Isiseko Sembali Sokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Umgaqo wokwahlula igunya likarhulumente libe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo unemvelaphi enzulu kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika. Ngelixesha iinkcubeko zamandulo njengoAristotle noPolybius zithetha ngorhulumente oxubeneyo, yayisisithandi sobulumko saseFransi uBaron de Montesquieu owanika ulwahlulo lwamagunya angoku olucacileyo. Kumsebenzi wakhe we-1748 UMoya woMthetho , Montesquieuth , uphikisa ukuba ukubekwa kwemithetho, igqwele, kunye namandla okugweba kumntu omnye okanye umzimba ngokungenakugwetywa kukhokelela kwidelelo. Wanyamela ukuba le nkululeko ifune ukuba imisebenzi emithathu isetyenziswe ngamaziko ahlukeneyo.

Iingcamango zikaMontesquieu zahamba zinqumla iAtlantiki zaza zabumba ngokunzulu uMgaqo-siseko wase-U. Abalawuli, ababedibana ePhiladelphia ngo1787, babezimisele ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla ababenawo phantsi koKumkani George III. Batsala kakhulu eMontesquieu kunye neencwadi zikaJohn Locke, owayekhe wahlula phakathi komthetho, umphathi, kunye namandla afunxanayo. UmGaqo-siseko owenzileyo wafuna ukuzama “ukulwa nokulungisa iiofisi eziliqela ngendlela efanayo ukuze nganye ibe nguvavanyo kwenye, njengokuba uJames Magconson wabhala ku [FLT:] .[FLFF1].[FLD:[FFP][12][FFFFFP] [3]

Kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo, le ngcamango iye yasetyenziswa ngulawulo-melo ehlabathini lonke, nangona iindlela ezithile zolawulo lobuthixo zahluka. Ngokomzekelo, uBukumkani bomanyeneyo bugcina umanyano lwamagunya phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo nendlu yowiso-mthetho, ngoxa amazwe anjengeJamani neOstreliya edibanisa iMerika neenkqubo zepalamente. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zinceda ekucaciseni isizathu sokuba ukwahlula amagunya kusoloko kuyinto eyenzeka kumgaqo-siseko.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Ukwahlula-hlula okuqhelekileyo kwamagunya kwahlula urhulumente ube ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye nekomiti yokugweba. Isebe ngalinye linamandla akhethekileyo kwaye liphantsi kolawulo lwamanye. Esi sakhiwo asithinteli nje kuphela ukuba kubekho nayiphi na into eqokelela amandla agqithiseleyo kodwa sikwanyanzela amasebe ukuba asebenzisane kwaye alalanise.

Isebe loMthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lijongene nokumiswa kwemithetho, ukumisela uqingqo-mali, nokumela ukuthanda kwabantu. EUnited States, eli sebe likhokelwa yiKhonkxa, isiko le-bimeral eliyilwe yiBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu neNdlu yabameli. Indlu ibonisa ubungakanani babemi, ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu yemikhosi inika umelo olulinganayo kwilizwe ngalinye .

IBhunga linamagunya amaninzi akhethekileyo: lingavakalisa imfazwe, linyuse iirhafu, linyuse imali, lilawule urhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, lize lilawule amagosa karhulumente. Isakhiwo se-bidamaral siqinisekisa ukuba umthetho umele uphumelele ngaphambi kokuba ufike kwidesika yoMongameli. Oku kunciphisa inkqubo yemithetho-mthetho kwaye kukhuthaza ukuvumelana okubanzi. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga linokuzimisa iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo lize lichaze igunya lalo, linike indima ekulungiseni umsebenzi we-judiciary.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe eliphetheyo libekwa ityala lokunyanzelisa nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Eliphethwe nguMongameli, likwaquka uMongameli onguVimba, iKhabhinethi, kunye namasebe amaninzi karhulumente. UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente, elawula umkhosi njengeNkulumbuso weNkulumbuso kunye nenkqubo yangaphandle.

Amagunya angundoqo alawulayo aquka ukukwazi ukumisela umthetho weveto, ukumisela abagwebi noonozakuzaku (ngokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), ukuxolelwa, nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho ngokuthembeka. Amandla eveto kukuhlola isebe lemithetho ngqo, nangona iBhunga linokuwulawula ngobuninzi obubini obuzii-3 kuzo zombini izindlu. Kwakhona oomongameli basebenzisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo ngemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, elawulayo ngendlela echaza nenyanzelisa ngayo imithetho. Nangona imiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo kufuneka ihlale ingekho semthethweni okanye imigaqo ebeka ityala.

