungiswa ngoncedo lwemeko.

Imali exhotyisiweyo

Ukujongana neengxaki ezithe ngqo kunye nezithintelo zezobupolitika, abenzi bomthetho baye bavelisa isixhobo sokuyila ingcaciso yohlahlo-mali. Ezi ziquka ukusebenzisa "iinkcazelo" zokudlula kwiikeyibhile, ukuphumeza iiprojekthi ezisisiseko, ukutshintsha kweendleko zeemeko-mali kwiminyaka ezayo, kunye nokusebenzisa umahluko phakathi kogunyaziso kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho. ICBO neGO rhoqo inikela ingxelo ngolu hlobo lohlahlolo, kodwa zihlala zisasazekile. Ityala lorhulumente ngoku lingaphezulu kweedola ezi-$30 ezigidi, kunye ne-ofisi yeBhovisi yeBhovisi eqhutywa phantsi komthetho wangoku, iza kuqhubeka ikhula ngokukhawuleza kunoqoqo-mali. Le ngxaki inyusa imibuzo yokuba ngaba inkqubo yoqingqo-mali inokugcinwa ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko okanye ulungiso lwenkqubo.

Olunye ucelomngeni lulwandiso olunyanzelekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwemali esetyenziswayo ngokunyanzelekileyo ngezantsi. Iziqinisekiso ezifana nokhuseleko loluntu, iMedicare, kunye neMedicaid qha zikhula nyaka ngamnye ngaphandle kokuxinana konyaka. Ezi nkqubo ziphendula malunga nee-3 ezintathu zemali karhulumente yokusebenzisa imali kwaye zikwi-auto withor, zizenza kube nzima ukulawula inkqubo yoqingqo-mali. Ukusetyenziswa kwemali, imfundo, izibonelelo, inzululwazi, kubangele uxinzeleleko phakathi kwezinto eziphambili. Izigqibo zempumelelo zemali zixhomekeke ekuhlazisweni kolungelelaniso lwemali, ukunyusa umoya webhartisban owenziwa ngumbono wonyaka nonyaka we- 1974.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi ozinzileyo womgaqo-siseko onyamezelayo

Indaleko yenkqubo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe ukusuka kwinkqubo ye-ad hoc appropriation ukuya kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo, yomthetho-oyile-oyile ibonakalisa ukukhula kwesizwe kunye nendima ekhulayo karhulumente wesizwe. Iziseko zomgaqo-siseko (Chonneren) amandla kaMongameli emali kunye nendima yoMphathiswa weSibonelelo soMgaqo-siseko (Izibonelelo) kunye nemisebenzi yoMgaqo-siseko edityanisiweyo yegunya lomthetho weSibonelelo somthetho-mali ngo-1979, kunye nemisebenzi yokwandiswa kwemithetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho kuquluvolo lwe-CBO. Kamva kwaveliswa iinkqubo zokulawula ukuthintela, nangona ukuphumelela kwawo kuye kwanento engalunganga.

Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile kubafundi bomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nolawulo. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe ayingomsebenzi nje wobugcisa kodwa yindawo esebenzayo apho imigaqo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko, amandla ezobupolitika, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo zemeko-ntle zidibene khona. Njengoko i-United States ijongene neengxaki ezikhulayo zezoqoqosho, amatyala, abantu abalupheleyo, utshintsho, kunye nokhuphiswano lwehlabathi lonke (ukufuna ukubonakala gcagca, ukuphendulana, ukufezekisa, inkqubo esebenzayo yoqingqo-mali inzima kunanini na ngaphambili. Iingcebiso zotshintsho ukusuka ekuqingqo-mali edityani imali edityaniswe kunye ne-mali esetyenziswa ngexesha likaxakeka. Naluphi utshintsho oluphumelelayo luyakuhlonela ukwahlukana komgqaliselo lwemeko lwehlabathi ngelixa elikhoyo. Ucwangciso olubekwe ngo1789, kunye nolungiso lwee-mayile ezimbini zengxoxo yengxoxo yengxoxo yengxoxo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, bona i [[FLT: 0] I-Ofisi yoHlahlo loMhlazo yeNkqutyana , i-Ofisi yexesha elinikezelweyo ye-ofisi yeGovernment[, kwaye [[FLT:] inika uhlahlelo olunzulu lohlaziyo lohlahlo-lwabiwo lwemali [[FLT]] Uhlahlolo lohlahlolo lwemvelaphi yemvelaphi ye-IMveli ye-Clasmaste [[FLT]]. Iofisi yoLawulo nohlahlolo lohlahlolo-maliso lwembali] inika amaxwebhu ohlahlolo lwembali. Ukuntyhinisela ngaphakathi konyaka ka-1940]