Isebe eliphetheyo liye lakhula kakhulu ukususela ekusungulweni, ingakumbi ngenxa yeengxaki zezoqoqosho, iimfazwe, kunye nolwando lwequmrhu lolawulo. Olu lwando luye lwaphakamisa imibuzo ephindaphindwayo malunga nobungakanani obufanelekileyo bamandla omongameli qha, nto leyo engundoqo wokwahlulwa kwamagunya.

Isebe Lejaji

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza umthetho lize ligqibe enoba izenzo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana na nomGaqo-siseko. EUnited States, eli sebe liyiNkundla Ephakamileyo neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente ezimiselwe yiBhunga. Inkululeko yejaji ikhuselwa ngokufumana ubomi obungcono kubagwebi besizwe, ngokokuziphatha okuhle, okubakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Esona sixhobo sinamandla sesebe lezahlulelo singulo uhlolo lomthetho ].

Noko ke, ijaji ayithi gqi ngaphandle kwemida. Ayikwazi ukusungula imiqathango; kufuneka ilinde ukuba iimpikiswano zifike phambi kwayo ngemfuno ye- “cast okanye impikiswano”. Ngaphezu koko, amanye amasebe aphembelela abagwebi ngenkqubo yokutyunjwa nangegunya leBhunga lokuyila (okanye ukuphelisa) iinkundla ezisezantsi nokucebisa iziphelo ezinokuphembelela iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akunantsingiselo ngaphandle kwendlela efanayo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Isebe ngalinye linobuchule obuthile bokuthintela amanye, liqinisekisa ukuba amandla akahlukani kuphela kodwa akwaneempendulo zobabini. Le mizekelo ilandelayo yimizekelo engundoqo yendlela ii-checks nolungelelwaniso olusebenza ngayo kurhulumente wase-U.S.:

  • IProstidelitial vento kunye nengqungquthela engaphezulu: uMongameli angalwamkela isibhengezo esidluliswa yiBhunga, kodwa iBhunga linokuyigqitha iveto ngobuchule obugqithisileyo kumacala omabini. Oku kunyanzelisa amasebe ukuba axubushe.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kokumiselwa: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, oonobhala bekhabhinethi, kunye noothunywa, kodwa iNdlu yeQela kufuneka ibaqinisekise. Oku kunika isebe lowiso-mthetho indima ekuxonxeni amasebe aphetheyo kunye nezogwebo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo lomthetho oluqulethweyo: Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingawuphelisa nawuphi na umthetho ewufumanayo ungekho mgaqweni, ihlola amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye negunya.
  • Amandla okuqulunqa ityala. Indlu ingakhupha i-etheach (imali) uMongameli, umongameli onguMongameli, okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente ngenxa “yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki,” kunye neNdlu yeNdlela yokulawula ukuchotshelwa. [iiNtetho] oomongameli ababini :Andrew Johnson noBill Clinton.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amandla aphezulu engxowa-mali: Kuphela iBhunga elifanelekileyo lemali kumsebenzi karhulumente. Oku kuyinika ukuba ibe ligosa kumaziko enkqubo ephetheyo kunye namasebe.
  • Amadinga angokwequmrhu kunye negunya: IBhunga lingatshintsha inani leejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo (nangokuba kunqabile ukuba ziyenze) kwaye lingalimisela ulawulo lwezolawulo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo, phantsi kwemiqathango yemithetho-siseko.

Ezi zingqiniso zitheth'ukwenza nto-nye kwixesha elide. Umongameli angawubeka umthetho, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingawubetha umthetho, kodwa iBhunga lingacebisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze liguqule umthetho; uMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo, kodwa iBhunga lingenza ukuba ukulingana ngamandla kubangele ukuba inkqubo ikwazi ukumelana nemeko, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, ithothe kabuhlungu.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyongcamango nje engekho ngqiqweni; kuneengenelo ezicacileyo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukuthintela Ukucinezelwa

Injongo eyintloko yamagunya ukwahlula kukukhusela nawaphina amagunya okanye iqela ekufumaneni igunya elininzi. Njengoko uJames Madison abhalayo, “Ukwakhiwa kwawo onke amagunya, uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye nejaji, kwizandla ezifanayo ... kungachazwa ngokufanelekileyo njengenkcazelo yolawulo olucinezelayo.” Ngokudala amaziko anamandla amaninzi amele avumelane ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente athathe inyathelo, inkqubo ibangela uxaniso oluthi lwa abalindi bamela ukuxhatshazwa. Imbali ibonisa ukuba ulawulo olungenako ukwahlukana, ulawulo lomkhosi, ijuntas, okanye amaphondo ahlukeneyo athe athambeka kakhulu kwingcinezelo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Xa amandla esasazwa, kunzima ngorhulumente ukuba ahlasele amagxalathelana aphantsi okanye ahlale echasa. IBhili yamaLungelo inikela ukhuseleko olucacileyo, kodwa ezo khuseleko zomelele kuphela njengoko iqumrhu lihlola ukubanyanzelisa. Ijaji ezimeleyo ingawisa imithetho ephazamisa inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, okanye inkqubo efunekayo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ephendula abavoti isengozini yokuxhathisa iintshaba eziphetheyo. Ngalo ndlela ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuvelisa ukhuseleko lokwakha olukhuthaza amalungelo adwelisweyo.

Ukhuthazo Lwenkululeko Nokulalanisa

Ngenxa yokuba isebe ngalinye linophawu olungaphezulu kwezinye, utshintsho lwenkqubo lufuna ingxubusho kunye nesivumelwano esiphangaleleyo. Oku kuzisa inkqubela-phambili yomthetho kunye nabenzi bomthetho ukuba baqwalasele iimbono ezahlukeneyo. I-Bidameralism, i-presidenti translation, kunye nohlolo lomthetho lonke olufak ’ isandla kwinkqubo apho kunzima ukumisela amanyathelo angxamileyo okanye anzima. Ngelixa abagxeki ngamanye amaxesha bekhupha i-grid locklock, abaseki beyiyila ngabom inkqubo ebeka uzinzo nevumelana ngesantya esiphezulu.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ukwahlukana kwamandla kudala iingongoma ezininzi zobuveleli. Isebe eliphetheyo kufuneka liphendule kwiKhonkqele ngezenzo zalo, yaye ijaji inika abemi ithuba lokucel ’ umngeni urhulumente ukuba baphathwe kakubi. Xa amandla ejongwe, ukuphenduliswa kubangelwa kukuba bambalwa abantu abazimeleyo abanokuhlola oko kuphosakeleyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inkqubo eyahlukeneyo ikhuthaza uphando, ukuva, nokuxilonga abantu. Ukungagunyaziswa, nangona kunqabile ukusetyenziswa, kuyindlela enamandla yokukhumbuza amagosa ukuba angabi ngaphezu komthetho.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Lokwahlukana Kwamandla

Nangona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukwahlukana kwamagunya kusekho iingxaki eziphawulekayo kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibonakalayo lukhukuliso lwentsebenziswano ye-bipartisan. Xa amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye negunya elilawulayo elawulwa ngamaqela awahlukeneyo, i-gridlock idla ngokuphumela ekuvalweni kolawulo lukarhulumente, ukulibaziseni ukumiswa, kunye nokumiswa kwemithetho. Kwanaxa iqela elinye lilawula omasebe omabini, ukwahlulwa kwamaqela kunokwenza ukuba inyathelo eliphambili. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ukuba inkqubo yomseki isebenza kakuhle xa amaqela ebuthathaka kwaye exatyiswa; namhlanje ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziphezulu.

ITheyibhile yesiGqeba esiPhezulu kunye noLawulo loMsebenzi weQela

Ukususela kwinkulungwane yama-20, abalawuli bobabini baye bandisa igunya lolawulo oluphezulu ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, izenzo zolawulo, kunye namanyathelo omkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho. “ingcamango yegunya eliphakamileyo” ithi uMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwisebe eliphetheyo, kuquka amandla okukhokela onke amagosa karhulumente. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngokuthoblisa indima yeBhunga.

Imithetho yomthetho echaseneyo

Ijaji, kwakhona, ijongene nokugxekwa ngenxa yokugqitha indima yayo. Xa iinkundla zikhupha isigwebo esibanzi esidala inkqubo ngokunempumelelo, zityholwa “ngesenzo somthetho.” Ngokuchasene noko, xa zithe zanikezela kakhulu kwamanye amasebe, zisenokusilela ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ingxoxo emalunga nobuBhodi. Umgaqo-siseko ophilayo uhambelana nale miba. Ngoxa amandla okuhlola imigaqo kufuneka, ukuqheliswa kwawo kufuneka kulungelelaniswe ngokuhlonela injongo yomthetho kunye nokwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi.

Ukwanda Kwezimilingo Zolawulo

Ilizwana lolawulo lale mihla libeka ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Imisebenzi efana ne-Arhente Yokukhusela Imekobume, iKhomishini Yonxibelelwano Yomanyano, kunye neKhomishini Yolawulo kunye neKhomishini yokuSebenza yoLawulo (ukwenza umthetho), ulawulo oluphezulu (ulawulo), kunye nezomthetho (ukugweba) isebenza yonke kwiqumrhu elinye. Olu gunya lihlala lingachananga nenkcaso yesithethe yenkcaso. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaphikisana nale mfundiso efana nemfundiso engeyoyawunganyani (ekungangeni kweBhunga-mthetho) kunye namandla okususa amandla eBhunga amaqumrhuluneli (ka uMongameli uyakwazi ukukhupha amaqumrhuluneli).

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokhuthuzo

Inkqubela kwezobugcisa iye yanika isebe eliphetheyo amandla angenakuthelekiswa nanto ekuhloleni, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye nokuqokelela ikhompyutha. Iinkqubo ezithintela unxibelelwano okanye eziqokelela ii-metadata zingasebenza ngokungenankathalo lukhulu, zinyusa inkxalabo malunga nemfihlo kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko. Ukwahlukana kwamandla kufuna ukuba kubekho imithetho engqongqo kunye nolawulo oluqinileyo kwiinkqubo ezinjalo, kodwa isantya sotshintsho lobugcisa sidla ngokukhuthathisa amandla eBhunga kunye neenkundla ukuze ziphendule ngokunempumelelo.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Ngokwembono Ethelekisayo

Imodeli yase-U.S. asiyondlela yodwa yokuzalisekisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Iidemokhrasi ezininzi zisebenzisa inkqubo yepalamente apho umlawuli ophetheyo (umlungiseleli wecala kunye nekhabhathi) ekhutshwa kuninzi lwemithetho, ukudibanisa amasebe amabini. Amazwe afana neJamani, iKhanada, neJapan adibanisa amalungu azo zombini iinkqubo. Amanye amazwe, njengeSwitzerland, anezilawuli ezimanyeneyo eziya kusasaza amandla angakumbi. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zibonisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kwamandla akuyo imfundiso engundoqo omnye kodwa umgaqo onokuthi ulungelelaniselwe kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika kunye nezicwangciso zeziko.

Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, umphathi umele aphendule kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye angasuswa ngevoti yokungathembi. Oku kwenza uhlobo olwahlukileyo lokuhlola: umphathi-mandla kufuneka alondoloze inkxaso yoninzi lwemithetho okanye ajongane notshintsho. Okwangoku, amagosa azimeleyo kwiinkqubo zepalamente asaqhelisela uhlolo lomthetho, ngokufuthi neenkundla ezinamandla zomgaqo-siseko. Umthetho wemigaqo-siseko onxulumene nomgaqo-siseko unika izifundo ezityebileyo ngendlela ingcamango esisiseko yamandla ahlukeneyo enokugcinwa ngayo njengokuba iinkcukacha zequluvo zithelelahlulwa.

Uqukumbela: Ukulondoloza ungqinelwano

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya asiyondlela emileyo kodwa ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile kubemi, amagosa anyuliweyo, kunye nabagwebi ukugcina ulungelelwano olululo phakathi kolawulo olusebenzayo norhulumente omkelwe umda. Njengoko umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ungena kwinkulungwane yesithathu, lo mgaqo uhlala ubalulekile kunanini na ngaphambili: ngaphandle kwawo, inkululeko esiyithandayo ibiya kuba semngciphekweni. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo, kwaye ixhasa amaziko ayixhasa ngayo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga isigqibo esipheleleyo somGaqo-siseko we-U.S. kuVimba woMlawuli wesizwe, i iMarbury v. Madison[ isigqibo kwiCornell Information, kunye Firedalist Page No. 51